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Association of Diurnal Patterns in Salivary Cortisol With Type 2 Diabetes in the Whitehall II Study
Open accessAbstract
CONTEXT: The hypothalamic pituitary-adrenal axis is thought to play a role in Type 2 Diabetes (T2D). However, the evidence for an association between diurnal cortisol patterns and T2D is equivocal. OBJECTIVE: The aim was to examine the association of cortisol patterns throughout the day with T2D status in a community-dwelling population. DESIGN: This was a cross-sectional study of T2D status and salivary cortisol from phase 7 (2002-2004) of the Whitehall II study, United Kingdom. SETTING: The occupational cohort was originally recruited in 1985-1988. PARTICIPANTS: Three-thousand, five-hundred eight white men and women including 238 participants with T2D aged 50-74 years with complete information on cortisol secretion participated. OUTCOME MEASURES: We measured diurnal cortisol (nmol/L) patterns from six saliva samples obtained over the course of a normal day: at waking, +30 min, +2.5, +8, +12 hours, and bedtime. The cortisol awakening response and slope in diurnal secretion were calculated. RESULTS: T2D status was associated with a flatter slope in cortisol decline across the day (b = 0.004; confidence interval [CI], 0.001-0.007; P = .014) and greater bedtime cortisol (b = 0.063; CI, 0.010-0.117; P = 0.020) independent of a wide range of covariates measured at the time of cortisol assessment. There was no association between morning cortisol, the cortisol awakening response, and T2D (P > .05). CONCLUSIONS: In this nonclinical population, T2D was associated with a flatter slope in cortisol levels across the day and raised bedtime cortisol values.
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“The largest study to date, which included over 3,500 individuals from the Whitehall II epidemiological cohort, reported that people with T2DM had a flatter slope in levels of cortisol across the day and raised evening concentrations of cortisol compared with healthy individuals 30”
From Type 2 diabetes mellitus and psychological stress — a modifiable risk factor (2017) · cites this paper as [30]
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Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Hackett, R. A., Steptoe, A., & Kumari, M.
- Affiliations
- University of Essex (GB)
- University College London (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Hackett, Ruth A.
- Venue
- The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism
- Publisher
- The Endocrine Society
- Published
- 2014-12
- Volume
- 99
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- 4625-4631
- ISSN
- 0021-972X (ISSN-L)
- 1945-7197
- PMC
- PMC4255120
- OpenAlex
- W2000289373
- Semantic Scholar
- bada6d524b4ece58518ad130479f04ef95924d01
- Cited by
- 118
- References
- 48
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 15 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 15 · 2015: 10
- FWCI
- 5.60
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Open Access at Essex (University of Essex) (acceptedVersion)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- British Heart Foundation (RG/10/005/28296)
- University College London
- Medical Research Council (MR/K013351/1, WC1E 6BT)
- Economic and Social Research Council (ES/K005146/1, RES 596-28-0001, ES/J023299/1)
- National Institute on Aging (AG 13196, R37AG013196, R01AG013196)
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (HL36310, R01HL036310)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Adrenal Hormones and Disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Adipokines, Inflammation, and Metabolic Diseases
- Keywords
- type 2 diabetes, salivary cortisol, diurnal cortisol rhythm, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, cortisol awakening response, Whitehall II study, occupational cohort
- MeSH terms
- Aged, Arousal, Circadian Rhythm, Cross-Sectional Studies, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Female, Humans, Hydrocortisone, Male, Middle Aged, Saliva, Cohort Studies
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