Neurobiology of food intake in health and disease
Open accessAbstract
Under normal conditions, food intake and energy expenditure are balanced by a homeostatic system that maintains stability of body fat content over time. However, this homeostatic system can be overridden by the activation of 'emergency response circuits' that mediate feeding responses to emergent or stressful stimuli. Inhibition of these circuits is therefore permissive for normal energy homeostasis to occur, and their chronic activation can cause profound, even life-threatening, changes in body fat mass. This Review highlights how the interplay between homeostatic and emergency feeding circuits influences the biologically defended level of body weight under physiological and pathophysiological conditions.
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These clusters point to CNS-mediated appetite regulation involving hypothalamic neurocircuitry and suggest that hyperphagia may reflect direct drug effects on neural and hormonal satiety control.
“These clusters point to CNS-mediated appetite regulation involving hypothalamic neurocircuitry and suggest that hyperphagia may reflect direct drug effects on neural and hormonal satiety control (Morton et al., 2014; Zhuang et al., 2017; He et al., 2021; Wang et al., 2024; Qiu and Fu, 2025).”
From A large-scale concordance study of toxicity findings across preclinical species and humans for small molecules and biologics (2026) · cites this paper as Morton et al., 2014
The Energy homeostasis neurocircuitry section links hypothalamic circuits to feeding and hyperphagia, while the Satiety perception section describes neural and hormonal control of satiety. The paper does not connect the citing document’s clusters to those mechanisms or establish that hyperphagia reflects direct drug effects on them. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredWoods et al. demonstrated in animals that insulin acts in the brain to reduce food intake, establishing insulin as an important adiposity signal.
“Woods et al. 23 demonstrated in animals, some 40 years ago, that insulin acts in the brain to reduce food intake, establishing insulin as an important adiposity signal that provides feedback from the body periphery to central nervous circuitries that control energy intake.”
From Intranasal insulin (2021) · cites this paper as [57]
Central nervous insulin signalling plays a major role in the regulation of eating behaviour and energy homeostasis.
“Central nervous insulin signalling plays a major role in the intricate regulation of eating behaviour and energy homeostasis.”
From Intranasal insulin (2021) · cites this paper as [57]
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“These clusters point to CNS-mediated appetite regulation involving hypothalamic neurocircuitry and suggest that hyperphagia may reflect direct drug effects on neural and hormonal satiety control (Morton et al., 2014; Zhuang et al., 2017; He et al., 2021; Wang et al., 2024; Qiu and Fu, 2025).”
- Authors
- Morton, G. J., Meek, T. H., & Schwartz, M. W.
- Affiliations
- University of Washington (US)
- Corresponding author
- Schwartz, Michael W.
- Venue
- Nature Reviews Neuroscience
- Published
- 2014-05-20
- Volume
- 15
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 367-378
- ISSN
- 1471-003X (ISSN-L)
- 1471-0048
- PMC
- PMC4076116
- OpenAlex
- W2071470362
- Cited by
- 748
- References
- 175
- Citations by year
- 2026: 63 · 2025: 50 · 2024: 55 · 2023: 56 · 2022: 65 · 2021: 79 · 2020: 51 · 2019: 63 · 2018: 63 · 2017: 63 · 2016: 73 · 2015: 53 · 2014: 13
- FWCI
- 7.57
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Nature reviews. Neuroscience (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (DK-083042, R01DK089056, DK 035816, DK052989, R01DK101997, R01DK052989, T32 DK0007247, DK-17047, DK089053, F32DK097859, DK-090320, R01DK090320, P30DK035816, P30DK017047, R01DK083042, T32DK007247)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Regulation of Appetite and Obesity
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Eating Disorders and Behaviors
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Reproductive Medicine › Hypothalamic control of reproductive hormones
- Keywords
- food intake regulation, energy homeostasis, fat mass, energy balance, neural circuits, obesity, energy expenditure
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Feeding and Eating Disorders, Brain, Eating, Energy Metabolism, Feeding Behavior, Homeostasis, Humans, Neurobiology
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