The molecular pathogenesis of hereditary and sporadic adrenocortical and adrenomedullary tumors

Koch, Christian A.; Pacak, Karel; Chrousos, George P.

doi:10.1210/jc.2002-021069

Cited by 177Adrenal and Paraganglionic TumorsChromatin Remodeling and CancerAdrenal Hormones and Disorders

The molecular pathogenesis of hereditary and sporadic adrenocortical and adrenomedullary tumors

Koch, Christian A., Pacak, Karel, Chrousos, George P.·2002·The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism

DOI 10.1210/jc.2002-021069

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Abstract

Modern imaging modalities lead to frequent detection of adrenal masses, most of them incidental findings. Although the majority of adrenocortical and adrenomedullary tumors are benign, there are no reliable clinical and laboratory markers to distinguish most of them from malignant neoplasms. The molecular mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of these tumors have recently begun to be unraveled. A fruitful avenue for the elucidation of tumorigenesis has been the study of adrenal tumors that are manifestations of hereditary or postzygotic genetic syndromes, because one knows the "first hit", i.e. the primary gene defect. In contrast, in sporadic adrenal tumors the first hit, possibly a somatic mutation of a tumor-related gene, is unknown, and therefore the sequence of genetic alterations is difficult to establish. In this article we review in addition to our own work the literature on molecular aspects of adrenocortical and adrenomedullary tumorigenesis.

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Most cases of adrenocortical carcinoma are sporadic, but some occur with other tumor syndromes.
“Most cases of ACC are sporadic but some are known to occur with other tumor syndromes (160).”
From Adrenal incidentaloma (2020) · cites this paper as [160]

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Somatic Mutations of the Angiotensin II (AT1) Receptor Gene are Not Present in Aldosterone-Producing Adenoma1
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Absent Ras Gene Mutations in Human Adrenal Cortical Neoplasms and Pheochromocytomas
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Point mutations of ras genes in human adrenal cortical tumors: Absence in adrenocortical hyperplasia
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JNK/SAPK activity is not sufficient for anticancer therapy-induced apoptosis involving CD95-L, TRAIL and TNF-?
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Regulation of Ras signaling by the cell cycle
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The relatively high frequency of p53 gene mutations in multiple and malignant phaeochromocytomas
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The role of the insulin‐like growth factor system in adrenocortical tumourigenesis
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Telomerase Activity Is Significantly Enhanced in Malignant Adrenocortical Tumors in Comparison to Benign Adrenocortical Adenomas
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Somatic Mutations of the Angiotensin II (AT1) Receptor Gene are Not Present in Aldosterone-Producing Adenoma
Davies, E. (1997) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.82.2.611 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Presence of a Gsα mutation in an adrenal tumor expressing LH/hCG receptors and clinically associated with Cushing's syndrome
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Loss of Heterozygosity on Chromosomes 1p and 11p in Sporadic Pheochromocytoma
Tsutsumi, M., Yokota, J., Kakizoe, T., Koiso, K., Sugimura, T., & Terada, M. (1989) · JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute · doi:10.1093/jnci/81.5.367 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Survivin: a novel neuroendocrine marker for pheochromocytoma
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Self-citation
Somatic VHL gene deletion and point mutation in MEN 2A-associated pheochromocytoma
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Oncogenic mutations of α-Gi2 protein are not determinant for human adrenocortical tumourigenesis
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A comparative study of 14 cases of familial and nonfamilial pheochromocytomas
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Gene Expression and Roles of Angiotensin II Type 1 and Type 2 Receptors in Human Adrenals
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Mutation Analysis of Gs.ALPHA., Adrenocorticotropin Receptor and p53 Genes in Japanese Patients with Adrenocortical Neoplasms. Including a Case of Gs.ALPHA. Mutation.
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Commentary on Incidence of Primary Aldosteronism
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Molecular and Structural Analysis of Two Novel STAR Mutations in Patients with Lipoid Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia
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Mapping the Human Melanocortin 2 Receptor (Adrenocorticotropic Hormone Receptor; ACTHR) Gene (MC2R) to the Small Arm of Chromosome 18 (18p11.21-pter)
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Telomerase activity in benign and malignant adrenal tumors
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Inactivation of the p16 Tumor Suppressor Gene in Adrenocortical Tumors1
Pilon, C., Pistorello, M., Moscon, A., Altavilla, G., Pagotto, U., Boscaro, M., & Fallo, F. (1999) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem.84.8.5877 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Expression and prognostic value of c‐erbB‐2 oncogene product in human phaeochromocytomas
Castilla‐Guerra, L., MORENO, A. M., Fernández-Moreno, M. C., Utrilla, J. C., FERNÁNDEZ, E., & GALERA‐DAVISON, H. (1997) · Histopathology · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2559.1997.2240838.x · Cited by 26 · see citing works
No overrepresentation of congenital adrenal hyperplasia in patients with adrenocortical tumours
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Inactivation of the p16 Tumor Suppressor Gene in Adrenocortical Tumors
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Monoclonality of endocrine tumours: what does it mean?
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VIRILIZING ADRENAL ADENOMA IN AN ADULT WITH THE BECKWITH‐WIEDEMANN SYNDROME: PARADOXICAL RESPONSE TO DEXAMETHASONE
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Absence of angiotensin II type 1 receptor gene mutations in human adrenal tumors
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Successful laparoscopic operation of bilateral pheochromocytoma in a patient with Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome
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MEN I gene mutations in sporadic adrenal adenomas
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Reassignment of the EPB4·1 gene to 1p36 and assessment of its involvement in neuroblastomas
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Self-citation
Telomerase activity in adrenal cortical tumors and pheochromocytomas with reference to clinicopathologic features
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Deletion analysis of the p16 tumour suppressor gene in phaeochromocytomas
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Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2A
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Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome and virilizing cortical adrenal tumor in a child
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Expression of c-fosand c-mycProto-Oncogenes in Human Adrenal Pheochromocytomas*
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Telomerase activity in the differentiation of benign and malignant adrenal tumors
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Primäre pigmentierte noduläre adrenokortikale Dysplasie (PPNAD) im Rahmen des Carney-Komplexes als Ursache eines Cushing-Syndroms
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Self-citation
Genetics of the Development and Function of the Adrenal Cortex
Parker, K. L., & Schimmer, B. P. (2001) · Reviews in Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders · doi:10.1023/a:1011580314588 · Cited by 17 · see citing works

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Adrenocortical Carcinoma: Clinical Update
Allolio, B., & Fassnacht, M. (2006) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2005-2639 · Cited by 775 · see citing works
Neuroendocrine and Adrenal Tumors, Version 2.2021, NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology
Shah, M. H., Goldner, W. S., Benson, A. B., Bergsland, E. K., Blaszkowsky, L. S., Brock, P. L., Chan, J., Das, S., Dickson, P. V., Fanta, P. T., et al. (2021) · Journal of the National Comprehensive Cancer Network · doi:10.6004/jnccn.2021.0032 · Cited by 632 · see citing works
Adrenal incidentaloma
Sherlock, M., Scarsbrook, A., Abbas, A., Fraser, S., Limumpornpetch, P., Dineen, R., & Stewart, P. M. (2020) · Endocrine Reviews · doi:10.1210/endrev/bnaa008 · Cited by 347 · see citing works
“Most cases of ACC are sporadic but some are known to occur with other tumor syndromes (160).”
Background
Molecular genetics of multiple endocrine neoplasia types 1 and 2
Marx, S. J. (2005) · Nature reviews. Cancer · doi:10.1038/nrc1610 · Cited by 318 · see citing works
Neuroendocrine Tumors
Clark, O. H., Benson, A. B., Berlin, J. D., Choti, M. A., Doherty, G. M., Engstrom, P. F., Gibbs, J. F., Heslin, M. J., Kessinger, A., Kulke, M. H., et al. (2009) · Journal of the National Comprehensive Cancer Network · doi:10.6004/jnccn.2009.0050 · Cited by 292 · see citing works
RET Proto-Oncogene: A Review and Update of Genotype–Phenotype Correlations in Hereditary Medullary Thyroid Cancer and Associated Endocrine Tumors
Kouvaraki, M. A., Shapiro, S. E., Perrier, N. D., Cote, G. J., Gagel, R. F., Hoff, A. O., Sherman, S. I., Lee, J. E., & Evans, D. B. (2005) · Thyroid · doi:10.1089/thy.2005.15.531 · Cited by 288 · see citing works
Gene expression profiling of human adrenocortical tumors using complementary deoxyribonucleic acid microarrays identifies several candidate genes as markers of malignancy
de Fraipont, F., El Atifi, M., Cherradi, N., Le Moigne, G., Defaye, G., Houlgatte, R., Bertherat, J., Bertagna, X., Plouin, P.-F., Baudin, E., et al. (2005) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2004-1075 · Cited by 261 · see citing works
Increased Steroidogenic Factor-1 Dosage Triggers Adrenocortical Cell Proliferation and Cancer
Doghman, M., Karpova, T., Rodrigues, G. A., Arhatte, M., de Moura, J. F., Cavalli, L. R., Virolle, V., Barbry, P., Zambetti, G. P., de Figueiredo, B. C., et al. (2007) · Molecular Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/me.2007-0120 · Cited by 235 · see citing works
The Weiss system for evaluating adrenocortical neoplasms: 25 years later
Lau, S. K., & Weiss, L. M. (2009) · Human Pathology · doi:10.1016/j.humpath.2009.03.010 · Cited by 223 · see citing works
Management of adrenocortical carcinoma
Allolio, B., Hahner, S., Weismann, D., & Fassnacht, M. (2004) · Clinical Endocrinology · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2265.2003.01881.x · Cited by 214 · see citing works
Neuroendocrine Tumors
Kulke, M. H., Benson, A. B., Bergsland, E. K., Berlin, J. D., Blaszkowsky, L. S., Choti, M. A., Clark, O. H., Doherty, G. M., Eason, J., Emerson, L. L., et al. (2012) · Journal of the National Comprehensive Cancer Network · doi:10.6004/jnccn.2012.0075 · Cited by 193 · see citing works
Integrative molecular bioinformatics study of human adrenocortical tumors: microRNA, tissue-specific target prediction, and pathway analysis
Tömböl, Z., Szabó, P. M., Molnár, V., Wiener, Z., Tölgyesi, G., Horányi, J., Riesz, P., Reismann, P., Patócs, A., Likó, I., et al. (2009) · Endocrine Related Cancer · doi:10.1677/erc-09-0096 · Cited by 176 · see citing works
DAX-1, an Unusual Orphan Receptor at the Crossroads of Steroidogenic Function and Sexual Differentiation
Lalli, E., & Sassone‐Corsi, P. (2003) · Molecular Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/me.2003-0159 · Cited by 167 · see citing works
GermlineNF1Mutational Spectra and Loss-of-Heterozygosity Analyses in Patients with Pheochromocytoma and Neurofibromatosis Type 1
Bausch, B., Borozdin, W., Mautner, V. F., Hoffmann, M. M., Böhm, D., Robledo, M., Cascón, A., Harenberg, T., Schiavi, F., Pawlu, C., et al. (2007) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2006-2833 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
Childhood adrenocortical tumours
Ribeiro, R. C., & de Figueiredo, B. C. (2004) · European Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1016/j.ejca.2004.01.031 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
Pheochromocytoma: an update on genetics and management
Karagiannis, A. I., Mikhailidis, D. P., Athyros, V. G., & Harsoulis, F. (2007) · Endocrine Related Cancer · doi:10.1677/erc-07-0142 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
Emerging Treatment Strategies for Adrenocortical Carcinoma: A New Hope
Kirschner, L. S. (2006) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2005-1739 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Extra-adrenal and adrenal pheochromocytomas associated with a germline SDHC mutation
Pęczkowska, M., Cascón, A., Prejbisz, A., Kubaszek, A., Ćwikła, J. B., Furmanek, M. I., Erlic, Z., Eng, C., Januszewicz, A., & Neumann, H. P. H. (2008) · Nature Clinical Practice Endocrinology &#38 Metabolism · doi:10.1038/ncpendmet0726 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Analysis of circulating microRNAs in adrenocortical tumors
Szabó, D. R., Luconi, M., Szabó, P. M., Tóth, M., Szücs, N., Horányi, J., Nagy, Z., Mannelli, M., Patócs, A., Rácz, K., et al. (2013) · Laboratory Investigation · doi:10.1038/labinvest.2013.148 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
SF-1 overexpression in childhood adrenocortical tumours
Pianovski, M. A. D., Cavalli, L. R., de Figueiredo, B. C., Santos, S. C. L., Doghman, M., Ribeiro, R. C., Oliveira, A. G., Michalkiewicz, E., Rodrigues, G. A., Zambetti, G. P., et al. (2006) · European Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1016/j.ejca.2006.01.022 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Gonadectomy-induced Adrenocortical Neoplasia in the Domestic Ferret ( Mustela putorius furo ) and Laboratory Mouse
Bielińska, M., Kiiveri, S., Parviainen, H., Mannisto, S., Heikinheimo, M., & Wilson, D. B. (2006) · Veterinary Pathology · doi:10.1354/vp.43-2-97 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
The T cell factor/β-Catenin Antagonist PKF115–584 Inhibits Proliferation of Adrenocortical Carcinoma Cells
Doghman, M., Cazareth, J., & Lalli, E. (2008) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2008-0247 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Hereditary Hormone Excess: Genes, Molecular Pathways, and Syndromes
Marx, S. J., & Simonds, W. F. (2005) · Endocrine Reviews · doi:10.1210/er.2003-0037 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Transcriptional profiling enables molecular classification of adrenocortical tumours
Laurell, C., Velázquez‐Fernández, D., Lindsten, K., Juhlin, C. C., Enberg, U., Geli, J., Höög, A., Kjellman, M., Lundeberg, J., Hamberger, B., et al. (2009) · European Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1530/eje-09-0068 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Pheochromocytoma in von Hippel–Lindau disease and neurofibromatosis type 1
Opocher, G., Conton, P., Schiavi, F., Macino, B., & Mantero, F. (2005) · Familial Cancer · doi:10.1007/s10689-004-6128-y · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Adrenocortical carcinoma: The management of metastatic disease
Fay, A. P., Elfiky, A. A., Teló, G. H., McKay, R. R., Kaymakcalan, M. D., Nguyen, P. L., Vaidya, A., Ruan, D. T., Joaquim Bellmunt, B., & Choueiri, T. K. (2014) · Critical Reviews in Oncology/Hematology · doi:10.1016/j.critrevonc.2014.05.009 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
REVIEW PAPER: Origin and Molecular Pathology of Adrenocortical Neoplasms
Bielińska, M., Parviainen, H., Kiiveri, S., Heikinheimo, M., & Wilson, D. B. (2009) · Veterinary Pathology · doi:10.1354/vp.08-vp-0179-w-rev · Cited by 67 · see citing works
The Genetic Basis of Pheochromocytoma
Gimm, O., Koch, C. A., Januszewicz, A., Opocher, G., & INeumann, H. P. H. (2003) · KARGER eBooks · doi:10.1159/000074657 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Self-citation
Identification of Potential Gene Markers and Insights into the Pathophysiology of Pheochromocytoma Malignancy
Thouënnon, E., Elkahloun, A. G., Guillemot, J., Gimenez‐Roqueplo, A., Bertherat, J. Y., Pierre, A., Ghzili, H., Grumolato, L., Mureşan, M., Klein, M., et al. (2007) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2007-1253 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
High prevalence of subclinical hypercortisolism in patients with bilateral adrenal incidentalomas: a challenge to management
Vassiliadi, D. A., Ntali, G., Vicha, E., & Tsagarakis, S. (2010) · Clinical Endocrinology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2265.2010.03963.x · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Nephroblastoma Overexpressed/Cysteine-Rich Protein 61/Connective Tissue Growth Factor/Nephroblastoma Overexpressed Gene-3 (NOV/CCN3), a Selective Adrenocortical Cell Proapoptotic Factor, Is Down-Regulated in Childhood Adrenocortical Tumors
Doghman, M., Arhatte, M., Thibout, H., Rodrigues, G. A., de Moura, J. F., Grosso, S., West, A. N., Laurent, M., Mas, J.-C., Bongain, A., et al. (2007) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2007-0342 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Comprehensive Mutation Scanning of NF1 in Apparently Sporadic Cases of Pheochromocytoma
Bausch, B., Koschker, A., Faßnacht, M., Stoevesandt, J., Hoffmann, M. M., Eng, C., Allolio, B., & Neumann, H. P. H. (2006) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2006-0780 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
The molecular genetics of adrenocortical carcinoma
Barlaskar, F. M., & Hammer, G. D. (2007) · Reviews in Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders · doi:10.1007/s11154-007-9057-x · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Adrenal incidentalomas — a continuing management dilemma
Nawar, R., & Aron, D. C. (2005) · Endocrine Related Cancer · doi:10.1677/erc.1.00951 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Adrenal ganglioneuroma in a patient presenting with severe hypertension and diarrhea.
Koch, C. A., Brouwers, F. M., Rosenblatt, K. P., Burman, K. D., Davis, M. M., Vortmeyer, A. O., & Pacák, K. (2003) · Endocrine Related Cancer · doi:10.1677/erc.0.0100099 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Self-citation
Loss of Growth Hormone Secretagogue Receptor 1a and Overexpression of Type 1b Receptor Transcripts in Human Adrenocortical Tumors
Barzon, L., Pacenti, M., Masi, G., Stefani, A., Fincati, K., & Palù, G. (2005) · Oncology · doi:10.1159/000086983 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Adrenocortical tumors and hyperplasias in childhood--etiology, genetics, clinical presentation and therapy.
Sutter, J. A., & Grimberg, A. (2006) · PubMed · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Adrenocortical cancer: recent clinical and molecular advances
Sidhu, S. B., Sywak, M. S., Robinson, B. G., & Delbridge, L. (2003) · Current Opinion in Oncology · doi:10.1097/00001622-200401000-00004 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Adrenocortical development and cancer: focus on SF-1
Lalli, E. (2010) · Journal of Molecular Endocrinology · doi:10.1677/jme-09-0143 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Genetics of adrenocortical tumors: gatekeepers, landscapers and conductors in symphony
Stratakis, C. A. (2003) · Trends in Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.tem.2003.08.005 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Update on the Management of Unusual Neuroendocrine Tumors: Pheochromocytoma and Paraganglioma, Medullary Thyroid Cancer and Adrenocortical Carcinoma
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Authors: Koch, C. A., Pacak, K., & Chrousos, G. P.
Affiliations: National Institutes of Health (US)
Pediatric and Reproductive Endocrinology Branch, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health (C.A.K., K.P., G.P.C.), Bethesda, Maryland 20892
ORCID: Koch, Christian A.
Chrousos, George P.
Venue: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism
Publisher: The Endocrine Society
Published: 2002-12-01
Volume: 87
Issue: 12
Pages: 5367-5384
ISSN: 0021-972X (ISSN-L)
1945-7197
DOI: 10.1210/jc.2002-021069
OpenAlex: W2150110700
Cited by: 177
References: 236
Citations by year: 2025: 1 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 9 · 2013: 6 · 2012: 13
FWCI: 2.75
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Adrenal and Paraganglionic Tumors
Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Chromatin Remodeling and Cancer
Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Adrenal Hormones and Disorders
Keywords: adrenocortical tumors, adrenal medulla, molecular pathogenesis, carcinogenesis, somatic mutations, genetic syndromes, adrenal mass
MeSH terms: Adrenal Cortex Neoplasms, Adrenal Gland Neoplasms, Adrenal Medulla, Humans

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The molecular pathogenesis of hereditary and sporadic adrenocortical and adrenomedullary tumors

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