Sleep restriction increases free fatty acids in healthy men
Open accessAbstract
Aims/hypothesisSleep loss is associated with insulin resistance and an increased risk for type 2 diabetes, yet underlying mechanisms are not understood. Elevation of circulating non-esterified (i.e. free) fatty acid (NEFA) concentrations can lead to insulin resistance and plays a central role in the development of metabolic diseases. Circulating NEFA in healthy individuals shows a marked diurnal variation with maximum levels occurring at night, yet the impact of sleep loss on NEFA levels across the 24 h cycle remains unknown. We hypothesised that sleep restriction would alter hormones that are known to stimulate lipolysis and lead to an increase in NEFA levels.MethodsWe studied 19 healthy young men under controlled laboratory conditions with four consecutive nights of 8.5 h in bed (normal sleep) and 4.5 h in bed (sleep restriction) in randomised order. The 24 h blood profiles of NEFA, growth hormone (GH), noradrenaline (norepinephrine), cortisol, glucose and insulin were simultaneously assessed. Insulin sensitivity was estimated by a frequently sampled intravenous glucose tolerance test.ResultsSleep restriction relative to normal sleep resulted in increased NEFA levels during the nocturnal and early-morning hours. The elevation in NEFA was related to prolonged nocturnal GH secretion and higher early-morning noradrenaline levels. Insulin sensitivity was decreased after sleep restriction and the reduction in insulin sensitivity was correlated with the increase in nocturnal NEFA levels.Conclusions/interpretationSleep restriction in healthy men results in increased nocturnal and early-morning NEFA levels, which may partly contribute to insulin resistance and the elevated diabetes risk associated with sleep loss.
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Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
In 19 healthy young men, four nights of sleep restriction (4.5 h in bed) increased nocturnal and early-morning non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA) levels and reduced insulin sensitivity compared with normal sleep (8.5 h in bed). The NEFA rise was linked to prolonged nocturnal growth hormone secretion and higher early-morning noradrenaline.
Key findings
- Sleep restriction increased mean NEFA levels by approximately 15–30% during nocturnal and early-morning hours and prolonged the duration of the nocturnal NEFA increase by approximately 50 min.
- Nocturnal GH secretion became biphasic in 14 of 19 participants and was prolonged by approximately 50 min; the increase in GH secretion duration correlated with prolonged NEFA rise (r = 0.81, p < 0.0001).
- Early-morning noradrenaline increased by approximately 30% and correlated with the early-morning NEFA increase (r = 0.55, p = 0.015); evening/early-night cortisol was 23% higher but did not correlate with NEFA changes.
- Insulin sensitivity by IVGTT decreased by 23% after sleep restriction (p = 0.004), and the decrease correlated with increased mean nocturnal NEFA (r = 0.52, p = 0.05) and nocturnal NEFA AUC (r = −0.53, p = 0.05); disposition index was lower (p = 0.042).
Methods
- Randomised, controlled laboratory crossover study of 19 healthy young lean men aged 18–30 years, comparing four consecutive nights of 8.5 h in bed (normal sleep) versus 4.5 h in bed (sleep restriction), spaced at least 4 weeks apart.
- 24 h blood profiles were collected at 15–30 min intervals for NEFA, GH, noradrenaline, cortisol, glucose and insulin; diet and energy intake were identical across conditions, and insulin sensitivity was estimated by frequently sampled IVGTT.
- Analyses used mixed-model ANOVA with participants as random factor and sleep condition as fixed factor, Pearson correlations, and Benjamini–Hochberg correction for NEFA time-point comparisons; data reported as mean ± SEM.
Limitations
- The paper states that it cannot exclude altered circadian timing as a contributor, provides no information on long-term effects of sleep restriction or recovery sleep, and notes that correlations do not demonstrate direct causality.
- The paper notes the NEFA increase was modest (approximately 15–30%) and that future mechanistic studies, such as pharmacological NEFA suppression, are needed to test causality.
- Evident from the text: the sample was small (n = 19) and restricted to healthy young lean men, limiting generalisability; technical difficulties invalidated IVGTT estimates in six normal-sleep and two sleep-restriction sessions, with five of the six normal-sleep invalid tests repeated.
Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.
Integrity signals
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Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
0 of 22 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged
- Findingown data
The total amount of nocturnal growth hormone secreted was similar in the two sleep conditions.
“The total amount of nocturnal GH secreted did not differ between sleep conditions (Table 2).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Cortisol levels were 23% higher in the evening and early night when wakefulness was extended.
“cortisol levels were 23% higher in the evening hours as well as during the early night with extended wakefulness (Table 2).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Changes in cortisol secretion did not correlate with changes in NEFA.
“The alterations in cortisol secretory patterns did not correlate with any changes in NEFA (p > 0.05 for all variables).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
The early-morning rise in noradrenaline was positively correlated with the early-morning rise in NEFA (r = 0.55, p = 0.015).
“However, the early-morning increase in noradrenaline was positively correlated with the early-morning increase in NEFA levels (r = 0.55, p = 0.015).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Insulin sensitivity measured by IVGTT was 23% lower during sleep restriction than during normal sleep (p = 0.004).
“Insulin sensitivity estimated by the IVGTT was reduced by 23% during sleep restriction as compared with normal sleep (p = 0.004, Fig. 5a).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
- Findingown data
Daytime NEFA levels were similar in the two sleep conditions.
“However, daytime NEFA levels were similar between sleep conditions”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
The 24-hour NEFA profile showed a clear circadian pattern under both sleep conditions.
“The 24 h profile of NEFA displayed a marked circadian variation under both sleep conditions (Fig. 2a).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
The acute insulin response to glucose did not differ between sleep conditions (p = 0.22).
“The acute insulin response to glucose did not differ between sleep conditions (p = 0.22).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Sleep restriction lengthened the nocturnal rise in NEFA by about 50 minutes.
“When sleep was restricted, the duration of the nocturnal NEFA increase was prolonged by approximately 50 min (Table 2).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
During normal sleep, a single nocturnal growth hormone pulse occurred in all but four of the 19 participants.
“During normal sleep, a single nocturnal GH pulse was observed in all but four of the 19 participants (Fig. 2b).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
The post-breakfast change in insulin was positively correlated with the change in nocturnal NEFA (r = 0.51, p = 0.025).
“The post-breakfast change in insulin level was positively correlated with the change in nocturnal NEFA level (r = 0.51, p = 0.025).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
During sleep restriction, morning NEFA levels plateaued instead of continuing to fall as they did during normal sleep.
“Sleep restriction resulted in a plateau of NEFA levels in the morning rather than the continued decline observed during normal sleep.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
The duration of nocturnal growth hormone secretion was not related to the amount of nocturnal growth hormone (r = 0.30, p = 0.207).
“while no relationship was found with the amount of nocturnal GH (r = 0.30, p = 0.207).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
The early-night rise in noradrenaline did not appear to affect the NEFA peak or the slope of the NEFA rise.
“This early-night increase in noradrenaline did not appear to influence the NEFA peak or the slope of NEFA rise.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
The fall in insulin sensitivity did not correlate with changes in noradrenaline, cortisol, or growth hormone (p > 0.10 for all).
“The decrease in insulin sensitivity did not correlate with any changes in noradrenaline, cortisol or GH (p > 0.10 for all variables).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Noradrenaline levels rose by about 30% during the early-night and early-morning hours when participants stayed awake during sleep restriction.
“Noradrenaline levels were increased by approximately 30% during the early-night and early-morning hours, when participants had to remain awake during sleep restriction (Fig. 2c, Table 2).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Compared with normal sleep, sleep restriction raised mean NEFA levels by roughly 15-30% during the nocturnal and early-morning hours.
“Sleep restriction relative to normal sleep resulted in a significant increase in mean NEFA levels by approximately 15–30% during the nocturnal and early-morning hours (Fig. 2a, Table 2).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingreasoning
The lack of compensatory insulin secretion after sleep restriction produced a lower disposition index (p = 0.042).
“Thus, the lack of compensatory insulin secretion after sleep restriction resulted in a lower disposition index (p = 0.042)”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
The longer duration of nocturnal growth hormone secretion was correlated with the longer duration of the NEFA rise (r = 0.81, p < 0.0001).
“The increase in the duration of nocturnal GH secretion was correlated with the prolonged duration of NEFA rise (r = 0.81, p < 0.0001)”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
Controlled laboratory studies have repeatedly found large decreases in insulin sensitivity among young adults after sleep loss.
“Several well-controlled laboratory studies have consistently shown marked reductions in insulin sensitivity in young adults following sleep loss [2–7].”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 6 sources checked- cites [2] Spiegel K, Leproult R, van Cauter E (1999) Impact of sleep debt on metabolic and endocrine function. Lancet 354:1435–1439 source
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [3] Spiegel K, Knutson K, Leproult R, Tasali E, van Cauter E (2005) Sleep loss: a novel risk factor for insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. J Appl Physiol 99:2008–2019 source
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [4] Buxton OM, Pavlova M, Reid EW, Wang W, Simonson DC, Adler GK (2010) Sleep restriction for 1 week reduces insulin sensitivity in healthy men. Diabetes 59:2126–2133 source
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [5] Nedeltcheva AV, Kessler L, Imperial J, Penev PD (2009) Exposure to recurrent sleep restriction in the setting of high caloric intake and physical inactivity results in increased insulin resistance and reduced glucose tolerance. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 94:3242–3250 source
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [6] Broussard JL, Ehrmann DA, van Cauter E, Tasali E, Brady MJ (2012) Impaired insulin signaling in human adipocytes after experimental sleep restriction: a randomized, crossover study. Ann Intern Med 157:549–557 source
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [7] Donga E, van Dijk M, van Dijk JG et al (2010) A single night of partial sleep deprivation induces insulin resistance in multiple metabolic pathways in healthy participants. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 95:2963–2968 source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
Changes in NEFA levels are central to the development of insulin resistance and metabolic disease.
“Alterations in non-esterified (i.e. free) fatty acid (NEFA) levels play a central role in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance and the development of metabolic diseases [8, 9].”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [8] DeFronzo RA (2004) Dysfunctional fat cells, lipotoxicity and type 2 diabetes. Int J Clin Pract 58(Suppl 143):9–21 source
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [9] Boden G (2003) Effects of free fatty acids (NEFA) on glucose metabolism: significance for insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 111:121–124 source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
In population studies, people who habitually shorten their sleep have a higher risk of developing type 2 diabetes.
“Substantial evidence from population studies suggests that individuals who regularly curtail their sleep are at an increased risk for developing type 2 diabetes [1].”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [1] Cappuccio FP, D’Elia L, Strazzullo P, Miller MA (2010) Quantity and quality of sleep and incidence of type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabetes Care 33:414–420 source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
In people with type 2 diabetes, the degree of insulin resistance correlates with higher nocturnal NEFA levels.
“the degree of insulin resistance in patients with type 2 diabetes correlates with the elevation in nocturnal NEFA levels [30].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [30] Boden G, Chen X, Urbain JL (1996) Evidence for a circadian rhythm of insulin sensitivity in patients with NIDDM caused by cyclic changes in hepatic glucose production. Diabetes 45:1044–1050 source
Not checked in the free run.
- Interpretationown data
Sleep restriction may affect NEFA differently in fasting and fed states.
“suggesting that sleep restriction may differentially affect NEFA levels during fasting vs fed states.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationown data
The elevated noradrenaline supports the idea that increased sympathetic drive may mediate some metabolic effects of sleep restriction.
“Our finding of elevated noradrenaline supports the hypothesis that augmented sympathetic drive may be a potential mediator of the metabolic consequences of sleep restriction”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: Growth hormone, noradrenaline and cortisol increase the rate of lipolysis and thereby raise circulating NEFA concentrations.
- Interpretationown data
The findings provide evidence for mechanisms linking sleep restriction to insulin resistance and higher type 2 diabetes risk.
“These findings provide evidence for potential mechanisms by which sleep restriction may be associated with insulin resistance and increased type 2 diabetes risk.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
Healthy people show a marked daily rhythm in circulating NEFA, with highest levels in the middle of the night and lower levels toward morning.
“A marked diurnal variation in circulating NEFA concentrations has been observed in healthy individuals with peak levels occurring in the middle of the night and declining levels toward morning [14].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [14] Schlierf G, Dorow E (1973) Diurnal patterns of triglycerides, free fatty acids, blood sugar, and insulin during carbohydrate-induction in man and their modification by nocturnal suppression of lipolysis. J Clin Invest 52:732–740 source
Not checked in the free run.
- Interpretationown data
Changes in growth hormone and noradrenaline may contribute to the NEFA increase seen during sleep restriction.
“We also found that alterations in two lipolytic hormones, namely GH and noradrenaline, may be involved in the observed increase in NEFA levels during sleep restriction.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: Growth hormone, noradrenaline and cortisol increase the rate of lipolysis and thereby raise circulating NEFA concentrations.
- Interpretationown data
Higher noradrenaline levels likely helped interrupt the morning decline in NEFA during sleep restriction.
“suggesting that higher noradrenaline levels likely contributed to the interruption of decline in morning NEFA concentrations during sleep restriction.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: Growth hormone, noradrenaline and cortisol increase the rate of lipolysis and thereby raise circulating NEFA concentrations.
- Interpretationown data
An altered growth hormone secretory pattern may partly explain the nocturnal NEFA increase during sleep restriction.
“suggesting that an altered GH secretory pattern may be partially responsible for the observed increase in nocturnal NEFA levels during sleep restriction.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: Growth hormone, noradrenaline and cortisol increase the rate of lipolysis and thereby raise circulating NEFA concentrations.
- Premisecitation
Experimental sleep restriction in healthy young adults has been linked to higher noradrenaline concentrations at night.
“Experimental sleep restriction in healthy young adults has been associated with alterations in nocturnal GH secretion [15], increased night-time noradrenaline concentrations [5] and elevated evening cortisol levels [4, 16, 17].”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [5] Nedeltcheva AV, Kessler L, Imperial J, Penev PD (2009) Exposure to recurrent sleep restriction in the setting of high caloric intake and physical inactivity results in increased insulin resistance and reduced glucose tolerance. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 94:3242–3250 source
Not checked in the free run.
- Interpretationown data
The breakfast glucose and insulin responses suggest decreased insulin sensitivity.
“suggesting decreased insulin sensitivity (Fig. 4).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
Experimental sleep restriction in healthy young adults has been linked to higher evening cortisol levels.
“Experimental sleep restriction in healthy young adults has been associated with alterations in nocturnal GH secretion [15], increased night-time noradrenaline concentrations [5] and elevated evening cortisol levels [4, 16, 17].”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites [4] Buxton OM, Pavlova M, Reid EW, Wang W, Simonson DC, Adler GK (2010) Sleep restriction for 1 week reduces insulin sensitivity in healthy men. Diabetes 59:2126–2133 source
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [16] Leproult R, Copinschi G, Buxton O, van Cauter E (1997) Sleep loss results in an elevation of cortisol levels the next evening. Sleep 20:865–870
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [17] Omisade A, Buxton OM, Rusak B (2010) Impact of acute sleep restriction on cortisol and leptin levels in young women. Physiol Behav 99:651–656 source
Not checked in the free run.
- Interpretationown data
Insufficient sleep may harm fatty acid metabolism.
“provide further evidence that insufficient sleep, a highly prevalent condition in our modern society, may adversely affect fatty acid metabolism.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
Experimental sleep restriction in healthy young adults has been linked to changes in nocturnal growth hormone secretion.
“Experimental sleep restriction in healthy young adults has been associated with alterations in nocturnal GH secretion [15], increased night-time noradrenaline concentrations [5] and elevated evening cortisol levels [4, 16, 17].”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [15] Spiegel K, Leproult R, Colecchia E et al (2000) Adaptation of the 24-hour growth hormone profile to a state of sleep debt. Am J Physiol 279:R874–R883
Not checked in the free run.
- Interpretationown data
Sleep restriction in healthy men generally increases nocturnal and early-morning NEFA levels.
“Sleep restriction in healthy men results in increased nocturnal and early-morning NEFA levels”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationown data
The lower disposition index indicates an increased risk of diabetes.
“indicating an increase in diabetes risk.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
The elevated NEFA suggests that adipocytes resist insulin's antilipolytic action.
“Our current finding of elevated NEFA also suggests that adipocytes are resistant to the antilipolytic effects of insulin”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [6] Broussard JL, Ehrmann DA, van Cauter E, Tasali E, Brady MJ (2012) Impaired insulin signaling in human adipocytes after experimental sleep restriction: a randomized, crossover study. Ann Intern Med 157:549–557 source
Not checked in the free run.
- Interpretationown data
The higher overnight insulin with unchanged glucose suggests an insulin-resistant state.
“suggesting an insulin-resistant state (Fig. 3).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
Even a very small sustained rise in NEFA concentrations can change insulin sensitivity.
“even a very small sustained increase in NEFA concentrations can alter insulin sensitivity [31].”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [31] Kashyap SR, Belfort R, Berria R et al (2004) Discordant effects of a chronic physiological increase in plasma NEFA on insulin signaling in healthy participants with or without a family history of type 2 diabetes. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 287:E537–E546 source
Not checked in the free run.
- Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 10
- May combine two claims. 10
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Findingown dataThe normal post-awakening cortisol peak occurred about two hours earlier during sleep restriction.
“The normal post-awakening cortisol peak occurred approximately 2 h earlier when sleep was restricted (Fig. 2d)”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataOvernight mean fasting insulin was higher after sleep restriction than after normal sleep (51.0 vs 46.7 pmol/l; p = 0.036), while glucose levels were similar (5.08 vs 5.05 mmol/l; p = 0.410).
“Overnight (21:30–09:00 hours) mean fasting insulin levels were higher after sleep restriction as compared with normal sleep (51.0 ± 5.1 vs 46.7 ± 5.1 pmol/l; p = 0.036) despite similar glucose levels (5.08 ± 0.07 vs 5.05 ± 0.07 mmol/l; p = 0.410)”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataAfter sleep restriction, the glucose AUC after breakfast tended to be higher (p = 0.061) and the insulin AUC was significantly higher (p = 0.045).
“When sleep was restricted, the AUC for glucose response to breakfast tended to be higher (p = 0.061) and the AUC for insulin response was significantly increased (p = 0.045)”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataThe fall in insulin sensitivity correlated with the rise in mean nocturnal NEFA (r = 0.52; p = 0.05) and with the nocturnal NEFA AUC (r = −0.53, p = 0.05).
“The decrease in insulin sensitivity was correlated with the increase in mean nocturnal NEFA levels (r = 0.52; p = 0.05; Fig. 5b) and the AUC for nocturnal NEFA levels (r = −0.53, p = 0.05).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataDuring sleep restriction, 14 of 19 participants had a biphasic nocturnal growth hormone release, which prolonged growth hormone secretion by about 50 minutes.
“In contrast, during sleep restriction 14 of the 19 participants showed a biphasic nocturnal GH release, resulting in GH secretion being prolonged by approximately 50 min.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationAcute rises in circulating NEFA in healthy people cause or are linked to insulin resistance.
“Acute elevation in circulating NEFA levels in healthy individuals has been linked to insulin resistance in multiple investigations [10–13].”
- Also stated in: § Discussion · boosted
“acute elevation in circulating NEFA concentrations has been shown to induce insulin resistance in healthy participants in multiple previous studies [10–13].”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 4 sources checked- cites [10] Boden G, Lebed B, Schatz M, Homko C, Lemieux S (2001) Effects of acute changes of plasma free fatty acids on intramyocellular fat content and insulin resistance in healthy participants. Diabetes 50:1612–1617 source
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [11] Roden M, Price TB, Perseghin G et al (1996) Mechanism of free fatty acid-induced insulin resistance in humans. J Clin Invest 97:2859–2865 source
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [12] Chavez AO, Kamath S, Jani R et al (2010) Effect of short-term free fatty acids elevation on mitochondrial function in skeletal muscle of healthy individuals. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 95:422–429 source
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [13] Yoshino J, Almeda-Valdes P, Patterson BW et al (2014) Diurnal variation in insulin sensitivity of glucose metabolism is associated with diurnal variations in whole-body and cellular fatty acid metabolism in metabolically normal women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 99:E1666–E1670 source
Not checked in the free run.
- Also stated in: § Discussion · boosted
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
InterpretationreasoningThe earlier cortisol peak during sleep restriction is likely caused by morning awakening.
“likely due to the stimulating effects of morning awakening.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Study design and conductown dataSleep was measured with polysomnography on every night of each condition.
“Sleep was recorded by polysomnography (Nihon Kohden, Irvine, CA, USA) during each night in each sleep condition.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.
Study design and conductown dataDiet was tightly controlled and energy intake was the same in both sleep conditions.
“Diet was strictly controlled (2 day cycle menu of three isoenergetic meals per day) and energy intake was identical under both sleep conditions.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Study design and conductnone givenFor each participant's 24-hour profile, all samples were assayed together.
“For each 24 h profile, all samples obtained from the same individual were measured in the same assay.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Study design and conductown dataParticipants slept about 7.8 hours during normal sleep and about 4.3 hours during sleep restriction.
“On average, participants slept for 7.8 ± 0.1 h during normal sleep vs 4.3 ± 0.0 h during sleep restriction (Table 1).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Study design and conductown dataMultiple comparisons were adjusted using the Benjamini and Hochberg procedure.
“after controlling for multiple comparisons with a Benjamini and Hochberg procedure”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
Study design and conductown dataSome IVGTTs were invalidated by technical problems, and five of the six invalid normal-sleep IVGTTs were repeated.
“In six IVGTTs during the normal sleep condition and two IVGTTs during the sleep restriction condition, technical difficulties invalidated the estimation of insulin sensitivity and secretion. Five of the six invalid IVGTTs during the normal sleep condition were repeated on a separate day”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Study design and conductnone givenAdherence to the prescribed home sleep schedule was checked with sleep diaries and continuous wrist activity monitoring.
“Compliance with this schedule was verified by sleep diaries and continuous wrist activity monitoring (Actiwatch; Philips-Respironics, Bend, OR, USA).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.
Study design and conductown dataThe two sleep conditions were studied in randomised order and separated by at least four weeks.
“Participants were studied at the University of Chicago Clinical Resource Center under two experimental conditions in randomised order spaced at least 4 weeks apart”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
Study design and conductown dataBody mass index and percentage body fat did not differ between the sleep conditions at baseline.
“Average body mass index (23.4 ± 0.4 vs 23.3 ± 0.4 kg/m2; p = 0.12) and percentage body fat (19.3 ± 1.1% vs 19.2 ± 1.0%; p = 0.86) did not differ between sleep conditions.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
The paper relies on this without support.
Growth hormone, noradrenaline and cortisol increase the rate of lipolysis and thereby raise circulating NEFA concentrations.
“In addition, these hormones are known to increase the rate of lipolysis, resulting in elevated circulating NEFA concentrations.”
The paper relies on this without support.
This study is the first to examine how sleep loss affects 24-hour NEFA profiles.
“To our knowledge, this is the first study to examine the impact of sleep loss on 24 h NEFA profiles.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Sleep restriction increases afternoon cortisol.
“When appraised collectively, these studies show that sleep restriction increases afternoon cortisol: Table 2.”
From Sleep, testosterone and cortisol balance, and ageing men (2022) · cites this paper as [78]
The Results report cortisol levels 23% higher during the evening and early night under sleep restriction, and the Discussion likewise describes an evening increase. These passages support an increase in cortisol, but they do not establish the claimed afternoon timing. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Opposite correlation signs for mean nocturnal NEFA and its AUC
MinorThe paper reports a positive correlation between the insulin-sensitivity decrease and mean nocturnal NEFA, but a negative correlation with nocturnal NEFA AUC. For the same nocturnal interval, the mean and AUC represent the same concentration profile and should not give opposite directions for this relationship.
“The decrease in insulin sensitivity was correlated with the increase in mean nocturnal NEFA levels (r = 0.52; p = 0.05; Fig. 5b)”
“and the AUC for nocturnal NEFA levels (r = −0.53, p = 0.05).”
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Impact of sleep debt on metabolic and endocrine function
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“Several well-controlled laboratory studies have consistently shown marked reductions in insulin sensitivity in young adults following sleep loss [2–7].”
Adverse metabolic and cardiovascular consequences of circadian misalignment
Scheer, F. A. J. L., Hilton, M. F., Mantzoros, C. S., & Shea, S. A. (2009) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0808180106 · Cited by 2,351 · cited 1× · see citing works
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Quantity and Quality of Sleep and Incidence of Type 2 Diabetes
Cappuccio, F. P., D'Elia, L., Strazzullo, P., & Miller, M. A. (2010) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc09-1124 · Cited by 1,670 · see citing works
Mechanism of free fatty acid-induced insulin resistance in humans.
Roden, M., Price, T. B., Perseghin, G., Petersen, K. F., Rothman, D. L., Cline, G. W., & Shulman, G. I. (1996) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci118742 · Cited by 1,539 · see citing works
Sleep loss: a novel risk factor for insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes
Spiegel, K., Knutson, K., Leproult, R., Tasali, E., & Cauter, E. V. (2005) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00660.2005 · Cited by 1,175 · see citing works
Self-citationImpact of insufficient sleep on total daily energy expenditure, food intake, and weight gain
Markwald, R. R., Melanson, E. L., Smith, M. R., Higgins, J., Perreault, L., Eckel, R. H., & Wright, K. P. (2013) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1216951110 · Cited by 810 · cited 1× · see citing works
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Sleep Loss Results in an Elevation of Cortisol Levels the Next Evening
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“Experimental sleep restriction in healthy young adults has been associated with alterations in nocturnal GH secretion [15], increased night-time noradrenaline concentrations [5] and elevated evening cortisol levels [4, 16, 17].”
Sleep Restriction for 1 Week Reduces Insulin Sensitivity in Healthy Men
Buxton, O. M., Pavlova, M., Reid, E. W., Wang, W., Simonson, D. C., & Adler, G. K. (2010) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/db09-0699 · Cited by 604 · cited 2× · see citing works
“Experimental sleep restriction in healthy young adults has been associated with alterations in nocturnal GH secretion [15], increased night-time noradrenaline concentrations [5] and elevated evening cortisol levels [4, 16, 17].”
Boden, G., Lebed, B., Schatz, M., Homko, C., & Lemieux, S. (2001) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/diabetes.50.7.1612 · Cited by 597 · see citing works
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“We previously reported the effects of sleep restriction on total body insulin sensitivity and insulin signalling in adipocytes from six men who were included in this report [6].”
MethodInfluentialSelf-citationBoden, G. (2003) · Experimental and Clinical Endocrinology & Diabetes · doi:10.1055/s-2003-39781 · Cited by 348 · see citing works
Nedeltcheva, A. V., Kessler, L., Imperial, J., & Penev, P. D. (2009) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2009-0483 · Cited by 323 · cited 2× · see citing works
“Experimental sleep restriction in healthy young adults has been associated with alterations in nocturnal GH secretion [15], increased night-time noradrenaline concentrations [5] and elevated evening cortisol levels [4, 16, 17].”
Circadian regulation of lipid mobilization in white adipose tissues
Shostak, A., Meyer-Kovac, J., & Oster, H. (2013) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/db12-1449 · Cited by 243 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Additionally, recent findings suggest the importance of clock genes in regulating lipolytic activity in adipose tissue [36].”
Dysfunctional fat cells, lipotoxicity and type 2 diabetes
Defronzo, R. A. (2004) · International Journal of Clinical Practice · doi:10.1111/j.1368-504x.2004.00389.x · Cited by 236 · cited 1× · see citing works
“free) fatty acid (NEFA) levels play a central role in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance and the development of metabolic diseases [8, 9].”
Impact of acute sleep restriction on cortisol and leptin levels in young women
Omisade, A., Buxton, O. M., & Rusak, B. (2010) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2010.01.028 · Cited by 235 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Experimental sleep restriction in healthy young adults has been associated with alterations in nocturnal GH secretion [15], increased night-time noradrenaline concentrations [5] and elevated evening cortisol levels [4, 16, 17].”
Boden, G., Chen, X., & Urbain, J. L. (1996) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/diab.45.8.1044 · Cited by 228 · cited 1× · see citing works
“In addition, the degree of insulin resistance in patients with type 2 diabetes correlates with the elevation in nocturnal NEFA levels [30].”
Sleep and wakefulness out of phase with internal biological time impairs learning in humans
Wright, K. P., Hull, J. T., Hughes, R. J., Ronda, J. M., & Czeisler, C. A. (2006) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn.2006.18.4.508 · Cited by 191 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Sleep and circadian rhythms are highly integrated such that sleep loss can occur with circadian misalignment and studies of sleep restriction have shown evidence for altered circadian timing [33, 34].”
Adaptation of the 24-h growth hormone profile to a state of sleep debt
Spiegel, K., Leproult, R., Colecchia, E. F., L'Hermite-Balériaux, M., Nie, Z., Copinschi, G., & Van Cauter, E. (2000) · American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpregu.2000.279.3.r874 · Cited by 183 · cited 2× · see citing works
“We found that the nocturnal GH secretory pattern became biphasic during sleep restriction, relative to normal sleep, resulting in extended GH secretion, as previously reported [15].”
Postprandial Free Fatty Acid Kinetics Are Abnormal in Upper Body Obesity
Roust, L. R., & Jensen, M. D. (1993) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/diab.42.11.1567 · Cited by 164 · cited 1× · see citing works
“We observed the maximum NEFA levels occurring at night, as reported in earlier studies [20–23].”
Sympathetic neural responses to 24-hour sleep deprivation in humans: sex differences
Carter, J. R., Durocher, J. J., Larson, R. A., DellaValla, J. P., & Yang, H. (2012) · American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpheart.01132.2011 · Cited by 153 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Our finding of elevated noradrenaline supports the hypothesis that augmented sympathetic drive may be a potential mediator of the metabolic consequences of sleep restriction and is in agreement with some [5] but not all [24, 27] studies reporting increased sympathetic activity with sleep loss.”
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“has been observed in healthy individuals with peak levels occurring in the middle of the night and declining levels towards morning [14].”
Circadian disruption in the pathogenesis of metabolic syndrome
Maury, E., Hong, H. K., & Bass, J. (2014) · Diabetes & Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.diabet.2013.12.005 · Cited by 132 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Disruption of circadian rhythms has also been associated with adverse effects on metabolism [29, 35].”
Kashyap, S. R., Belfort, R., Berria, R., Suraamornkul, S., Pratipranawatr, T., Finlayson, J., Barrentine, A., Bajaj, M., Mandarino, L., DeFronzo, R., et al. (2004) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00541.2003 · Cited by 103 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Although the increase in NEFA levels during sleep restriction was modest (an increase of approximately 15–30% during nocturnal and early-morning hours) in our healthy participants, these findings are consistent with the notion that even a very small sustained increase in NEFA concentrations can alter insulin sensitivi…”
Kim, S. P., Catalano, K. J., Hsu, I. R., Chiu, J. D., Richey, J. M., & Bergman, R. N. (2007) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00669.2006 · Cited by 89 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Our findings are also in agreement with the observation of elevated nocturnal NEFA levels in a dog model of diet-induced insulin resistance [32].”
Yoshino, J., Almeda-Valdes, P., Patterson, B. W., Okunade, A. L., Imai, S.-I., Mittendorfer, B., & Klein, S. (2014) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2014-1579 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
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“Consistent with earlier reports [4, 28], we found an increase in evening cortisol levels during sleep restriction.”
Self-citationSleep-stage-specific regulation of plasma catecholamine concentration
Rasch, B., Dodt, C., Mölle, M., & Jan Born, A. (2007) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2007.06.007 · Cited by 70 · cited 1× · see citing works
“We also found that noradrenaline levels were elevated during the early-night and early-morning hours when participants had to remain awake during the sleep restriction condition, consistent with the known inhibitory effect of sleep on noradrenaline [26].”
Quantitative Methods for the Analysis of Circadian and Episodic Hormone Fluctuations
Cauter, E. V. (1981) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-94-009-8282-6_1 · Cited by 70 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Significant GH secretory pulses were identified as previously described [19].”
Clore, J. N., Nestler, J. E., & Blackard, W. G. (1989) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/diab.38.3.285 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
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“Acute elevation in circulating NEFA levels in healthy individuals has been linked to insulin resistance in multiple investigations [10–13].”
Wehrens, S. M. T., Hampton, S. M., Finn, R. E., & Skene, D. J. (2010) · Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1677/joe-10-0077 · Cited by 47 · cited 2× · see citing works
“Thus far, two studies have explored the effects of sleep deprivation on NEFA concentrations, but measurements were taken only in the morning over a limited number of time points [24, 25].”
Nedeltcheva, A. V., Imperial, J., & Penev, P. D. (2012) · Obesity · doi:10.1038/oby.2012.97 · Cited by 38 · cited 3× · see citing works
“Thus far, two studies have explored the effects of sleep deprivation on NEFA concentrations, but measurements were taken only in the morning over a limited number of time points [24, 25].”
Nocturnal regulation of free fatty acids in healthy young and elderly men
Rosenthal, M. J., & Woodside, W. F. (1988) · Metabolism · doi:10.1016/0026-0495(88)90083-2 · Cited by 35 · cited 1× · see citing works
“We observed the maximum NEFA levels occurring at night, as reported in earlier studies [20–23].”
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Panel, C. C., Watson, N. F., Badr, M. S., Belenky, G., Bliwise, D. L., Buxton, O. M., Buysse, D., Dinges, D. F., Gangwisch, J., Grandner, M. A., et al. (2015) · Sleep · doi:10.5665/sleep.4886 · Cited by 906 · see citing works
Self-citationCircadian Rhythm and Sleep Disruption: Causes, Metabolic Consequences, and Countermeasures
Potter, G. D., Skene, D. J., Arendt, J., Cade, J. E., Grant, P. J., & Hardie, L. J. (2016) · Endocrine Reviews · doi:10.1210/er.2016-1083 · Cited by 729 · see citing works
The gut microbiome and metabolic syndrome
Dabke, K., Hendrick, G., & Devkota, S. (2019) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci129194 · Cited by 663 · see citing works
“Interference with this cycle has been shown to promote obesity (40, 41), and affect insulin sensitivity (42) and lipid metabolism (43).”
BackgroundSleep influences on obesity, insulin resistance, and risk of type 2 diabetes
Reutrakul, S., & Van Cauter, E. (2018) · Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.metabol.2018.02.010 · Cited by 584 · see citing works
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Self-citationShort sleep duration and cardiometabolic risk: from pathophysiology to clinical evidence
Tobaldini, E., Fiorelli, E. M., Solbiati, M., Costantino, G., Nobili, L., & Montano, N. (2019) · Nature Reviews Cardiology · doi:10.1038/s41569-018-0109-6 · Cited by 357 · see citing works
McHill, A. W., & Wright, K. P. (2017) · Obesity Reviews · doi:10.1111/obr.12503 · Cited by 316 · see citing works
“nervous system activity (60,67) are not as conclusive.”
BackgroundSleep deprivation and its association with diseases- a review
Liew, S. C., & Aung, T. (2020) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2020.07.048 · Cited by 318 · see citing works
Association of sleep disturbances with obesity, insulin resistance and the metabolic syndrome
Koren, D., & Taveras, E. M. (2018) · Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.metabol.2018.04.001 · Cited by 214 · see citing works
Depner, C. M., Melanson, E. L., Eckel, R. H., Snell-Bergeon, J. K., Perreault, L., Bergman, B. C., Higgins, J. A., Guerin, M. K., Stothard, E. R., Morton, S. J., et al. (2019) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2019.01.069 · Cited by 203 · see citing works
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Elevated ghrelin predicts food intake during experimental sleep restriction
Broussard, J. L., Kilkus, J. M., Delebecque, F., Abraham, V., Day, A., Whitmore, H. R., & Tasali, E. (2015) · Obesity · doi:10.1002/oby.21321 · Cited by 175 · see citing works
“body insulin sensitivity, and 24-hour profiles of free fatty acids and lipolytic hormones from the participants who are included in this report (20, 21).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationMorning Circadian Misalignment during Short Sleep Duration Impacts Insulin Sensitivity
Eckel, R. H., Depner, C. M., Perreault, L., Markwald, R. R., Smith, M. R., McHill, A. W., HIGGINS, J. A., Melanson, E. L., & Wright, K. P. (2015) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2015.10.011 · Cited by 173 · see citing works
“Our findings are consistent with models of circadian misalignment showing that eating or glucose infusion during the biological night is acutely associated with altered glucose metabolism and/or insulin sensitivity [33–37].”
Sleep Quality and Nocturnal Sleep Duration in Pregnancy and Risk of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus
Cai, S., Tan, S., Gluckman, P. D., Godfrey, K. M., Saw, S.-M., Teoh, O. H., Chong, Y.-S., Meaney, M. J., Kramer, M. S., Gooley, J. J., et al. (2017) · Sleep · doi:10.1093/sleep/zsw058 · Cited by 157 · see citing works
Redox changes in obesity, metabolic syndrome, and diabetes
Korać, B., Kalezic, A., Pekovic‐Vaughan, V., Korać, A., & Janković, A. (2021) · Redox Biology · doi:10.1016/j.redox.2021.101887 · Cited by 162 · see citing works
“Elevation of circulating FFA levels is associated with insulin resistance and diabetes risk [164].”
BackgroundPlasma Free Fatty Acid Concentration as a Modifiable Risk Factor for Metabolic Disease
Henderson, G. C. (2021) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu13082590 · Cited by 152 · see citing works
“5 h per night) led to increased plasma FFA during the nighttime and morning, alongside a worsening of their IR; the sleep restricted participants also exhibited elevated plasma cortisol and norepinephrine (lipolytic hormones) at these time points [51].”
BackgroundHanlon, E. C., Tasali, E., Leproult, R., Stuhr, K. L., Doncheck, E., de Wit, H., Hillard, C. J., & Van Cauter, E. (2016) · Sleep · doi:10.5665/sleep.5546 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
Self-citationSympathetic neural responses to sleep disorders and insufficiencies
Greenlund, I. M., & Carter, J. R. (2022) · American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpheart.00590.2021 · Cited by 158 · see citing works
Sleep and circadian regulation of cortisol: A short review
O'Byrne, N. A., Yuen, F., Butt, W. Z., & Liu, P. Y. (2021) · Current Opinion in Endocrine and Metabolic Research · doi:10.1016/j.coemr.2021.03.011 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
Diet and exercise in the management of obstructive sleep apnoea and cardiovascular disease risk
Dobrosielski, D. A., Papandreou, C., Patil, S. P., & Salas‐Salvadó, J. (2017) · European Respiratory Review · doi:10.1183/16000617.0110-2016 · Cited by 147 · see citing works
“Sleep restriction relative to normal sleep results in increased free fatty acid levels and is correlated to a reduction in insulin sensitivity [77].”
BackgroundTrivedi, M. S., Holger, D. J., Bui, A., Craddock, T. J. A., & Tartar, J. L. (2017) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0181978 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Connecting insufficient sleep and insomnia with metabolic dysfunction
Duan, D., Kim, L. J., Jun, J. C., & Polotsky, V. Y. (2023) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/nyas.14926 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Mota, M. C., Silva, C. M., Balieiro, L. C. T., Fahmy, W. M., & Crispim, C. A. (2017) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-017-06723-w · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Cerebral Metabolic Changes During Sleep
Aalling, N. N., Nedergaard, M., & DiNuzzo, M. (2018) · Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports · doi:10.1007/s11910-018-0868-9 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Thompson, K. I., Chau, M., Lorenzetti, M. S., Hill-Bowen, L. D., Fins, A. I., & Tartar, J. L. (2022) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2022.945661 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
“Although, the total sleep time was in line with typical habitual sleep (Belenky et al., 2003; Rupp et al., 2009; Broussard et al., 2015) for this age group’s patterns.”
BackgroundSondrup, N., Termannsen, A., Eriksen, J. N., Hjorth, M. F., Færch, K., Klingenberg, L., & Quist, J. S. (2022) · Sleep Medicine Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2022.101594 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Complex physiology and clinical implications of time-restricted eating
Petersen, M. C., Gallop, M. R., Ramos, S. F., Zarrinpar, A., Broussard, J. L., Chondronikola, M., Chaix, A., & Klein, S. (2022) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.00006.2022 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Self-citationSleep, testosterone and cortisol balance, and ageing men
Liu, P. Y., & Reddy, R. T. (2022) · Reviews in Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders · doi:10.1007/s11154-022-09755-4 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
“5 h/night or less [40, 57, 78, 79, 83, 84] reported that sleep restriction increased afternoon cortisol.”
BackgroundInfluentialInsulin Resistance in Type 1 Diabetes: Pathophysiological, Clinical, and Therapeutic Relevance
Apostolopoulou, M., Lambadiari, V., Roden, M., & Dimitriadis, G. D. (2025) · Endocrine Reviews · doi:10.1210/endrev/bnae032 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Origins and History of the Minimal Model of Glucose Regulation
Bergman, R. N. (2021) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2020.583016 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
“Experiments to identify the blood-borne signal responsible for the increase in insulin response suggested that nocturnal free fatty acids, peaking in the middle of the night, might provoke the enhanced secretory response, since blocking the nocturnal rise prevented the increment in the islet response (33); a similar m…”
BackgroundMaugeri, A., Medina‐Inojosa, J. R., Kunzová, Š., Agodi, A., Barchitta, M., Sochor, O., López-Jiménez, F. A., Geda, Y. E., & Vinciguerra, M. (2018) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu10091219 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
“Moreover, a study conducted on 19 healthy young men showed that sleep restriction results in elevations in nocturnal and early-morning fatty acid levels accompanied by marked alterations in hormones involved in lipolysis and reduced insulin sensitivity [50].”
BackgroundWaking Up to the Importance of Sleep in Type 2 Diabetes Management: A Narrative Review.
Henson, J., Covenant, A., Hall, A. P., Herring, L., Rowlands, A. V., Yates, T., & Davies, M. J. (2024) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dci23-0037 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Cedernaes, J., Lampola, L., Axelsson, E. K., Liethof, L., Hassanzadeh, S., Yeganeh, A., Broman, J., Schiöth, H. B., & Benedict, C. (2015) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1111/jsr.12340 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
“concentrations of free fatty acids (FFAs) (Broussard et al., 2015), which are known to impair insulin-stimulated muscle uptake of glucose in humans (Roden et al.”
BackgroundEffects of Two-Week Sleep Extension on Glucose Metabolism in Chronically Sleep-Deprived Individuals
So-ngern, A., Chirakalwasan, N., Saetung, S., Chanprasertyothin, S., Thakkinstian, A., & Reutrakul, S. (2019) · Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine · doi:10.5664/jcsm.7758 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Subba, R., Sandhir, R., Singh, S. P., Mallick, B. N., & Mondal, A. C. (2021) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/ejn.15136 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
“5 hr for only four consecutive nights elevated free fatty acids, norepinephrine, and insulin insensitivity (Broussard et al., 2015).”
BackgroundA systems genetics resource and analysis of sleep regulation in the mouse
Diessler, S., Jan, M., Emmenegger, Y., Guex, N., Middleton, B., Skene, D. J., Ibberson, M. R., Burdet, F., Götz, L., Pagni, M., et al. (2018) · PLoS Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.2005750 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Rogers, E. M., Banks, N. F., & Jenkins, N. D. M. (2024) · Diabetes/Metabolism Research and Reviews · doi:10.1002/dmrr.3667 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
“32,33,52,54 Importantly, it appears that elevated circulating NEFAs are at least partially responsible for decreased peripheral insulin sensitivity caused by experimental sleep restriction.”
BackgroundEnergy metabolism differs between sleep stages and begins to increase prior to awakening
Kayaba, M., Park, I., Iwayama, K., Seya, Y., Ogata, H., Yajima, K., Satoh, M., & Tokuyama, K. (2017) · Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.metabol.2016.12.016 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Two Nights of Recovery Sleep Reverses the Effects of Short-term Sleep Restriction on Diabetes Risk
Broussard, J. L., Wroblewski, K., Kilkus, J. M., & Tasali, E. (2016) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc15-2214 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
“normal sleep on sleep stages, insulin sensitivity, and insulin response from this cohort (1,2,4).”
BackgroundMethodSelf-citationLiu, P. Y. (2019) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2019-00683 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Yang, J., Zhang, K., Xi, Z., Ma, Y., Shao, C., Wang, W., & Tang, Y. (2022) · Sleep And Breathing · doi:10.1007/s11325-022-02767-z · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Jácome-Sosa, M., Parks, E. J., Bruno, R. S., Tasali, E., Lewis, G. F., Schneeman, B. O., & Rains, T. M. (2016) · Advances in Nutrition · doi:10.3945/an.115.010397 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
“(86) discussed above, healthy men underwent 4 nights of sleep restriction after which a 12-h period of metabolism was monitored, in the postprandial state.”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationA rotating light cycle promotes weight gain and hepatic lipid storage in mice
Christie, S., Vincent, A. D., Li, H., Frisby, C. L., Kentish, S. J., O’Rielly, R., Wittert, G., & Page, A. J. (2018) · American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpgi.00020.2018 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
“Epidemiological studies suggest that long-term circadian misalignment, such as occurs with shift work, is a risk factor for insulin resistance (13), type 2 diabetes (9), metabolic syndrome (27), obesity (10, 16, 52, 55), hyperlipidemia (7), and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) (34, 35).”
BackgroundShort-term moderate sleep restriction decreases insulin sensitivity in young healthy adults
Wang, X., Greer, J., Porter, R. R., Kaur, K., & Youngstedt, S. D. (2016) · Sleep Health · doi:10.1016/j.sleh.2015.11.004 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Kawaguchi, Y., Sawa, J., Sakuma, N., & Kumeda, Y. (2018) · Journal of Diabetes Investigation · doi:10.1111/jdi.12884 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Ness, K. M., Strayer, S. M., Nahmod, N. G., Chang, A.-M., Buxton, O. M., & Shearer, G. C. (2019) · American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpregu.00336.2018 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
“Furthermore, we assessed the effects of 2 nights of recovery sleep (10 h TIB/night) on glycemic measures of insulin sensitivity after 5 nights of 5 h TIB/night.”
BackgroundInfluentialMcHill, A. W., Hull, J. T., McMullan, C. J., & Klerman, E. B. (2018) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2018.00319 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
“Finally, our findings of a non-significant trend for higher fasted cortisol in the CSR condition adds to the somewhat inconclusive literature on the impact of sleep restriction on cortisol, as acute sleep restriction has been reported to either elevate (49, 62, 63) or not change (64–66) cortisol concentrations.”
Resultde Souza, J. F. T., Dáttilo, M., de Mello, M. T., Tufik, S., & Antunes, H. K. M. (2017) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2017.00992 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
“After 4 consecutive nights of sleep restriction, Broussard et al. (2015) analyzed metabolic variables for 24 h, during which time there was an increase of 15–30% in FFA concentrations, especially in the period between 4 and 9 a.m., which coincides with the timing of collections of this study…”
MethodEffects of Insufficient Sleep on Pituitary–Adrenocortical Response to CRH Stimulation in Healthy Men
Guyon, A., Morselli, L. L., Balbo, M. L., Tasali, E., Leproult, R., L’Hermite-Balériaux, M., Van Cauter, E., & Spiegel, K. (2017) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/zsx064 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Self-citationCircadian Rhythm of Substrate Oxidation and Hormonal Regulators of Energy Balance
Rynders, C. A., Morton, S. J., Bessesen, D. H., Wright, K. P., & Broussard, J. L. (2020) · Obesity · doi:10.1002/oby.22816 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
“These data are also consistent with previous reports of higher circulating free fatty acid concentrations in plasma and higher fat oxidation during the biological night compared with the day (25-27).”
ResultSelf-citationSleep Optimization and Diabetes Control: A Review of the Literature
Arora, T., & Taheri, S. (2015) · Diabetes Therapy · doi:10.1007/s13300-015-0141-z · Cited by 34 · see citing works
“The authors of other experimental studies have reported comparable findings [34–37].”
ResultSleep loss is a metabolic disorder
Feeney, S. P., McCarthy, J. M., Petruconis, C. R., & Tudor, J. C. (2025) · Science Signaling · doi:10.1126/scisignal.adp9358 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Challenges and Opportunities for Applying Wearable Technology to Sleep
Tobin, S. Y., Williams, P., Baron, K. G., Halliday, T. M., & Depner, C. M. (2021) · Sleep Medicine Clinics · doi:10.1016/j.jsmc.2021.07.002 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Timing Modulates the Effect of Sleep Loss on Glucose Homeostasis
Wilms, B., Chamorro, R., Hallschmid, M., Trost, D., Forck, N., Schultes, B., Mölle, M., Sayk, F., Lehnert, H., & Schmid, S. M. (2019) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2018-02636 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
The impact of obstructive sleep apnea on nonalcoholic fatty liver disease
Tang, H., Lv, F., Zhang, P., Liu, J., & Mao, J. (2023) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2023.1254459 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
“There is evidence that sleep deprivation is associated with hormone secretion, including prolonged nocturnal growth hormone release and an early rise in morning adrenaline and noradrenaline, which can have an impact on IR (87).”
Circadian Rhythms Versus Daily Patterns in Human Physiology and Behavior
Broussard, J. L., Reynolds, A. C., Depner, C. M., Ferguson, S. A., Dawson, D. E., & Wright, K. P. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-81-322-3688-7_13 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Self-citationAbdollahi, A., Dowden, B. N., Buhman, K. K., Zembroski, A. S., & Henderson, G. C. (2022) · Physiological Reports · doi:10.14814/phy2.15161 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
“, 2020), sleep- deprived people (Borel, 2019; Broussard et al., 2015; Rao et al., 2015; Zhu et al., 2019), elderly (Milanesi & Weinreb, 2000; Takeda et al.”
BackgroundInfluentialLiu, P. Y., Lawrence-Sidebottom, D., Piotrowska, K., Zhang, W., Iranmanesh, A., Auchus, R. J., Veldhuis, J. D., & Van Dongen, H. P. A. (2021) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/clinem/dgab375 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Circadian rhythms in the tissue-specificity from metabolism to immunity: insights from omics studies
Kinouchi, K., Mikami, Y., Kanai∥, T., & Itoh, H. (2021) · Molecular Aspects of Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.mam.2021.100984 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Four nights of sleep restriction suppress the postprandial lipemic response and decrease satiety
Ness, K. M., Strayer, S. M., Nahmod, N. G., Schade, M. M., Chang, A.-M., Shearer, G. C., & Buxton, O. M. (2019) · Journal of Lipid Research · doi:10.1194/jlr.p094375 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Mohr, A. E., Mcevoy, C. N., Sears, D. D., Arciero, P. J., & Sweazea, K. L. (2021) · Advances in Redox Research · doi:10.1016/j.arres.2021.100026 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Regulación circadiana, patrón horario de alimentación y sueño: Enfoque en el problema de obesidad
Chamorro, R., Farías, R., & Peirano, P. D. (2018) · Revista chilena de nutrición · doi:10.4067/s0717-75182018000400285 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Bowman, M. A., Duggan, K. A., Brindle, R. C., Kline, C. E., Krafty, R. T., Thayer, J. F., & Hall, M. H. (2019) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2019.02.005 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Social Jetlag Is Associated With Impaired Metabolic Control During a 1-Year Follow-Up
Mota, M. C., Silva, C. M., Balieiro, L. C. T., Fahmy, W. M., Marqueze, E. C., Moreno, C. R. D. C., & Crispim, C. A. (2021) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2021.702769 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
“, 2014), and an atherogenic lipid profile (Broussard et al., 2015; Chua et al., 2015).”
BackgroundRynders, C. A., Bergouignan, A., Kealey, E. H., & Bessesen, D. H. (2017) · Obesity · doi:10.1002/oby.21807 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
“Our data are particularly relevant in light of accumulating evidence showing that sleep plays an important role in the regulation of EB and metabolic health (24-27).”
Taheri, M., Irandost, K., Mirmoezzi, M., et al. (2018) · Sleep and Hypnosis · doi:10.5350/sleep.hypn.2019.21.0185 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
“Broussard, et al. (2015) stated that sleep loss could increase levels of free fatty acids in a similar condition to pre-diabetic conditions in healthy young men (Broussard et al., 2015).”
ResultLiu, P. Y., Takahashi, P. Y., Yang, R. J., Iranmanesh, A., & Veldhuis, J. D. (2020) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/zsaa008 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Duraccio, K. M., Kamhout, S., Baron, K. G., Reutrakul, S., & Depner, C. M. (2024) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jp284911 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
McWhorter, K. L., Park, Y., Gaston, S. A., Fang, K., Sandler, D. P., & Jackson, C. L. (2019) · BMJ Open Diabetes Research & Care · doi:10.1136/bmjdrc-2019-000652 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Broussard, J., Nelson, M., Kolka, C., Bediako, I., Paszkiewicz, R. L., Smith, L., Szczepaniak, E. W., Stefanovski, D., Szczepaniak, L., & Bergman, R. (2015) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-015-3767-5 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“We previously showed that lard feeding in dogs leads to a drastic increase in circulating NEFAs levels at night [41], a phenomenon which also occurs during insulin resistance induced by sleep restriction in humans [42].”
BackgroundSelf-citationYang, Y., Zhao, L., Li, D., Xu, F., Wang, X., Lu, C., Wang, C., Yu, C., Zhang, X., Ning, L.-Y., et al. (2021) · Diabetology & Metabolic Syndrome · doi:10.1186/s13098-021-00720-w · Cited by 24 · see citing works
“Moreover, increased cortisol secretion in the afternoon and evening and prolonged growth hormone secretion at night due to sleep restriction could also facilitate insulin resistance [59, 60].”
BackgroundBroussard, J. L., Kolka, C. M., Castro, A. V., Bediako, I. A., Paszkiewicz, R. L., Szczepaniak, E. W., Szczepaniak, L. S., Knutson, K. L., Kim, S. P., & Bergman, R. N. (2015) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-015-3721-6 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“elevated during sleep-restriction-induced insulin resistance [9].”
Self-citationde Oliveira, E. M., Visniauskas, B., Tufik, S., Andersen, M. L., Chagas, J. R., & Čampa, A. (2017) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu9030311 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
“Moreover, the elevation in circulating non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA) is another event derived from SR [32] and it might be a direct effect of serum amyloid A, once it is able to induce lipolysis [6,26].”
BackgroundCold-Induced Thermogenesis Shows a Diurnal Variation That Unfolds Differently in Males and Females
Straat, M. E., Martínez‐Téllez, B., Mishre, A. S. D. S., Verkleij, M. M. A., Kemmeren, M., Pelsma, I. C. M., Alcántara, J. M. A., Méndez-Gutiérrez, A., Kooijman, S., Boon, M. R., et al. (2022) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/clinem/dgac094 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Disparities in Hypertension Among African-Americans: Implications of Insufficient Sleep
Covassin, N., Greene, E. L., Singh, P., & Somers, V. K. (2018) · Current Hypertension Reports · doi:10.1007/s11906-018-0855-1 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Seo, J. A., Lee, D. Y., Yu, J. H., Cho, H., Lee, S. K., Suh, S. A., Kim, S. G., Choi, K. M., Baik, S. H., Shin, C., et al. (2019) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/zsz090 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“Elevated level of nonesterified free fatty acids after sleep restriction is associated with insulin resistance in humans [25].”
BackgroundBrouwer, A., Bediako, I. A., Paszkiewicz, R. L., Kolka, C. M., Bergman, R. N., & Broussard, J. L. (2020) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-019-05084-5 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
“Consistent with findings from human studies in which food intake was controlled, insufficient sleep in the canine was also accompanied by a reduction in DI due to a lack of compensatory beta cell response [4, 6, 13, 24, 40].”
BackgroundResultInfluentialSelf-citationThe role of sleep in PCOS: what we know and what to consider in the future
Teo, P., Henry, B. A., Moran, L., Cowan, S., & Bennett, C. (2022) · Expert Review of Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1080/17446651.2022.2082941 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
The immune-sleep crosstalk in inflammatory bowel disease
Eissa, N., Mujawar, Q. M., Alabdoulsalam, T., Zohni, S., & El‐Matary, W. (2020) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2020.04.020 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Sex Differences in Body Fat Distribution
Mansour, M. F., Chan, C.-W. J., Laforest, S., Veilleux, A., & Tchernof, A. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-52031-5_8 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Metabolic Disturbances Induced by Sleep Restriction as Potential Triggers for Alzheimer’s Disease
García‐Aviles, J. E., Méndez‐Hernández, R., Guzmán‐Ruiz, M. A., Cruz, M., Guerrero‐Vargas, N. N., Velázquez‐Moctezuma, J., & Hurtado‐Alvarado, G. (2021) · Frontiers in Integrative Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnint.2021.722523 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Tajiri, E., Yoshimura, E., Tobina, T., Yamashita, T., Kume, K., Hatamoto, Y., & Shimoda, S. (2023) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2023.106998 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Tang, J., Yan, Y., Zheng, J., Mi, J., & Li, D. (2018) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu10030344 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Adiponectin levels and sleep deprivation in patients with endocrine metabolic disorders
de Oliveira, R. F., Daniele, T. M. D. C., Façanha, C. F. S., Forti, A. C. E., de Bruin, P. F. C., & de Bruin, V. M. S. (2018) · Revista da Associação Médica Brasileira · doi:10.1590/1806-9282.64.12.1122 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Short Sleep Duration Disrupts Glucose Metabolism: Can Exercise Turn Back the Clock?
Maloney, A., & Kanaley, J. A. (2024) · Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews · doi:10.1249/jes.0000000000000339 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Thimgan, M. S., Kress, N., Lisse, J., Fiebelman, C., & Hilderbrand, T. (2018) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2018.00464 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“Plasma levels of lipid-related molecules are altered through sleep deprivation (9), and free fatty acids are elevated during sleep restriction (10).”
BackgroundAder, M., & Bergman, R. N. (2021) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/endocr/bqab119 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Sivakumaran, K., Ritonja, J. A., Palmer, N. R., Pasumarthi, T. S., Waseem, H., Yu, T. M., Denning, A., Michaud, D. S., & Morgan, R. L. (2022) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1111/jsr.13775 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“In this analysis, sleep restriction varied from restricting sleep time to 4–5.5 h (see Table S38 for more details).”
BackgroundInfluentialArvin, P., Ghafouri, S., Bavarsad, K., Hajipour, S., Khoshnam, S. E., Sarkaki, A., & Farbood, Y. (2022) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2022.114190 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Bedeutung des zirkadianen Schlafrhythmus für den Energiestoffwechsel
Meyhöfer, S., Wilms, B., Oster, H., & Schmid, S. M. (2019) · Der Internist · doi:10.1007/s00108-018-0543-x · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Porter, J. W., Pettit‐Mee, R. J., Emerson, T. S., McCrae, C. S., Lastra, G., Vieira‐Potter, V. J., Parks, E. J., & Kanaley, J. A. (2021) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1111/jsr.13381 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Impact of Sleep and Circadian Disturbances on Glucose Metabolism and Type 2 Diabetes
Reutrakul, S., Punjabi, N. M., & Cauter, E. V. (2018) · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Park, J., Lim, S., Yim, E., Kim, Y.-D., & Chung, W. (2016) · Health Policy and Management · doi:10.4332/kjhpa.2016.26.2.125 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“수면시간이 짧으면 혈중 유리지방산이 증가와 함께 인슐린 저항 성을 높여 인슐린의 혈당조절기능이 떨어지며[44], 수면시간이 과”
Cros, J., Pianezzi, E., Rosset, R., Egli, L., Schneiter, P., Cornette, F., Pouymayou, B., Heinzer, R. C., Tappy, L., Kreis, R., et al. (2018) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/nqy215 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Zhu, Y., & Mi, J. (2025) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2025.1539679 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“This can ultimately lead to indirect effects on glucose metabolism and increase the likelihood of developing T2DM by promoting weight gain and ultimately causing the body to become resistant to insulin (131).”
Sleep Deprivation and Its Impact on Insulin Resistance
Pinheiro, M. C., Costa, H. E., Mariana, M., & Cairrão, E. (2025) · Endocrines · doi:10.3390/endocrines6040049 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Faria, V. S., McManus, L., O’Hagan, A. D., & Egan, B. (2025) · Journal of sport and health science/Journal of Sport and Health Science · doi:10.1016/j.jshs.2025.101044 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“…hormone imbalance (e.g., insulin, growth hormone, cortisol, testosterone, leptin, and ghrelin), 23,37 (cid:1) 40 increased sympathetic nervous system activity, 33,41,42 elevated non-esterified fatty acids concentration, 11,23,24,37,43 and a reduction in sensitivity of the insulin signaling pathway.”
Kass, L. S., Sanderson, J. C., Desai, T., & Hurst, R. (2022) · Diabetes and Vascular Disease Research · doi:10.1177/14791641211067421 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“Increases in inflammatory markers because of sleep restriction have been well documented.(47,48) These include ‘cytokine interleukin-1β’,(49) ‘Interleukin 6’,(50) Interleukin 17A’,(51) ‘tumour necrosis factor alpha’,(52) ‘high-sensitivity C-reactive protein’(53) and increased ‘leukocytes and monocytes’.”
BackgroundSleep Debt and Insulin Resistance: What's Worse, Sleep Deprivation or Sleep Restriction?
de Souza, J. F. T., Mônico‐Neto, M., Tufik, S., & Antunes, H. K. M. (2024) · Sleep Science · doi:10.1055/s-0044-1782173 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“Regarding sleep restriction, protocols 11,35,36 ofa single night, four nights, and a week (all samples with healthy young adults) resulted in a higher insulin AUC curve and endogenous glucose production, in addition to a decrease in the rate of glucose available after the…”
Acute sleep deprivation leads to growth hormone (GH) resistance in rats
Lyu, X., Wang, G., Pi, Z., & Wu, L. (2020) · General and Comparative Endocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.ygcen.2020.113545 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
- Authors
- Broussard, J. L., Chapotot, F., Abraham, V., Day, A., Delebecque, F., Whitmore, H. R., & Tasali, E.
- Affiliations
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center (US)
- University of Chicago (US)
- University of Wisconsin–Madison (US)
- Corresponding author
- Broussard, Josiane L.
- Venue
- Diabetologia
- Published
- 2015-02-22
- Volume
- 58
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 791-798
- ISSN
- 0012-186X (ISSN-L)
- 1432-0428
- PMC
- PMC4358810
- OpenAlex
- W2009304756
- Semantic Scholar
- 68b543b0674afaf084769a174abe95ec8d63f249
- Cited by
- 156
- References
- 36
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 17 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 19 · 2021: 15 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 14 · 2018: 22 · 2017: 15 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 9
- FWCI
- 27.61
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Diabetologia (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- U.S. Department of Defense (W81XWH)
- University of Chicago (UL1 TR000430)
- Georgia Clinical and Translational Science Alliance (UL1 TR000430)
- National Institutes of Health (UL1TR000430, W81XWH, P60 DK20595, TR000430)
- National Institute on Aging (P01-AG11412., P01AG011412)
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (R01HL086459, R01HL075079, T32HL007909)
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (P60DK20595, P60DK020595, P30DK020595)
- National Center for Research Resources (P41RR013642)
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (CTSA-UL1 TR000430)
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (P50HD057796)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and Work-Related Fatigue
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and related disorders
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Circadian rhythm and melatonin
- Keywords
- sleep restriction, free fatty acids, insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes risk, growth hormone, norepinephrine, cortisol, lipolysis, insulin sensitivity, circadian rhythm
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Blood Glucose, Circadian Rhythm, Fatty Acids, Nonesterified, Humans, Hydrocortisone, Insulin, Insulin Resistance, Male, Norepinephrine, Random Allocation, Sleep, Sleep Deprivation, Time Factors, Biomarkers, Up-Regulation, Human Growth Hormone, Young Adult, Healthy Volunteers
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