Adiposity Signaling and Biological Defense Against Weight Gain: Absence of Protection or Central Hormone Resistance?
Abstract
An abundant and compelling literature supports the existence of a homeostatic system that dynamically adjusts energy intake and energy expenditure to promote stability of body fat mass. In the context of this system, the ease with which many individuals gain weight is difficult to explain. Some have argued that energy homeostasis operates primarily to defend against weight loss and that, over the course of evolution, biological defense against weight gain was not selected for. According to this Absence of Protection model, obesity is seen as the natural result of living in an obesigenic environment. An alternative hypothesis, termed the Central Resistance model, proposes that under normal circumstances, the energy homeostasis system provides an effective defense against weight gain as well as weight loss and that common forms of obesity involve genetic or acquired defects (or interactions between them) that impair the function of this system. Here, we discuss these dichotomous possibilities within the context of current literature regarding energy homeostasis and suggest a strategy for distinguishing between them.
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Common forms of obesity develop due to genetic or acquired defects that impair the response to elevated leptin levels.
“common forms of obesity develop due to genetic or acquired defects that impair the response to elevated leptin levels (159).”
From Leptin and the Central Nervous System Control of Glucose Metabolism (2011) · cites this paper as [159]
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“How, then, do obese individual’s maintain elevated weight in the face of elevated leptin levels? One potential explanation is that under normal conditions, this homeostatic system defends against both weight loss and weight gain, but that common forms of obesity develop due to genetic or acquired defects that impair t…”
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- Authors
- Schwartz, M. W., & Niswender, K. D.
- Affiliations
- University of Washington (US)
- Vanderbilt University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Schwartz, Michael W.
- Niswender, Kevin D.
- ORCID
- Schwartz, Michael W.
- Venue
- The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism
- Publisher
- The Endocrine Society
- Published
- 2004-12
- Volume
- 89
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- 5889-5897
- ISSN
- 0021-972X (ISSN-L)
- 1945-7197
- OpenAlex
- W2123926386
- Cited by
- 93
- References
- 72
- Citations by year
- 2023: 3 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 1 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 1 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 2 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 9 · 2013: 5 · 2012: 3
- FWCI
- 2.89
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (2r01dk012829-36)
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (DK064857-01, DK 12829, R01DK052989, DK-52989, K08DK064857)
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NS-32273)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Regulation of Appetite and Obesity
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Adipokines, Inflammation, and Metabolic Diseases
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Adipose Tissue and Metabolism
- Keywords
- energy homeostasis, obesity, weight gain, weight loss, energy expenditure, energy intake, fat mass
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Central Nervous System, Drug Resistance, Energy Metabolism, Genotype, Homeostasis, Humans, Insulin, Models, Biological, Obesity, Signal Transduction, Weight Gain, Leptin
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