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Recurrent depressive symptoms and the incidence of dementia and mild cognitive impairment
Open accessAbstract
OBJECTIVE: A history of depression has been linked to an increased dementia risk. This risk may be particularly high in recurrent depression due to repeated brain insult. We investigated whether there is a dose-dependent relationship between the number of episodes of elevated depressive symptoms (EDS) and the risk for mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and dementia. METHODS: A total of 1,239 older adults from the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging were followed for a median of 24.7 years. Diagnoses of MCI and dementia were made based on prospective data. Participants completed the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale at 1- to 2-year intervals and were considered to have an EDS if their score was > or = 16. Kaplan-Meier survival curves, log-rank test for trend for survivor functions, and Cox proportional hazards models were conducted to examine the risk of MCI and dementia by number of EDS. RESULTS: We observed a monotonic increase in risk for all-cause dementia and Alzheimer disease as a function of the number of EDS. Each episode was associated with a 14% increase in risk for all-cause dementia. Having 1 EDS conferred an 87%-92% increase in dementia risk, while having 2 or more episodes nearly doubled the risk. Recurrence of EDS did not increase the risk of incident MCI. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings support the hypothesis that depression is a risk factor for dementia and suggest that recurrent depression is particularly pernicious. Preventing the recurrence of depression in older adults may prevent or delay the onset of dementia.
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“Recently, several important prospective studies have demonstrated that depression is a predisposing factor for the development of incident dementia (43–45).”
From Serotonin signaling is associated with lower amyloid-β levels and plaques in transgenic mice and humans (2011) · cites this paper as [44]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Dotson, V. M., Beydoun, M. A., & Zonderman, A. B.
- Affiliations
- National Institutes of Health (US)
- Venue
- Neurology
- Published
- 2010-07-06
- Volume
- 75
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 27-34
- ISSN
- 0028-3878 (ISSN-L)
- 1526-632X
- PMC
- PMC2906403
- OpenAlex
- W2062539816
- Cited by
- 385
- References
- 38
- Citations by year
- 2026: 12 · 2025: 19 · 2024: 26 · 2023: 17 · 2022: 33 · 2021: 31 · 2020: 37 · 2019: 17 · 2018: 19 · 2017: 24 · 2016: 21 · 2015: 26 · 2014: 19 · 2013: 23 · 2012: 28
- FWCI
- 18.37
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Neurology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute on Aging (P30AG028740)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology (medical) › Treatment of Major Depression
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Cancer-related cognitive impairment studies
- Keywords
- recurrent depression, dementia risk, mild cognitive impairment, Alzheimer's disease, older adults, dose-response relationship, depression recurrence, dementia prevention
- MeSH terms
- Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Aging, Cognition Disorders, Dementia, Depression, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Middle Aged, Prospective Studies, Incidence, Secondary Prevention
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