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A Single Night of Partial Sleep Deprivation Induces Insulin Resistance in Multiple Metabolic Pathways in Healthy Subjects
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Subsequent nights with partial sleep restriction result in impaired glucose tolerance, but the effects on insulin sensitivity have not been characterized. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of a single night of partial sleep restriction on parameters of insulin sensitivity. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: Nine healthy subjects (five men, four women) were studied once after a night of normal sleep duration (sleep allowed from 2300 to 0730 h), and once after a night of 4 h of sleep (sleep allowed from 0100 to 0500 h). Sleep characteristics were assessed by polysomnography. Insulin sensitivity was measured by hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp studies (from 1130 to 1430 h) with infusion of [6,6-(2)H(2)]glucose. RESULTS: Sleep duration was shorter in the night with sleep restriction than in the unrestricted night (226 +/- 11 vs. 454 +/- 9 min; P< 0.0001). Sleep restriction did not affect basal levels of glucose, nonesterified fatty acids, insulin, or endogenous glucose production. Sleep restriction resulted in increased endogenous glucose production during the hyperinsulinemic clamp study compared to the unrestricted night (4.4 +/- 0.3 vs. 3.6 +/- 0.2 micromol x kg lean body mass(-1) x min(-1); P = 0.017), indicating hepatic insulin resistance. In addition, sleep restriction decreased the glucose disposal rate during the clamp (32.5 +/- 3.6 vs. 40.7 +/- 5.1 micromol x kg lean body mass(-1) x min(-1); P = 0009), reflecting decreased peripheral insulin sensitivity. Accordingly, sleep restriction decreased the rate of glucose infusion by approximately 25% (P = 0.001). Sleep restriction increased plasma nonesterified fatty acid levels during the clamp study (68 +/- 5 vs. 57 +/- 4 micromol/liter; P = 0.005). CONCLUSIONS: Partial sleep deprivation during only a single night induces insulin resistance in multiple metabolic pathways in healthy subjects. This physiological observation may be of relevance for variations in glucoregulation in patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes.
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“Early studies reported little change in circulating insulin with sleep restriction [18], [22], but subsequent studies have found that insulin increases [15], [16], [20], particularly after breakfast [16].”
From Impact of Five Nights of Sleep Restriction on Glucose Metabolism, Leptin and Testosterone in Young Adult Men (2012) · cites this paper as [15]
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Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“well-controlled laboratory studies in healthy adults have shown that repeated partial sleep restriction has adverse effects on systemic insulin sensitivity and glucose tolerance”
From Impaired Insulin Signaling in Human Adipocytes After Experimental Sleep Restriction: A Randomized, Crossover Study (2012) · cites this paper as [13]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“a number of studies have found that sleep restriction does not increase overall mean cortisol [15], [16], [21], [45], [53]”
From Impact of Five Nights of Sleep Restriction on Glucose Metabolism, Leptin and Testosterone in Young Adult Men (2012) · cites this paper as [15]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Consistent with previous research [15], [18]–[20], this study found that glucose tolerance to meals was impaired and insulin increased following sleep restriction”
From Impact of Five Nights of Sleep Restriction on Glucose Metabolism, Leptin and Testosterone in Young Adult Men (2012) · cites this paper as [15]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
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“To our knowledge, this finding identifies for the first time a molecular mechanism that may be involved in the reduction in total body insulin sensitivity consistently observed in multiple laboratory studies of partial sleep deprivation in healthy adults (11–17), as well as in the participants of our study.”
From Impaired Insulin Signaling in Human Adipocytes After Experimental Sleep Restriction: A Randomized, Crossover Study (2012) · cites this paper as [13]
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“Both reduced leptin levels (32, 33) and elevated free fatty acid concentrations (13) have been observed in healthy persons after experimental sleep restriction and could conceivably contribute to increased risk for obesity and diabetes.”
From Impaired Insulin Signaling in Human Adipocytes After Experimental Sleep Restriction: A Randomized, Crossover Study (2012) · cites this paper as [13]
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In the citing paper
“Fasting free fatty acids (FFA) show no significant change after one night of sleep restriction [15] and increase following two [16] nights of sleep restriction to 4 h TIB.”
From Impact of Five Nights of Sleep Restriction on Glucose Metabolism, Leptin and Testosterone in Young Adult Men (2012) · cites this paper as [15]
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“Overall insulin resistance has generally been found to worsen with sleep restriction [15], [23].”
From Impact of Five Nights of Sleep Restriction on Glucose Metabolism, Leptin and Testosterone in Young Adult Men (2012) · cites this paper as [15]
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In the citing paper
“fasting FFA were unchanged after one night of sleep restriction [15]”
From Impact of Five Nights of Sleep Restriction on Glucose Metabolism, Leptin and Testosterone in Young Adult Men (2012) · cites this paper as [15]
In the citing paper
“Several well-controlled laboratory studies have consistently shown marked reductions in insulin sensitivity in young adults following sleep loss [2–7].”
From Sleep restriction increases free fatty acids in healthy men (2015) · cites this paper as [7]
In the citing paper
“Two other studies [41, 194] reported only a decrease in SI, with apparent preservation of glucose tolerance.”
From Sleep and metabolic function (2012) · cites this paper as [41]
In the citing paper
“Small-scale experimental studies have shown that short-term sleep deprivation may lead to metabolic dysregulation[29-34], elevated inflammation[35, 36], and elevated blood pressure[37].”
From Habitual sleep duration associated with self-reported and objectively determined cardiometabolic risk factors (2014) · cites this paper as [31]
In the citing paper
“The authors observed a reduction in glucose infusion and disposal rates, indicating a deterioration of glucose tolerance and peripheral SI.”
From Role of sleep duration in the regulation of glucose metabolism and appetite (2010) · cites this paper as [33]
In the citing paper
“a number of laboratory studies examining the impact of circadian and/or sleep disruption on glucose homeostasis under controlled conditions, support the above mentioned epidemiological findings [144–147].”
From Circadian control of glucose metabolism (2014) · cites this paper as [147]
In the citing paper
“Acute partial sleep restriction of 4 hours in bed for one night when compared with a night of unrestricted sleep showed an increase in endogenous glucose production (p=0.017) and a decrease in glucose disposal rate (p=0.009) from a hyperinsulinemic clamp assessment indicating a decrease in hepatic and peripheral insulin sensitivities [22].”
From Association between sleep deficiency and cardiometabolic disease: implications for health disparities (2016) · cites this paper as [22]
In the citing paper
“Sleep restriction to 4 h TIB compared to 8.5 h TIB resulted in increased endogenous glucose production assessed by euglycemic hyperinsulinemic clamp, indicating hepatic insulin resistance [34].”
From Metabolic effects of sleep disruption, links to obesity and diabetes (2014) · cites this paper as [34]
In the citing paper
“Additionally, sleep restriction decreased glucose disposal rate during the clamp, reflecting decreased peripheral insulin sensitivity.”
From Metabolic effects of sleep disruption, links to obesity and diabetes (2014) · cites this paper as [34]
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“…deprivation increased cortisol concentrations in the morning (Stamatakis & Punjabi, 2010) and evening (Buxton et al., 2010; Leproult et al., 1997; Reynolds et al., 2012; Spiegel et al., 1999), whereas others reported no changes (Donga et al., 2010; Leproult & Van Cauter, 2011; Schmid et al., 2011).”
Silva, N. R., Nejm, M. B., Silva, S. M. A., Suchecki, D., & Luz, J. (2015) · Experimental Physiology · doi:10.1113/ep085323 · Cited by 7
“Healthy volunteers subjected to sleep restriction (SR) of 4 h per night for 6 days also display metabolic changes, such as increased glucose levels and decreased insulin sensitivity (Spiegel et al. 1999; Donga et al. 2010).”
BackgroundSleep Deprivation and Its Consequences
Chernyshev, O. Y. (2023) · CONTINUUM Lifelong Learning in Neurology · doi:10.1212/con.0000000000001323 · Cited by 7
Faria, V. S., McManus, L., O’Hagan, A. D., & Egan, B. (2025) · Journal of sport and health science/Journal of Sport and Health Science · doi:10.1016/j.jshs.2025.101044 · Cited by 6
“…hormone imbalance (e.g., insulin, growth hormone, cortisol, testosterone, leptin, and ghrelin), 23,37 (cid:1) 40 increased sympathetic nervous system activity, 33,41,42 elevated non-esterified fatty acids concentration, 11,23,24,37,43 and a reduction in sensitivity of the insulin signaling pathway.”
Linking sleep patterns to eye health: a review of current understanding and future directions
Xuan, S., & Li, Z. (2025) · Visual Neuroscience · doi:10.48130/vns-0025-0008 · Cited by 8
Sleep Debt and Insulin Resistance: What's Worse, Sleep Deprivation or Sleep Restriction?
de Souza, J. F. T., Mônico‐Neto, M., Tufik, S., & Antunes, H. K. M. (2024) · Sleep Science · doi:10.1055/s-0044-1782173 · Cited by 8
“Regarding sleep restriction, protocols 11,35,36 ofa single night, four nights, and a week (all samples with healthy young adults) resulted in a higher insulin AUC curve and endogenous glucose production, in addition to a decrease in the rate of glucose available after the…”
Titova, O. E., Lindberg, E., Tan, X. W., Elmståhl, S., Lind, L., Schiöth, H. B., & Benedict, C. (2019) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2019.104472 · Cited by 6
“The results from epidemiological and clinical studies indicate that chronic sleep restriction could also play a significant role in the etiology of diabetes (Gangwisch et al., 2007; Mallon et al., 2005; Tuomilehto et al., 2009; Broussard et al., 2012; Cedernaes et al., 2018; Donga et al., 2010; Herzog et al., 2013; Sp…”
Exploring Sleep Health in Young Adults with Type 1 Diabetes
Griggs, S. A., Grey, M. J., Toly, V. B., & Hickman, R. L. (2021) · Western Journal of Nursing Research · doi:10.1177/01939459211037046 · Cited by 6
Son, S. M., Park, E. J., Kwon, R. J., Cho, Y. H., Lee, S. Y., Choi, J. I., Lee, Y., Lee, S. R., Kim, Y. J., Lee, J. G., et al. (2023) · Menopause The Journal of The North American Menopause Society · doi:10.1097/gme.0000000000002186 · Cited by 6
Balakrishnanpillai, J., Kesavadev, J., & Saboo, B. (2024) · Journal of Diabetology · doi:10.4103/jod.jod_132_23 · Cited by 8
Effect of one night of sleep deprivation on maximal fat oxidation during graded exercise
Konishi, M., Takahashi, M., Endo, N., Numao, S., Takagi, S., Miyashita, M., Midorikawa, T., Suzuki, K., & Sakamoto, S. (2013) · The Journal of Physical Fitness and Sports Medicine · doi:10.7600/jpfsm.2.121 · Cited by 5
Seibert, P. S., Valerio, J., & DeHaas, C. (2013) · Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology · doi:10.1177/193229681300700621 · Cited by 5
“1,22 Furthermore, short-term sleep deprivation in people without diabetes results in impaired glucose tolerance, indicating that sleep is essential for metabolic homeostasis.”
BackgroundAssociação entre o padrão de sono e marcadores de risco cardiometabólicos de adolescentes
de Oliveira, L. C., Passos, M. A. Z., Vellozo, E. P., Quaresma, M. V. L. D. S., & de Piano, A. (2020) · DEMETRA Alimentação Nutrição & Saúde · doi:10.12957/demetra.2020.45177 · Cited by 5
Farabi, S. S., Smith, G. I., Schweitzer, G. G., Stein, R. I., & Klein, S. (2022) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/s41366-022-01180-6 · Cited by 6
Ukraintseva, Y. V., & Liaukovich, K. M. (2022) · S S Korsakov Journal of Neurology and Psychiatry · doi:10.17116/jnevro202212205211 · Cited by 5
Sleep Deprivation and Excessive Daytime Sleepiness
Chokroverty, S. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-6578-6_3 · Cited by 5
Obayashi, K., Yamagami, Y., Iwamoto, J., Kurumatani, N., & Saeki, K. (2018) · Clinical Endocrinology · doi:10.1111/cen.13842 · Cited by 5
The effects of noise disturbed sleep on children’s health and cognitive development
KAMP, I. V., Gidlöf-Gunnarsson, A., & Waye, K. P. (2013) · The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America · doi:10.1121/1.4806243 · Cited by 5
Beals, J. W., Smith, G. I., Farabi, S. S., Patterson, B. W., Lucey, B. P., Broussard, J. L., Wright, K. P., & Klein, S. (2026) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc25-2083 · Cited by 4
Sleep Deprivation: Societal Impact and Long-Term Consequences
Grandner, M. A. (2015) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-2089-1_56 · Cited by 4
Sleep Deprivation and the Cardiovascular System
Čundrle, I., Calvin, A. D., & Somers, V. K. (2013) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-9087-6_11 · Cited by 5
Sleep and type 2 diabetes mellitus
Brady, E. M., & Hall, A. P. (2016) · Practical Diabetes · doi:10.1002/pdi.1993 · Cited by 4
How Are You Sleeping? Why Nutrition Professionals Should Ask Their Patients About Sleep Habits
Du, C., Tucker, R. M., & Yang, C. (2022) · Journal of the American Nutrition Association · doi:10.1080/07315724.2022.2025547 · Cited by 4
Kontou, T. G., Sargent, C., & Roach, G. D. (2022) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s22186962 · Cited by 5
“This damage can manifest as impaired glucose tolerance [10] and insulin resistance [11,12] after fewer than six hours of time in bed per night.”
BackgroundCheung, Y. Y. Y., Tan, T., Koa, T. B., Khoo, C. M., & Lo, J. C.-Y. (2025) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/zsaf339 · Cited by 4
“Our findings of poorer glucose metabolism after the first five nights of TIB curtailment to 6 h (i.e., a stable short sleep schedule) were similar to those reported in some previous studies [9, 10, 13, 18, 21].”
InfluentialLee, M., & Nam, S. (2026) · Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology · doi:10.1177/19322968251412449 · Cited by 3
Sleep Quality Assessment in Correlation to Autonomic Nerve Function in Type 2 Diabetic Patients
Ibrahim, H. K., Hashim, Z. H., & Desher, Y. (2023) · Sleep Medicine Research · doi:10.17241/smr.2023.01802 · Cited by 3
“Reduction of sleep duration down to 4 hours for a single night only is associated with an increase of peripheral insulin resistance by 19%–25% [6].”
BackgroundSnel, T., Krone, T., Kamstra, R. J. M., Eggink, H. M., Pijl, H., de Graaf, A. A., & de Hoogh, I. M. (2024) · BMJ Open Diabetes Research & Care · doi:10.1136/bmjdrc-2024-004506 · Cited by 3
Tan, X. W., Cedernaes, J., Risérus, U., & Benedict, C. (2018) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2018.12.227 · Cited by 3
Noise and Health from different perspectives
KAMP, I. V. (2010) · Cited by 3
Effect of bright-light exposure before sleep on human urine metabolome
Nakamura, Y., Choi, Y., Akazawa, N., Park, I., Kawana, F., Satoh, M., Tokuyama, K., & Maeda, S. (2019) · The Journal of Physical Fitness and Sports Medicine · doi:10.7600/jpfsm.8.89 · Cited by 3
Leal, A. A. V., G., L. G. F., Perez, E. N., & Leal, A. V. V. (2021) · Revista de la Facultad de Medicina Humana · doi:10.25176/rfmh.v22i1.4139 · Cited by 3
Sleep Disturbances and Glucose Homeostasis
Barf, R. P., Scheurink, A. J. W., & Student, P. (2010) · touchREVIEWS in Endocrinology · doi:10.17925/ee.2011.07.01.14 · Cited by 3
“Similar data after one night of sleep restriction have been found in a recent study by Donga et al.(28) in which insulin sensitivity was measured with the gold standard method for measuring insulin sensitivity: a hyperinsulineamic euglycaemic clamp.”
MethodResultInfluentialCircadian Misalignment and Cardiovascular Risk
Ashby, T., & Louis, M. (2019) · Cardiovascular Innovations and Applications · doi:10.15212/cvia.2017.0070 · Cited by 3
Qin, Y., Lou, P., Chen, P., Zhang, L., Zhang, P., Chang, G., Zhang, N., Li, T., & Qiao, C. (2015) · International Journal of Diabetes in Developing Countries · doi:10.1007/s13410-015-0410-4 · Cited by 3
“Some studies have shown that IFG was associated with sleep quantity and quality [7, 11].”
BackgroundTrajectories of healthy lifestyle index and prediabetes risk of adult workers in Japan
Kuwahara, K., Yamamoto, S., Honda, T., Nakagawa, T., Konishi, M., & Mizoue, T. (2025) · Communications Medicine · doi:10.1038/s43856-025-00971-y · Cited by 2
Additional Sleep Duration Associates with Improved Blood Sugar Regulation
Spaeth, A. M. (2015) · SLEEP · doi:10.5665/sleep.4648 · Cited by 2
Menopause and sleep disturbances
Stenyaeva, N. N., Khritinin, D. F., & Steniaev, E. Y. (2023) · Meditsinskiy sovet = Medical Council · doi:10.21518/ms2023-333 · Cited by 2
Gu, W., Tian, Z., Hou, W., Yang, Y., Ma, Y., Song, Y., Wang, H., & Sun, C. (2024) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-024-20691-7 · Cited by 2
Sleep Architecture Parameters, Normal Sleep, and Sleep Loss
Berry, R. B. (2011) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-1-4377-0326-9.00006-3 · Cited by 2
The Relationship Between Sleep Disorders During Pregnancy and
Alihosseini, E., Najar, S., & Haghighizadeh, M. H. (2017) · Jundishapur Journal of Chronic Disease Care · doi:10.5812/jjcdc.41340 · Cited by 2
“Chronic sleep disorders including short sleep duration and sleep fragmentation independent of weight and poor glycemic control is a major factor in determining metabolic health (43, 44).”
BackgroundOyunbileg, E., Jun, N., Sung, M., Yoon, D., & Baik, I. (2018) · Sleep and Biological Rhythms · doi:10.1007/s41105-018-0170-x · Cited by 2
Gupta, D. P., Choudhury, A. B., Pawar, S. M., & Gopi, D. K. (2018) · International Journal of Medical Research and Review · doi:10.17511/ijmrr.2018.i08.01 · Cited by 1
Umam, R. H., Fauzi, A. K., Rahman, H. F., Khotimah, H., & Wahid, A. H. (2020) · Jurnal Ilmiah Keperawatan (Scientific Journal of Nursing) · doi:10.33023/jikep.v6i2.515 · Cited by 2
Obesity: The role of desynchronosis and genetic factors in mechanisms of its development
Ryznychuk, М. О., & Pishak, V. P. (2017) · Regulatory Mechanisms in Biosystems · doi:10.15421/021705 · Cited by 3
Smith, P. C., Cusmano, D. M., Viechweg, S. S., Schwartz, M. D., & Mong, J. A. (2020) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2020.07.29.223669 · Cited by 2
Metadata
- Authors
- Donga, E., van Dijk, M., van Dijk, J. G., Biermasz, N. R., Lammers, G.-J., van Kralingen, K. W., Corssmit, E. P. M., & Romijn, J. A.
- Affiliations
- Leiden University Medical Center (NL)
- Departments of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases (E.D., M.v.D., N.R.B., E.P.M.C., J.A.R.), Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
- Neurology (J.G.v.D., G.-J.L.), Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
- Pulmonology (K.W.v.K.), Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
- Corresponding author
- Donga, Esther
- Venue
- The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism
- Publisher
- The Endocrine Society
- Published
- 2010-06-01
- Volume
- 95
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 2963-2968
- ISSN
- 0021-972X (ISSN-L)
- 1945-7197
- OpenAlex
- W2116276541
- Cited by
- 387
- References
- 32
- Citations by year
- 2026: 22 · 2025: 17 · 2024: 16 · 2023: 24 · 2022: 24 · 2021: 23 · 2020: 21 · 2019: 36 · 2018: 29 · 2017: 22 · 2016: 24 · 2015: 30 · 2014: 25 · 2013: 28 · 2012: 23
- FWCI
- 30.82
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
- Leiden Repository (Leiden University) (submittedVersion)
- Pure Amsterdam UMC (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- European Foundation for the Study of Diabetes
- Universiteit Leiden
- Diabetes Fonds
- Leids Universitair Medisch Centrum
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and Work-Related Fatigue
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and related disorders
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Circadian rhythm and melatonin
- Keywords
- sleep restriction, insulin resistance, insulin sensitivity, endogenous glucose production, hepatic insulin resistance, glucose disposal rate, free fatty acids, glucose infusion rate, hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp, glucose metabolism, glucoregulation, type 2 diabetes, type 1 diabetes
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Blood Glucose, Fatty Acids, Nonesterified, Female, Humans, Insulin Resistance, Liver, Male, Middle Aged, Motor Activity, Sleep Deprivation, Glucose Clamp Technique, Signal Transduction, Polysomnography
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