A Single Night of Partial Sleep Deprivation Induces Insulin Resistance in Multiple Metabolic Pathways in Healthy Subjects
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Subsequent nights with partial sleep restriction result in impaired glucose tolerance, but the effects on insulin sensitivity have not been characterized. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of a single night of partial sleep restriction on parameters of insulin sensitivity. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: Nine healthy subjects (five men, four women) were studied once after a night of normal sleep duration (sleep allowed from 2300 to 0730 h), and once after a night of 4 h of sleep (sleep allowed from 0100 to 0500 h). Sleep characteristics were assessed by polysomnography. Insulin sensitivity was measured by hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp studies (from 1130 to 1430 h) with infusion of [6,6-(2)H(2)]glucose. RESULTS: Sleep duration was shorter in the night with sleep restriction than in the unrestricted night (226 +/- 11 vs. 454 +/- 9 min; P< 0.0001). Sleep restriction did not affect basal levels of glucose, nonesterified fatty acids, insulin, or endogenous glucose production. Sleep restriction resulted in increased endogenous glucose production during the hyperinsulinemic clamp study compared to the unrestricted night (4.4 +/- 0.3 vs. 3.6 +/- 0.2 micromol x kg lean body mass(-1) x min(-1); P = 0.017), indicating hepatic insulin resistance. In addition, sleep restriction decreased the glucose disposal rate during the clamp (32.5 +/- 3.6 vs. 40.7 +/- 5.1 micromol x kg lean body mass(-1) x min(-1); P = 0009), reflecting decreased peripheral insulin sensitivity. Accordingly, sleep restriction decreased the rate of glucose infusion by approximately 25% (P = 0.001). Sleep restriction increased plasma nonesterified fatty acid levels during the clamp study (68 +/- 5 vs. 57 +/- 4 micromol/liter; P = 0.005). CONCLUSIONS: Partial sleep deprivation during only a single night induces insulin resistance in multiple metabolic pathways in healthy subjects. This physiological observation may be of relevance for variations in glucoregulation in patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes.
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Subsequent studies have found that insulin increases with sleep restriction, particularly after breakfast.
“Early studies reported little change in circulating insulin with sleep restriction [18], [22], but subsequent studies have found that insulin increases [15], [16], [20], particularly after breakfast [16].”
From Impact of Five Nights of Sleep Restriction on Glucose Metabolism, Leptin and Testosterone in Young Adult Men (2012) · cites this paper as [15]
The Results (Table 1) report that a night of partial sleep restriction did not significantly change basal insulin levels the following morning; insulin levels during the clamp also did not differ. The paper found reduced insulin sensitivity, not increased circulating insulin. The breakfast-specific finding is attached to citation [16], so it is not assessed against this source. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredWell-controlled laboratory studies in healthy adults have shown that repeated partial sleep restriction adversely affects systemic insulin sensitivity and glucose tolerance.
“well-controlled laboratory studies in healthy adults have shown that repeated partial sleep restriction has adverse effects on systemic insulin sensitivity and glucose tolerance”
From Impaired Insulin Signaling in Human Adipocytes After Experimental Sleep Restriction: A Randomized, Crossover Study (2012) · cites this paper as [13]
The Abstract reports that repeated partial sleep restriction impairs glucose tolerance, but says its effects on insulin sensitivity had not been characterized. The Discussion reports reduced insulin sensitivity after a single night of restriction in healthy subjects, not after repeated restriction. Thus the cited paper does not support the claim that repeated restriction was shown to impair both outcomes. (LLM, conf=0.89)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredSome studies found that sleep restriction does not increase overall mean cortisol.
“a number of studies have found that sleep restriction does not increase overall mean cortisol [15], [16], [21], [45], [53]”
From Impact of Five Nights of Sleep Restriction on Glucose Metabolism, Leptin and Testosterone in Young Adult Men (2012) · cites this paper as [15]
The Results section reports that one night of partial sleep restriction did not alter cortisol measured the following morning, and Table 1 shows no significant cortisol difference during the clamp study. The paper does not report an overall mean cortisol level across the day, so its findings support the narrower claim about the measured time points, not the claim about overall mean cortisol. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredPrevious research found glucose tolerance to meals impaired and insulin increased following sleep restriction.
“Consistent with previous research [15], [18]–[20], this study found that glucose tolerance to meals was impaired and insulin increased following sleep restriction”
From Impact of Five Nights of Sleep Restriction on Glucose Metabolism, Leptin and Testosterone in Young Adult Men (2012) · cites this paper as [15]
The Discussion reports that previous studies found decreased glucose tolerance after substantial sleep restriction. It does not establish impaired tolerance specifically to meals or increased insulin; this paper used a glucose clamp rather than meal testing, and its Results report no significant change in basal or clamp insulin levels. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe finding identifies a molecular mechanism that may be involved in the reduction in total body insulin sensitivity observed in multiple laboratory studies of partial sleep deprivation.
“To our knowledge, this finding identifies for the first time a molecular mechanism that may be involved in the reduction in total body insulin sensitivity consistently observed in multiple laboratory studies of partial sleep deprivation in healthy adults (11–17), as well as in the participants of our study.”
From Impaired Insulin Signaling in Human Adipocytes After Experimental Sleep Restriction: A Randomized, Crossover Study (2012) · cites this paper as [13]
Reduced leptin levels and elevated free fatty acid concentrations have been observed in healthy persons after experimental sleep restriction.
“Both reduced leptin levels (32, 33) and elevated free fatty acid concentrations (13) have been observed in healthy persons after experimental sleep restriction and could conceivably contribute to increased risk for obesity and diabetes.”
From Impaired Insulin Signaling in Human Adipocytes After Experimental Sleep Restriction: A Randomized, Crossover Study (2012) · cites this paper as [13]
Fasting free fatty acids show no significant change after one night of sleep restriction.
“Fasting free fatty acids (FFA) show no significant change after one night of sleep restriction [15] and increase following two [16] nights of sleep restriction to 4 h TIB.”
From Impact of Five Nights of Sleep Restriction on Glucose Metabolism, Leptin and Testosterone in Young Adult Men (2012) · cites this paper as [15]
Overall insulin resistance has generally been found to worsen with sleep restriction.
“Overall insulin resistance has generally been found to worsen with sleep restriction [15], [23].”
From Impact of Five Nights of Sleep Restriction on Glucose Metabolism, Leptin and Testosterone in Young Adult Men (2012) · cites this paper as [15]
Fasting FFA were unchanged after one night of sleep restriction.
“fasting FFA were unchanged after one night of sleep restriction [15]”
From Impact of Five Nights of Sleep Restriction on Glucose Metabolism, Leptin and Testosterone in Young Adult Men (2012) · cites this paper as [15]
Controlled laboratory studies have repeatedly found large decreases in insulin sensitivity among young adults after sleep loss.
“Several well-controlled laboratory studies have consistently shown marked reductions in insulin sensitivity in young adults following sleep loss [2–7].”
From Sleep restriction increases free fatty acids in healthy men (2015) · cites this paper as [7]
Two studies reported only a decrease in insulin sensitivity, with apparent preservation of glucose tolerance.
“Two other studies [41, 194] reported only a decrease in SI, with apparent preservation of glucose tolerance.”
From Sleep and metabolic function (2012) · cites this paper as [41]
Small-scale experimental studies have shown that short-term sleep deprivation may lead to metabolic dysregulation, elevated inflammation, and elevated blood pressure.
“Small-scale experimental studies have shown that short-term sleep deprivation may lead to metabolic dysregulation[29-34], elevated inflammation[35, 36], and elevated blood pressure[37].”
From Habitual sleep duration associated with self-reported and objectively determined cardiometabolic risk factors (2014) · cites this paper as [31]
One single night of partial sleep restriction to 4h in bed reduced glucose infusion and disposal rates, indicating deterioration of glucose tolerance and peripheral insulin sensitivity.
“The authors observed a reduction in glucose infusion and disposal rates, indicating a deterioration of glucose tolerance and peripheral SI.”
From Role of sleep duration in the regulation of glucose metabolism and appetite (2010) · cites this paper as [33]
Laboratory studies examining the impact of circadian and/or sleep disruption on glucose homeostasis under controlled conditions support the epidemiological findings linking circadian/sleep disruption to type 2 diabetes.
“a number of laboratory studies examining the impact of circadian and/or sleep disruption on glucose homeostasis under controlled conditions, support the above mentioned epidemiological findings [144–147].”
From Circadian control of glucose metabolism (2014) · cites this paper as [147]
Acute partial sleep restriction of 4 hours in bed for one night compared with unrestricted sleep increased endogenous glucose production (p=0.017) and decreased glucose disposal rate (p=0.009) from a hyperinsulinemic clamp, indicating decreased hepatic and peripheral insulin sensitivities.
“Acute partial sleep restriction of 4 hours in bed for one night when compared with a night of unrestricted sleep showed an increase in endogenous glucose production (p=0.017) and a decrease in glucose disposal rate (p=0.009) from a hyperinsulinemic clamp assessment indicating a decrease in hepatic and peripheral insulin sensitivities [22].”
From Association between sleep deficiency and cardiometabolic disease: implications for health disparities (2016) · cites this paper as [22]
Sleep restriction to 4 h TIB vs 8.5 h TIB results in increased endogenous glucose production, indicating hepatic insulin resistance.
“Sleep restriction to 4 h TIB compared to 8.5 h TIB resulted in increased endogenous glucose production assessed by euglycemic hyperinsulinemic clamp, indicating hepatic insulin resistance [34].”
From Metabolic effects of sleep disruption, links to obesity and diabetes (2014) · cites this paper as [34]
Sleep restriction decreases glucose disposal rate during clamp, reflecting decreased peripheral insulin sensitivity.
“Additionally, sleep restriction decreased glucose disposal rate during the clamp, reflecting decreased peripheral insulin sensitivity.”
From Metabolic effects of sleep disruption, links to obesity and diabetes (2014) · cites this paper as [34]
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- Authors
- Donga, E., van Dijk, M., van Dijk, J. G., Biermasz, N. R., Lammers, G.-J., van Kralingen, K. W., Corssmit, E. P. M., & Romijn, J. A.
- Affiliations
- Leiden University Medical Center (NL)
- Departments of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases (E.D., M.v.D., N.R.B., E.P.M.C., J.A.R.), Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
- Neurology (J.G.v.D., G.-J.L.), Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
- Pulmonology (K.W.v.K.), Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
- Corresponding author
- Donga, Esther
- Venue
- The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism
- Publisher
- The Endocrine Society
- Published
- 2010-06-01
- Volume
- 95
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 2963-2968
- ISSN
- 0021-972X (ISSN-L)
- 1945-7197
- OpenAlex
- W2116276541
- Cited by
- 387
- References
- 32
- Citations by year
- 2026: 22 · 2025: 17 · 2024: 16 · 2023: 24 · 2022: 24 · 2021: 23 · 2020: 21 · 2019: 36 · 2018: 29 · 2017: 22 · 2016: 24 · 2015: 30 · 2014: 25 · 2013: 28 · 2012: 23
- FWCI
- 30.82
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
- Leiden Repository (Leiden University) (submittedVersion)
- Pure Amsterdam UMC (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- European Foundation for the Study of Diabetes
- Universiteit Leiden
- Diabetes Fonds
- Leids Universitair Medisch Centrum
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and Work-Related Fatigue
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and related disorders
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Circadian rhythm and melatonin
- Keywords
- sleep restriction, insulin resistance, insulin sensitivity, endogenous glucose production, hepatic insulin resistance, glucose disposal rate, free fatty acids, glucose infusion rate, hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp, glucose metabolism, glucoregulation, type 2 diabetes, type 1 diabetes
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Blood Glucose, Fatty Acids, Nonesterified, Female, Humans, Insulin Resistance, Liver, Male, Middle Aged, Motor Activity, Sleep Deprivation, Glucose Clamp Technique, Signal Transduction, Polysomnography
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