Single-trial decoding of auditory novelty responses facilitates the detection of residual consciousness
Open accessAbstract
Detecting residual consciousness in unresponsive patients is a major clinical concern and a challenge for theoretical neuroscience. To tackle this issue, we recently designed a paradigm that dissociates two electro-encephalographic (EEG) responses to auditory novelty. Whereas a local change in pitch automatically elicits a mismatch negativity (MMN), a change in global sound sequence leads to a late P300b response. The latter component is thought to be present only when subjects consciously perceive the global novelty. Unfortunately, it can be difficult to detect because individual variability is high, especially in clinical recordings. Here, we show that multivariate pattern classifiers can extract subject-specific EEG patterns and predict single-trial local or global novelty responses. We first validate our method with 38 high-density EEG, MEG and intracranial EEG recordings. We empirically demonstrate that our approach circumvents the issues associated with multiple comparisons and individual variability while improving the statistics. Moreover, we confirm in control subjects that local responses are robust to distraction whereas global responses depend on attention. We then investigate 104 vegetative state (VS), minimally conscious state (MCS) and conscious state (CS) patients recorded with high-density EEG. For the local response, the proportion of significant decoding scores (M=60%) does not vary with the state of consciousness. By contrast, for the global response, only 14% of the VS patients' EEG recordings presented a significant effect, compared to 31% in MCS patients' and 52% in CS patients'. In conclusion, single-trial multivariate decoding of novelty responses provides valuable information in non-communicating patients and paves the way towards real-time monitoring of the state of consciousness.
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Although the P3b provides a specific marker, it is often absent in conscious brain-injured patients and conscious healthy subjects.
“Although the P3b provides a specific marker (i.e., it is present only in subjects who are aware of the stimulus), it is often absent in conscious brain-injured patients and conscious healthy subjects.30,31”
From An integrative, multiscale view on neural theories of consciousness (2024) · cites this paper as [30]
The Discussion (page unavailable) reports that about half of conscious-state patients had no significant global response, supporting limited sensitivity in brain-injured patients. The Results on cross-context generalization (page unavailable) found no significant global response in distracted healthy subjects, but do not establish that the P3b is often absent in healthy subjects generally. The paper describes the P3b as linked to conscious access rather than establishing an absolute rule that it occurs only with awareness. (LLM, conf=0.82)
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Sevenius Nilsen, A., Juel, B. E., Thürer, B., Aamodt, A., & Storm, J. F. (2022) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2022.987051 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Cecotti, H., & Ries, A. J. (2017) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2016.07.500 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Farisco, M., & Changeux, J.-P. (2023) · Neuroscience of Consciousness · doi:10.1093/nc/niad016 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
A measure centrality index for systematic empirical comparison of consciousness theories
Chis-Ciure, R., Melloni, L., & Northoff, G. (2024) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2024.105670 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Adama, S., & Bogdan, M. (2026) · Frontiers in Computational Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fncom.2026.1797090 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
- Authors
- King, J. R., Faugeras, F., Gramfort, A., Schurger, A., El Karoui, I., Sitt, J. D., Rohaut, B., Wacongne, C., Labyt, E., Bekinschtein, T., Cohen, L., Naccache, L., & Dehaene, S.
- Affiliations
- Inserm (FR)
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (FR)
- MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit (GB)
- Corresponding author
- King, J.R.
- ORCID
- Venue
- NeuroImage
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2013-12
- Volume
- 83
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 726-738
- ISSN
- 1053-8119 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC5635957
- OpenAlex
- W2015460481
- Cited by
- 197
- References
- 73
- Citations by year
- 2026: 16 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 19 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 15 · 2020: 16 · 2019: 32 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 19 · 2015: 16 · 2014: 14 · 2013: 4
- FWCI
- 9.69
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- NeuroImage (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Chapman University Digital Commons (Chapman University) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- HAL (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Direction Générale de l'Armement (DGA)
- Fondation pour la Recherche Médicale (FRM)
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique (CEA)
- European Research Council (ERC) senior grant
- Journées de Neurologie de Langue Française and FRM (Fondation pour la Recherche Médicale)
- AXA Research Fund
- Bettencourt-Schueller Foundation
- Région île-de-France
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Traumatic Brain Injury Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural dynamics and brain function
- Keywords
- residual consciousness, auditory novelty, mismatch negativity, single-trial decoding, multivariate pattern classification, vegetative state, minimally conscious state, states of consciousness, attention, interindividual variability, high-density EEG, intracranial EEG, magnetoencephalography
- MeSH terms
- Acoustic Stimulation, Adult, Brain, Consciousness, Consciousness Disorders, Electroencephalography, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted, Magnetoencephalography, Young Adult
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
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