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Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes and Dyslipidemia with the Natural Plant Alkaloid Berberine
Abstract
Context: Berberine, a natural plant alkaloid, is usually used as an antibiotic drug. The potential glucose-lowering effect of berberine was noted when it was used for diarrhea in diabetic patients. In vitro and in vivo studies have then showed its effects on hyperglycemia and dyslipidemia. Objective: The objective of the study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of berberine in the treatment of type 2 diabetic patients with dyslipidemia. Design: One hundred sixteen patients with type 2 diabetes and dyslipidemia were randomly allocated to receive berberine (1.0 g daily) and the placebo for 3 months. The primary outcomes were changes in plasma glucose and serum lipid concentrations. Glucose disposal rate (GDR) was measured using a hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp to assess insulin sensitivity. Results: In the berberine group, fasting and postload plasma glucose decreased from 7.0 ± 0.8 to 5.6 ± 0.9 and from 12.0 ± 2.7 to 8.9 ± 2.8 mm/liter, HbA1c from 7.5 ± 1.0% to 6.6 ± 0.7%, triglyceride from 2.51 ± 2.04 to 1.61 ± 1.10 mm/liter, total cholesterol from 5.31 ± 0.98 to 4.35 ± 0.96 mm/liter, and low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol from 3.23 ± 0.81 to 2.55 ± 0.77 mm/liter, with all parameters differing from placebo significantly (P < 0.0001, P < 0.0001, P < 0.0001, P = 0.001, P < 0.0001, and P <0.0001, respectively). The glucose disposal rate was increased after berberine treatment (P = 0.037), although no significant change was found between berberine and placebo groups (P = 0.063). Mild to moderate constipation was observed in five participants in the berberine group. Conclusions: Berberine is effective and safe in the treatment of type 2 diabetes and dyslipidemia.
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“Two cases of liver function abnormalities were reported in one study in the berberine group,(29) although two studies reported no increase or a decrease in liver transaminases with berberine.(32, 34)”
From Overall and sex-specific effect of berberine for dyslipidemia: systematic review and meta-analysis of placebo-controlled trials (2022) · cites this paper as [32]
In the citing paper
“Further analysis suggested that this was likely due to most participants in this subgroup having normal blood glucose levels, as berberine does not significantly affect normal values for these indicators (Zhang et al., 2008; An et al., 2014; Wang et al., 2016b).”
From Efficacy and safety of berberine on the components of metabolic syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized placebo-controlled trials (2025) · cites this paper as Zhang et al., 2008
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BackgroundSelf-citationPolycystic ovary syndrome management: a review of the possible amazing role of berberine
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“Furthermore, BBR has been reported to improve that ratio of anti-inflammatory to proinflammatory cytokines, such as IL-10: IL-1α, IL-10: IL-6, and IL-10:TNF-α, in diabetic kidney.(32) In addition, BBR has been reported to ameliorate the hemodynamic abnormalities in DN patients.”
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“These results were also associated with a slight reduction in postprandial insulin and body weight [49].”
ResultFunctional nano-vector boost anti-atherosclerosis efficacy of berberine in Apoe() mice
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“Its antidiabetic [15–17], antiobesity and anti-hyperlipidaemic [16,18] effects have also been well established.”
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“Berberine, a natural compound isolated from Chinese medicinal herbs such as Cortexphellodendri and Rhizoma coptidis, possesses significant antiinflammatory effects and has been used clinically to treat chronic inflammation-associated diseases such as diabetes (1, 2), hypertension (3, 4) and dyslipidemia (5-7).”
BackgroundBerberine Inhibits Proliferative Ability of Breast Cancer Cells by Reducing Metadherin
Sun, Y., Wang, W., & Tong, Y. (2019) · Medical Science Monitor · doi:10.12659/msm.914486 · Cited by 40
“Berberine has been demonstrated to contain a widely pharmacological effect, including antibacterial infection [5], anti-inflammatory action [6], and anti-hyperglycemia [7].”
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“S11a, berberine, a clinically approved drug used to treat diarrhea and diabetes 41 , remarkably inhibited MT-CO2 expression in Ras-activated A549 and H1299 cells, concomitant with reduced GLS1 expression in a dose-dependent manner.”
Self-citationProgress in diabetes research in China
Ning, G., Hong, J., Bi, Y., Gu, W., Zhang, Y., Zhang, Z., HUANG, Y., Wang, W., & Xiaoying, L. I. (2009) · Journal of Diabetes · doi:10.1111/j.1753-0407.2009.00037.x · Cited by 39
Self-citationNovel nutraceutic therapies for the treatment of metabolic syndrome
Martínez‐Abundis, E., Villar, M. M.-D., Pérez-Rubio, K. G., Zúñiga, L. Y., Cortez-Navarrete, M., Ramírez-Rodríguez, A. M., & González-Ortı́z, M. (2016) · World Journal of Diabetes · doi:10.4239/wjd.v7.i7.142 · Cited by 39
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Self-citationStudy progress of berberine for treating cardiovascular disease
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“The BBR significantly reduced the total cholesterol by 29%, triglycerides by 35%, and LDL-C by 25%.(31) These results have been then confirmed in a larger trial carried out on 116 hyperlipidemic type 2 diabetic patients randomized to treatment with berberine 0.”
ResultComplementary and Alternative Medicine in Diabetes Care
DiNardo, M. M., Gibson, J. M., Siminerio, L. L., Morell, A. R., & Lee, E. S. (2012) · Current Diabetes Reports · doi:10.1007/s11892-012-0315-2 · Cited by 37
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“96mmol/L after 3 months of treatment [31].”
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Natural Bioactive Compounds as Potential Browning Agents in White Adipose Tissue
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“The beneficial effects of berberine on type 2 diabetes and insulin resistance subjects (13-16) indicated that it may have effects on hepatocytes isolated from insulin resistant fatty rats.”
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“There is evidence that berberine, in addition to its antimicrobial effects, may also treat diabetes.(38,39) Accordingly, berberine appears to be a promising agent for the treatment of PPI in diabetic patients.”
BackgroundOboh, G., Olabiyi, A. A., Akinyemi, A. J., & Ademiluyi, A. O. (2013) · Journal of Basic and Clinical Physiology and Pharmacology · doi:10.1515/jbcpp-2013-0002 · Cited by 37
“In vitro and in vivo studies have shown that natural plant alkaloid isolated from the Chinese herb, Coptis chinensis (Huanglian), has glucose-lowering effect and is also used in the treatment of diarrhea [58].”
BackgroundXie, L., Zhang, D., Ma, H., He, H. R., Xia, Q., Shen, W., Chang, H., Deng, Y., Wu, Q., Cong, J., et al. (2019) · Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine · doi:10.1155/2019/7918631 · Cited by 38
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“Several clinical studies carried out with BBR have further supported its efficacy against chronic inflammatory diseases such as diabetes [14,15], hypertension [16,17], and hyperlipidemia [18,19].”
BackgroundFermented Soybean Suppresses Visceral Fat Accumulation in Mice
Kushida, M., Okouchi, R., Iwagaki, Y., Asano, M., Du, M. X., Yamamoto, K., & Tsuduki, T. (2018) · Molecular Nutrition & Food Research · doi:10.1002/mnfr.201701054 · Cited by 35
Role of Gut Microbiota in the Pharmacological Effects of Natural Products
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“Berberine, the main active ingredient of Chinese herb Coptis chinensis, is known as an antidiabetes drug and can regulate blood glucose [20, 21].”
BackgroundBioactive dietary components—Anti‐obesity effects related to energy metabolism and inflammation
Silva, C. B., Zingg, J.-M. A., Fassini, P. G., & Suen, V. M. M. (2022) · BioFactors · doi:10.1002/biof.1921 · Cited by 35
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Tackling dipeptidyl peptidase IV in neurological disorders
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“Several studies have shown that human plasma levels after oral administration of relatively high doses of berberine barely reach the therapeutic window, whilst potentially triggering adverse gastrointestinal effects (Zhang et al., 2008; Hu et al., 2012).”
BackgroundMoon, J. M., Ratliff, K. M., Hagele, A. M., Stecker, R. A., Mumford, P. W., & Kerksick, C. M. (2021) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu14010124 · Cited by 33
“[17] randomly assigned 116 individuals diagnosed with type 2 diabetes to consume two 500 mg daily doses (1000 mg total) over a 3-month period.”
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“Recently, berberine has been shown to have positive effects on type 2 diabetes mellitus, insulin resistance, lipid metabolism, nitric oxide production, and metabolic syndrome [10-13].”
BackgroundSelf-citationNutraceutical approaches to metabolic syndrome
Sirtori, C. R., Pavanello, C., Calabresi, L., & Ruscica, M. (2017) · Annals of Medicine · doi:10.1080/07853890.2017.1366042 · Cited by 35
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“The mechanisms of berberine in diabetes and inflammation include: regulating JNK and PPAR-α pathway, influencing transcriptional factors expression, such as PPAR-γ, C/EBP-α, SREBP-1c, LXR, and modulating IRS-1, Akt, and AMPK signal pathway (Zhang et al., 2008; Lou et al., 2011; Zhao et al., 2012; Deng and Xie, 2014).”
BackgroundRisk Associated with the Use of Selected Ingredients in Food Supplements
Jędrejko, K., Lazur, J., & Muszyńska, B. (2021) · Chemistry & Biodiversity · doi:10.1002/cbdv.202000686 · Cited by 32
“A meta-analysis conducted in 2012 showed that berberine use for 12 weeks in patients with diabetes improved all physiological markers of glucose and lipid levels.[147,148]”
MethodEllagic Acid Stimulates Glucose Transport in Adipocytes and Muscles through AMPK Mediated Pathway
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“Another example is berberine, an isoquinoline alkaloid that has gained substantial attention due to its blood glucose lowering effects in diabetic and insulin resistant states [15,16].”
BackgroundApplication of Herbal Medicines with Bitter Flavor and Cold Property on Treating Diabetes Mellitus
Chen, H., Guo, J., Pang, B., Zhao, L., & Tong, X. (2015) · Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine · doi:10.1155/2015/529491 · Cited by 32
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CURRENT TREATMENTS FOR TYPE 2 DIABETES, THEIR SIDE EFFECTS AND POSSIBLE COMPLEMENTARY TREATMENTS
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Berberine chloride improved synaptic plasticity in STZ induced diabetic rats
Moghaddam, H. K., Baluchnejadmojarad, T., Roghani, M., Goshadrou, F., & Ronaghi, A. (2013) · Metabolic Brain Disease · doi:10.1007/s11011-013-9411-5 · Cited by 31
Cardiotoxicity evaluation of nine alkaloids from Rhizoma Coptis
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“Meanwhile, the clinical ADRs of berberine including constipation and other gastrointestinal reactions have been reported in recent years.(20,21) The toxicity of other alkaloids has been reported as well.”
BackgroundBerberine: metabolic and cardiovascular effects in preclinical and clinical trials
Cicero, A. F. G. (2009) · Nutrition and Dietary Supplements · doi:10.2147/nds.s6084 · Cited by 31
“22 Moreover, the antihyperlipidemic effect of berberine was observed to be synergistic with other nutraceuticals inhibiting cholesterol synthesis such as monakolins and policosanols.”
Chinese herbal medicine for impaired glucose tolerance: a randomized placebo controlled trial
Grant, S., Chang, D. H.-T., Liu, J., Wong, V., Kiat, H., & Bensoussan, A. (2013) · BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine · doi:10.1186/1472-6882-13-104 · Cited by 31
“Firstly, our sample size may have lacked sufficient statistical power to detect a clinically significant change in FBG and to adequately account for the transient nature of people with IGT [19].”
BackgroundInfluentialPanigrahi, A., & Mohanty, S. (2023) · BMC Endocrine Disorders · doi:10.1186/s12902-023-01442-y · Cited by 30
“…the treatment of diabetes mellitus, Wei XC et al. [13] concluded that berberine significantly reduces glycemic control markers, including fasting plasma glucose, postprandial blood glucose, and HOMA-IR, in comparison to a control group of placebo or no intervention with medicine [14, 22, 25–29].”
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Chan, M., Qin, Z., Man, S., Lam, M., Lai, W. H. E., Ng, R., Lee, C. K., Wong, T. L., Lee, E. H. M., Wong, H. K., et al. (2021) · Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences · doi:10.1111/pcn.13323 · Cited by 32
“0 kg of 3-month berberine treatment (1000 mg/d) in patients with diabetes.(25) A nearly 2-kg weight loss was achieved following 16 weeks of berberine treatment (1500 mg/d) in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.”
BackgroundZhang, L., Lin, H., Ma, J., Wu, T., Wei, Y., Zhao, L., & Tong, X. (2022) · European Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.ejphar.2022.174769 · Cited by 30
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“They can activate AMPactivated protein kinase in 3T3-L1 adipocytes and L6 myotubes and facilitate GLUT4 translocation in L6 myotubes in a phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-independent manner.[26] They have also been reported to promote glucose uptake in HepG2 and 3T3-L1 cells independent of insulin action.”
BackgroundPotential treatments for insulin resistance in the horse: A comparative multi-species review
Tinworth, K. D., Harris, P. A., Sillence, M. N., & Noble, G. K. (2009) · The Veterinary Journal · doi:10.1016/j.tvjl.2009.08.032 · Cited by 31
“in humans given 1 g/day of berberine for 3 months (Zhang et al., 2008).”
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“In a study conducted by Yin et al., in Shanghai diabetes center, China, fasting blood glucose did not significantly decrease compared to the placebo group; however, postprandial blood glucose and Hb A1C significantly reduced (15).”
ResultInfluentialPetrangolini, G., Corti, F., Ronchi, M., Arnoldi, L., Allegrini, P., & Riva, A. (2021) · Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine · doi:10.1155/2021/7563889 · Cited by 29
“&e potential usefulness of berberine in a variety of human diseases has been described bymany research papers: from type II diabetes [23, 24] due to berberine glucoselowering properties to metabolic syndrome and hyperlipemia [25, 26] and bacterial diseases due to the antimicrobial properties shown versus different mic…”
BackgroundAMPK activation—protean potential for boosting healthspan
McCarty, M. F. (2013) · AGE · doi:10.1007/s11357-013-9595-y · Cited by 30
Gut microbiota axis: potential target of phytochemicals from plant-based foods
Shi, R., Huang, C., Gao, Y., Li, X., Zhang, C., & Li, M. (2023) · Food Science and Human Wellness · doi:10.1016/j.fshw.2023.02.001 · Cited by 30
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“A total of 14 effect sizes from 14 studies were included in the meta-analysis of the effect of BBR supplementation on HOMAIR (Figure 2H) (36, 38, 41, 44, 47, 48, 56, 58, 63, 67, 69, 72, 75, 78).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialA Way Forward for Cancer Chemoprevention: Think Local
Rabadi, L. S. A., & Bergan, R. C. (2016) · Cancer Prevention Research · doi:10.1158/1940-6207.capr-16-0194 · Cited by 28
“5 g daily for 3 months has been found to be safe, and the herbal derivative is not considered toxic at these doses (165, 166).”
BackgroundCao, B., Bai, C., Wu, K., Xue, Y., Yang, H. J., Gao, P., Liang, H., & Li, G. (2020) · Industrial Crops and Products · doi:10.1016/j.indcrop.2020.112478 · Cited by 28
Figueiredo, I. D., Lima, T. F. O., Inácio, M. D., Costa, M. C., Assis, R. P., Brunetti, I. L., & Baviera, A. M. (2020) · Diabetes Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity · doi:10.2147/dmso.s265944 · Cited by 30
Tu, X., Xie, C., Wang, F., Chen, Q., Zhihuang, Z., Zhang, Q., Wang, X., Zhong, S., & Jordan, J. B. (2013) · Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine · doi:10.1155/2013/787459 · Cited by 28
“In this pilot study, it was demonstrated that Fructus Mume formula may reduce the levels of blood glucose in patients with type 2 diabetes.”
BackgroundLi, L., Li, C., Pan, P., Chen, X., Wu, X., Ng, E. H. Y., & Yang, D. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0144072 · Cited by 30
“5g twice times daily for 3 months and found plasma glucose, TG, TC and LDL-C decreased significantly compared to placebo [15].”
BackgroundYang, Z., Li, J., Xiong, F., Huang, J., Chen, C., Liu, P., & Huang, H. (2016) · Experimental Cell Research · doi:10.1016/j.yexcr.2016.06.005 · Cited by 28
Rezaeiamiri, E., Bahramsoltani, R., & Rahimi, R. (2019) · Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2019.02.006 · Cited by 28
Horváth, C., & Wolfrum, C. (2020) · Proceedings of The Nutrition Society · doi:10.1017/s0029665120006928 · Cited by 29
“BBR was equally effective in placebocontrolled trials with Chinese type 2 diabetic and dyslipidaemic patients (1 g daily)((207)) or poor glycaemic control (1⋅5 g daily)((208)).”
BackgroundHa, B. G., Yonezawa, T., Son, M. J., Woo, J. T., Ohba, S., Chung, U., & Yagasaki, K. (2014) · BioFactors · doi:10.1002/biof.1165 · Cited by 27
Lan, T., Wu, T., Chen, C., Chen, X., Hao, J., Huang, J., Wang, L., & Huang, H. (2014) · Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.mce.2014.01.022 · Cited by 27
Berberine acutely inhibits the digestion of maltose in the intestine
Li, Z., Zuo, D., Qie, X.-D., Qi, H., Zhao, M., & Wu, Y. (2012) · Journal of Ethnopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.jep.2012.05.022 · Cited by 27
“…of the rhizome of coptis (Tang et al., 2006), which is the Chinese Goldthread Rhizome for medicinal using, and berberine administered orally has a similar hypoglycemic activity to the Chinese Goldthread Rhizome in clinical (Ni, 1988; Yin et al., 2008b; Zhang et al., 2008; Zhang et al., 2010).”
BackgroundStructural modification of berberine alkaloid and their hypoglycemic activity
Ding, Y., Ye, X., Zhu, J., Zhu, X., Li, X., & Chen, B. (2014) · Journal of Functional Foods · doi:10.1016/j.jff.2014.02.007 · Cited by 27
Self-citationBerberine alleviates hyperglycemia by targeting hepatic glucokinase in diabetic db/db mice
Li, M., Dang, Y., Li, Q., Zhou, W., Zuo, J., Yao, Z., Zhang, L. R., & Ji, G. (2019) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-019-44576-7 · Cited by 27
Araj‐Khodaei, M., Ayati, M. H., Azizi-Zeinalhajlou, A., Novinbahador, T., Yousefi, M., Shiri, M., Mahmoodpoor, A., Shamekh, A., Namazi, N., & Sanaie, S. (2023) · Archives of Physiology and Biochemistry · doi:10.1080/13813455.2023.2258559 · Cited by 30
“BBR is also a regulatory factor in lipid and glucose metabolism that reduces insulin resistance in both humans and animals (Zhang et al .”
Wu, Z., Jin, T., & Weng, J. (2018) · Science China Life Sciences · doi:10.1007/s11427-018-9377-y · Cited by 27
Tahmasebi, L., Zakerkish, M., Golfakhrabadi, F., & Namjoyan, F. (2019) · European Journal of Integrative Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.eujim.2019.100998 · Cited by 26
Amini, M. R., Sheikhhossein, F., Naghshi, S., Djafari, F., Askari, M., Shahinfar, H., Safabakhsh, M., Jafari, A., & Shab‐Bidar, S. (2020) · Complementary Therapies in Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ctim.2020.102337 · Cited by 27
Chou, W.-L. (2021) · Pharmacological Research · doi:10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105693 · Cited by 30
Multi-target regulation of intestinal microbiota by berberine to improve type 2 diabetes mellitus
He, Q., Dong, H., Guo, Y., Gong, M., Xia, Q., Lu, F., & Wang, D. (2022) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2022.1074348 · Cited by 27
Zhang, M., Li, X., Liang, H., Cai, H., Hu, X., Bian, Y., Dong, L., Ding, L., Wang, L., Yu, B., et al. (2018) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2018.00235 · Cited by 26
Self-citationLian, F., Jin, D., Bao, Q. D., Zhao, Y. C., & Tong, X. (2018) · Journal of Diabetes · doi:10.1111/1753-0407.12877 · Cited by 25
Xiang, X.-Y., Liu, T., Wu, Y., Jiang, X.-S., He, J., Chen, X., & Du, X. (2020) · Molecular Medicine Reports · doi:10.3892/mmr.2020.11641 · Cited by 25
“numerous studies have assessed the effects of BBr on hyperglycemia and dyslipidemia (17,34).”
BackgroundIlyas, S., Tabasum, R., Iftikhar, A., Nazir, M., Hussain, A., Hussain, A., Ali, M. S., Saleem, F., Saleem, U., Froeyen, M., et al. (2021) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-020-80579-5 · Cited by 25
Activation of Insulin Signaling by Botanical Products
Rosenzweig, T., & Sampson, S. R. (2021) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms22084193 · Cited by 25
The protective effect of berberine on β-cell lipoapoptosis
Gao, N., Zhao, T.-Y., & Li, X. J. (2010) · Journal of Endocrinological Investigation · doi:10.1007/bf03347042 · Cited by 25
Self-citationPreventive use of berberine in inhibition of lead-induced renal injury in rats
Hasanein, P., & Riahi, H. (2017) · Environmental Science and Pollution Research · doi:10.1007/s11356-017-0702-y · Cited by 25
Dai-Zong-Fang, A Traditional Chinese Herbal Formula, Ameliorates Insulin Resistance in db/db Mice
Zhu, L., Zhu, X., Sun, G., Meng, X., Wang, M., Cui, H., Wang, J., Zhai, Y., Yang, K., Tang, Y., et al. (2018) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2018.00224 · Cited by 25
“As a main component of DZF, berberine has the hypoglycemic, hypolipidemic, and insulin sensitizing effect (Yin et al., 2008; Zhang et al., 2008; Wang et al., 2011; Pirillo and Catapano, 2015), attenuating hepatic steatosis (Sun et al.”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Zhang, Y., Li, X., Zou, D., Liu, W., Yang, J., Zhu, N., Huo, L., Wang, M., Hong, J., Wu, P., Ren, G., & Ning, G.
- Affiliations
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University (CN)
- Second Military Medical University (CN)
- Department of Endocrinology (J.Y., G.R.), Min-Hang Hospital, Shanghai 201100, People’s Republic of China
- Corresponding author
- Ning, Guang
- Venue
- The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism
- Publisher
- The Endocrine Society
- Published
- 2008-07-01
- Volume
- 93
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 2559-2565
- ISSN
- 0021-972X (ISSN-L)
- 1945-7197
- OpenAlex
- W1969395627
- Cited by
- 573
- References
- 23
- Citations by year
- 2026: 30 · 2025: 27 · 2024: 28 · 2023: 33 · 2022: 41 · 2021: 54 · 2020: 46 · 2019: 42 · 2018: 33 · 2017: 23 · 2016: 29 · 2015: 32 · 2014: 34 · 2013: 31 · 2012: 25
- FWCI
- 14.72
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology (medical) › Berberine and alkaloids research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Natural Antidiabetic Agents Studies
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Metabolism, Diabetes, and Cancer
- Keywords
- berberine, type 2 diabetes, dyslipidemia, glucose-lowering effect, insulin sensitivity, glucose disposal rate, hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp, HbA1c, serum lipids, triglycerides, LDL cholesterol, total cholesterol, plant alkaloids, constipation, drug safety, antidiabetic therapy, lipid-lowering therapy
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aged, Berberine, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Double-Blind Method, Female, Glycated Hemoglobin, Humans, Insulin, Insulin Resistance, Cholesterol, LDL, Male, Middle Aged, Triglycerides, Dyslipidemias
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