The hope and the hype of organoid research
Open accessAbstract
The recent increase in organoid research has been met with great enthusiasm, as well as expectation, from the scientific community and the public alike. There is no doubt that this technology opens up a world of possibilities for scientific discovery in developmental biology as well as in translational research, but whether organoids can truly live up to this challenge is, for some, still an open question. In this Spotlight article, Meritxell Huch and Juergen Knoblich begin by discussing the exciting promise of organoid technology and give concrete examples of how this promise is starting to be realised. In the second part, Matthias Lutolf and Alfonso Martinez-Arias offer a careful and considered view of the state of the organoid field and its current limitations, and lay out the approach they feel is necessary to maximise the potential of organoid technology.
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Lot-to-lot variations of Matrigel compound the difficulty of identifying the signals necessary for organoid structure and function.
“The undefined nature of Matrigel makes it difficult to identify the signals necessary for organoid structure and function; this difficulty is compounded by lot-to-lot variations of Matrigel45–48.”
From Towards organoid culture without Matrigel (2021) · cites this paper as [48]
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MOrgAna: accessible quantitative analysis of organoids with machine learning
Gritti, N., Lim, J. L., Anlaş, K., Pandya, M., Aalderink, G., Martínez-Ara, G., & Trivedi, V. (2021) · Development · doi:10.1242/dev.199611 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
“Organoids are cell aggregates capable of generating complex structures, thereby mimicking fully grown organs in vitro (Huch et al., 2017; Lancaster and Knoblich, 2014; Kretzschmar and Clevers, 2016).”
BackgroundModeling and Targeting Alzheimer’s Disease With Organoids
Papaspyropoulos, A., Tsolaki, M., Foroglou, N., & Pantazaki, Α. A. (2020) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2020.00396 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Intestinal organoids: A new paradigm for engineering intestinal epithelium in vitro
Rahmani, S., Breyner, N. M., Su, H.-M., Verdu, E. F., & Didar, T. F. (2019) · Biomaterials · doi:10.1016/j.biomaterials.2018.12.006 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
A Novel Microplate 3D Bioprinting Platform for the Engineering of Muscle and Tendon Tissues
Laternser, S., Keller, H., Leupin, O., Rausch, M., Graf‐Hausner, U., & Rimann, M. (2018) · SLAS TECHNOLOGY · doi:10.1177/2472630318776594 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
“The formation of spheroids and organoids has allowed the establishment of mouse and human 3D tissue equivalents that demonstrate at least some organ functionality and application as in vitro disease models, particularly in tumor biology.(10,11) While cardiac and smooth muscle cells are able to form spheroids, offering…”
BackgroundAnimal and Organoid Models of Liver Fibrosis
Bao, Y., Wang, L., Pan, H., Zhang, T.-R., Chen, Y., Xu, S.-J., Mao, X., & Li, S.-W. (2021) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2021.666138 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Organoids in image-based phenotypic chemical screens
Lukonin, I., Zinner, M., & Liberali, P. (2021) · Experimental & Molecular Medicine · doi:10.1038/s12276-021-00641-8 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Testicular organoids: a new model to study the testicular microenvironment in vitro?
Alves-Lopes, J. P., & Stukenborg, J. (2017) · Human Reproduction Update · doi:10.1093/humupd/dmx036 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
“Organoids can be originated by differentiation of pluripotent embryonic stem (ES) cells, induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells or adult stem cells from adult tissues cultured in a supportive extracellular matrix (ECM) (usually Matrigel) which, together with morphogenic and differentiation factors in the culture medium,…”
BackgroundOrganoids as hybrids: ethical implications for the exchange of human tissues
Boers, S. N., van Delden, J. J. M., & Bredenoord, A. L. (2018) · Journal of Medical Ethics · doi:10.1136/medethics-2018-104846 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Organoids: a novel modality in disease modeling
Heydari, Z., Moeinvaziri, F., Agarwal, T., Pooyan, P., Shpichka, A. I., Maiti, T. K., Timashev, P. S., Baharvand, H., & Vosough, M. (2021) · Bio-Design and Manufacturing · doi:10.1007/s42242-021-00150-7 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
“The latter add significant value while presenting many challenges, including high time and monetary costs, ethical concerns, and most importantly, they fail to accurately predict the clinical efficacy of therapeutics due to different pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and interspecific genetic or metabolic variations…”
BackgroundBMP4 patterns Smad activity and generates stereotyped cell fate organization in spinal organoids
Duval, N., Vaslin, C., Barata, T. C., Frarma, Y., Contremoulins, V., Baudin, X., Nedelec, S., & Ribes, V. C. (2019) · Development · doi:10.1242/dev.175430 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
“…stem cells (PSC) derived organoids, containing multiple cellular subtypes arrayed in three dimensions (3D) structures, has opened new avenues to decipher the developmental principles underlying the emergence of patterns of cellular differentiation (Huch et al., 2017; Trujillo and Muotri, 2018).”
BackgroundEngineered Matrices Enable the Culture of Human Patient‐Derived Intestinal Organoids
Hunt, D. R., Klett, K. C., Mascharak, S., Wang, H., Gong, D. N., Lou, J., Li, X., Cai, P. C., Suhar, R. A., Co, J. Y., et al. (2021) · Advanced Science · doi:10.1002/advs.202004705 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Hof, L., Moreth, T., Koch, M., Liebisch, T., Kurtz, M., Tarnick, J., Lissek, S. M., Verstegen, M. M. A., van der Laan, L. J. W., Huch, M., et al. (2021) · BMC Biology · doi:10.1186/s12915-021-00958-w · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Self-citationBiologically inspired approaches to enhance human organoid complexity
Holloway, E. M., Capeling, M. M., & Spence, J. R. (2019) · Development · doi:10.1242/dev.166173 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
“Bioengineering 3D environments to increase reproducibility and clinical use of organoid technology One of the major challenges facing organoid research is reproducibility and limited control over the 3D self-organization process (Huch et al., 2017; Spence, 2018).”
BackgroundOrganoids of the female reproductive tract
Chumduri, C., & Turco, M. Y. (2021) · Journal of Molecular Medicine · doi:10.1007/s00109-020-02028-0 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Yavitt, F. M., Kirkpatrick, B. E., Blatchley, M. R., Speckl, K. F., Mohagheghian, E., Moldovan, R., Wang, N., Dempsey, P. J., & Anseth, K. S. (2023) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.add5668 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Patient-derived cell line, xenograft and organoid models in lung cancer therapy
Huo, K.-G., D’Arcangelo, E., & Tsao, M. (2020) · Translational Lung Cancer Research · doi:10.21037/tlcr-20-154 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
“Further, culture scalability represents a major bottleneck, especially for high-throughput drug screening applications, as LCOs vary wildly in growth dynamics (149).”
BackgroundTowards a better understanding of diabetes mellitus using organoid models
Beydag-Tasöz, B. S., Yennek, S., & Grapin‐Botton, A. (2023) · Nature Reviews Endocrinology · doi:10.1038/s41574-022-00797-x · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Dissecting the stem cell niche with organoid models: an engineering-based approach
Murrow, L. M., Weber, R. J., & Gartner, Z. J. (2017) · Development · doi:10.1242/dev.140905 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
“This is crucial if we are to be able to use organoids in any meaningful way to address fundamental questions in developmental and regenerative biology (Huch et al., 2017).”
BackgroundStandardization of organoid culture in cancer research
Zhou, C., Wu, Y., Wang, Z., Liu, Y., Yu, J., Wang, W., Chen, S., Wu, W., Wang, J., Qian, G., et al. (2023) · Cancer Medicine · doi:10.1002/cam4.5943 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Understanding the Mechanobiology of Early Mammalian Development through Bioengineered Models
Vianello, S., & Lütolf, M. P. (2019) · Developmental Cell · doi:10.1016/j.devcel.2019.02.024 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Stem cell-derived intestinal organoids: a novel modality for IBD
Tian, C., Yang, M., Xu, H., Zhu, M., Yue, N.-N., Zhang, Y., Shi, R., Yao, J., Wang, L., Liang, Y.-J., et al. (2023) · Cell Death Discovery · doi:10.1038/s41420-023-01556-1 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Advances in development and application of human organoids
Shankaran, A., Prasad, K., Chaudhari, S., Brand, A. M., & Satyamoorthy, K. (2021) · 3 Biotech · doi:10.1007/s13205-021-02815-7 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Organoid technology for tissue engineering
He, J., Zhang, X., Xia, X., Han, M., Li, F., Li, C., Li, Y., & Gao, D. (2020) · Journal of Molecular Cell Biology · doi:10.1093/jmcb/mjaa012 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Towards manufacturing of human organoids
Ashok, A., Choudhury, D., Fang, Y., & Hunziker, W. (2019) · Biotechnology Advances · doi:10.1016/j.biotechadv.2019.107460 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Exploring single cells in space and time during tissue development, homeostasis and regeneration
Mayr, U., Serra, D., & Liberali, P. (2019) · Development · doi:10.1242/dev.176727 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Hydrogels for bone organoid construction: From a materiobiological perspective
Wu, S., Wu, X., Wang, X., & Su, J. (2022) · Journal of Material Science and Technology · doi:10.1016/j.jmst.2022.07.008 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Organoids and Colorectal Cancer
Barbáchano, A., Fernández‐Barral, A., Bustamante‐Madrid, P., Prieto, I., Rodrı́guez-Salas, N., Larriba, M. J., & Múñoz, A. (2021) · Cancers · doi:10.3390/cancers13112657 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
“Definitions of the term organoid have been provided by several key researchers in the field [3,5,6].”
BackgroundBioinspired Hydrogels for 3D Organoid Culture
Blondel, D., & Lütolf, M. P. (2019) · CHIMIA International Journal for Chemistry · doi:10.2533/chimia.2019.81 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Microstructured Hydrogels to Guide Self‐Assembly and Function of Lung Alveolospheres
Loebel, C., Weiner, A. I., Eiken, M. K., Katzen, J. B., Morley, M. P., Bala, V., Cardenas‐Diaz, F. L., Davidson, M. D., Shiraishi, K., Basil, M. C., et al. (2022) · Advanced Materials · doi:10.1002/adma.202202992 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Biomaterials Regulate Mechanosensors YAP/TAZ in Stem Cell Growth and Differentiation
Virdi, J. K., & Pethe, P. S. (2020) · Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine · doi:10.1007/s13770-020-00301-4 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Defining the Teratoma as a Model for Multi-lineage Human Development
McDonald, D., Wu, Y., Dailamy, A., Tat, J., Parekh, U., Zhao, D., Hu, M. Y., Tipps, A. M. P., Zhang, K., & Mali, P. (2020) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2020.10.018 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
“Organoids are 3D ‘‘mini-organs’’ derived from hPSCs in which the cells spontaneously selfassemble into differentiated, functional cell types that structurally and functionally mimic their in vivo counterparts (Huch and Koo, 2015; Clevers, 2016; Yin et al., 2016; Dutta et al., 2017; Huch et al., 2017; Fligor et al., 20…”
BackgroundThree-Dimensional 3D Culture Models in Gynecological and Breast Cancer Research
Salinas-Vera, Y. M., Valdés, J., Pérez‐Navarro, Y., Mandujano-Lázaro, G., Marchat, L. A., Ramos‐Payán, R., Núñez-Olvera, S. I., Pérez‐Plasencia, C., & López‐Camarillo, C. (2022) · Frontiers in Oncology · doi:10.3389/fonc.2022.826113 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Do not keep it simple: recent advances in the generation of complex organoids
Wörsdörfer, P., Ito, T., Asahina, I., Sumita, Y., & Ergün, S. (2020) · Journal of Neural Transmission · doi:10.1007/s00702-020-02198-8 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
An update on animal models of liver fibrosis
Wu, S., Wang, X., Xing, W., Li, F., Liang, M., Li, K., He, Y., & Wang, J. (2023) · Frontiers in Medicine · doi:10.3389/fmed.2023.1160053 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Advances in human organoids-on-chips in biomedical research
Wang, Y., & Qin, J. (2023) · Life Medicine · doi:10.1093/lifemedi/lnad007 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Electro-metabolic coupling in multi-chambered vascularized human cardiac organoids
Ghosheh, M., Ehrlich, A., Ioannidis, K., Ayyash, M., Goldfracht, I., Cohen, M., Fischer, A., Mintz, Y., Gepstein, L., & Nahmias, Y. (2023) · Nature Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1038/s41551-023-01071-9 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
“Recent studies have led to a growing appreciation for the contribution of cardiomyocyte metabolism to disease progression 4,5 , showing metabolic changes occurring during heart failure 6–8 and arrhythmogen-esis 9 .”
BackgroundOral Organoids: Progress and Challenges
Gao, X., Wu, Y., Liao, L., & Tian, W. (2021) · Journal of Dental Research · doi:10.1177/0022034520983808 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
“Although autologous iPSCs are used as the potential cell source to construct oral organoids in the future, the efficiency, stability, and reproductivity of the organoid culture system to generate specific cell types still need to be improved (Huch et al. 2017).”
BackgroundMoving from in vitro to in vivo CRISPR screens
Kuhn, M., Santinha, A. J., & Platt, R. J. (2021) · Gene and Genome Editing · doi:10.1016/j.ggedit.2021.100008 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Human Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Engineered Tissues: Clinical Considerations
Stevens, K. R., & Murry, C. E. (2018) · Cell stem cell · doi:10.1016/j.stem.2018.01.015 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
“…to fabrication of hPSC-derived tissues may include cellular “self-assembly” processes, which rely on intrinsic cell-cell and cellmatrix receptor-ligand interactions to drive morphogenesis and create architectural relationships found in native tissue (Hayashi et al., 2016; Huch et al., 2017).”
BackgroundEngineering the 3D structure of organoids
Moss, S. P., Bakırcı, E., & Feinberg, A. W. (2024) · Stem Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.stemcr.2024.11.009 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Pinto, S. F. T., Hosseini, M., Buckley, S. T., Yin, W., Garousi, J., Gräslund, T., van IJzendoorn, S., Santos, H. A., & Sarmento, B. F. C. C. (2024) · Journal of Controlled Release · doi:10.1016/j.jconrel.2024.01.015 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
In Vitro Models for Studying Transport Across Epithelial Tissue Barriers
Arumugasaamy, N., Navarro, J., Leach, J. K., Kim, P. C. W., & Fisher, J. P. (2018) · Annals of Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1007/s10439-018-02124-w · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Layer-By-Layer: The Case for 3D Bioprinting Neurons to Create Patient-Specific Epilepsy Models
Antill‐O'Brien, N., Bourke, J., & O’Connell, C. D. (2019) · Materials · doi:10.3390/ma12193218 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
“Organoids are restricted to a small size (maximum of several millimeters), due to the lack of nutritional supply to deeper regions [23,24,31,41].”
BackgroundRenner, H., Schöler, H. R., & Bruder, J. M. (2021) · Movement Disorders · doi:10.1002/mds.28775 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
“smNPCs are stable and easily expandable cells that can help limit the inherently higher stochastic biological noise of PSC-derived organoids.(126) Although smNPCs can still yield all neural cell types and form self-organized 3D microtissues, their ectodermrestricted developmental potential compared to PSCs results in…”
BackgroundProgramming Morphogenesis through Systems and Synthetic Biology
Velazquez, J. J., Su, E. Y., Cahan, P., & Ebrahimkhani, M. R. (2017) · Trends in biotechnology · doi:10.1016/j.tibtech.2017.11.003 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
“Current in vitro morphogenesis models frequently lack spatiotemporal control, robustness, and reproducibility that are exhibited in vivo by natural biological systems such as developing organs [10].”
Advancement of Organoid Technology in Regenerative Medicine
Arjmand, B., Rabbani, Z. H., Soveyzi, F., Tayanloo-Beik, A., Rezaei–Tavirani, M., Biglar, M., Adibi, H., & Larijani, B. A. (2022) · Regenerative Engineering and Translational Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40883-022-00271-0 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
“Organoid models of patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) can be used in the field of personalized medicine [9, 12, 13].”
BackgroundInfluentialIntestinal Organoid Culture in Polymer Film‐Based Microwell Arrays
Kakni, P., Hueber, R., Knoops, K., López‐Iglesias, C., Truckenmüller, R. K., Habibović, P., & Giselbrecht, S. (2020) · Advanced Biosystems · doi:10.1002/adbi.202000126 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Lensink, M. A., Boers, S. N., Jongsma, K. R., Carter, S. E., van der Ent, C. K., & Bredenoord, A. L. (2020) · Journal of Cystic Fibrosis · doi:10.1016/j.jcf.2020.11.015 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
“Organoids are emerging as valuable tools in biomedical research, including drug development, disease modeling, and ultimately even clinical transplantation [2–4] .”
BackgroundMethodTissue mechanics regulates form, function, and dysfunction
Anlaş, A. A., & Nelson, C. M. (2018) · Current Opinion in Cell Biology · doi:10.1016/j.ceb.2018.05.012 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
“However, organoids are not perfect in the sense that they can only recapitulate certain stages of development and are often difficult toreproduce[60].”
High-Resolution Imaging of Tumor Spheroids and Organoids Enabled by Expansion Microscopy
Edwards, S. J., Carannante, V., Kuhnigk, K., Ring, H., Tararuk, T., Hallböök, F., Blom, H., Önfelt, B., & Brismar, H. (2020) · Frontiers in Molecular Biosciences · doi:10.3389/fmolb.2020.00208 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
“Whilst sharing some of the advantages of tumor spheroids, the possibility of organoid production from human stem cells permits translational research and the study of developmental biology whilst reducing the ethical concerns and practical limitations associated with the study of explant tissue (Huch et al., 2017; Mun…”
BackgroundDistler, T., Lauria, I., Detsch, R., Sauter, C. M., Bendt, F., Kapr, J., Rütten, S., Boccaccini, A. R., & Fritsche, E. (2021) · Biomedicines · doi:10.3390/biomedicines9030261 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
“While conventional 3D in vitro models might capture the structural and cytoarchitectural aspects of the human brain, they are also prone to variability [10,11].”
BackgroundChambers, B. E., Weaver, N. E., & Wingert, R. A. (2023) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells12040549 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
“The ability to recapitulate aspects of human development in vitro marks a major milestone, as nearly all of our current understanding of embryogenesis has been drawn from landmark studies conducted in animal models [3].”
BackgroundCurrent challenges and future directions of ATMPs in regenerative medicine
Kakroodi, F. A., Khodadoust, E., Alizadeh, M., Tehrani, R. S. H., Sarabi, P. A., Rahmanian, M., & Vosough, M. (2025) · Regenerative Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.reth.2025.06.017 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
“Notably, these cells have the potential to develop into brain components in an in vitro setting, a process that occurs independently of the natural evolutionary cycle [74,76].”
In Vitro Models of the Liver: Disease Modeling, Drug Discovery and Clinical Applications
Collins, S. D., Yuen, G., Tu, T., Budzinska, M. A., Spring, K. J., Bryant, K., & Shackel, N. A. (2019) · Codon Publications eBooks · doi:10.15586/hepatocellularcarcinoma.2019.ch3 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
“Further heterogeneity between organoid cultures can cause inconsistency in reproducing phenotypic traits such as size, shape, cellular composition, and 3D architecture (95, 96).”
BackgroundBioengineering tissue morphogenesis and function in human neural organoids
Fedorchak, N. J., Iyer, N. R., & Ashton, R. S. (2020) · Seminars in Cell and Developmental Biology · doi:10.1016/j.semcdb.2020.05.025 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
“and others, organoids are derived from hPSCs or organ progenitors and form tissues that self-organize through cell sorting and spatially restricted lineage commitment in a biomimetic manner [17, 18, 19].”
BackgroundActive morphogenesis of patterned epithelial shells
Khoromskaia, D., & Salbreux, G. (2022) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.75878 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
“[7] Meritxell Huch, Juergen A Knoblich, Matthias P Lutolf, and Alfonso Martinez-Arias.”
Lawrence, M. L., Elhendawi, M., Morlock, M., Liu, W. Y., Liu, S., Palakkan, A. A., Seidl, L. F., Hohenstein, P., Sjogren, A.-K. M., & Davies, J. A. (2022) · iScience · doi:10.1016/j.isci.2022.103884 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
“Testing the response of these organoids to nephrotoxicants has provided pilot data suggesting renal organoids have potential as an assay system (Xinaris et al., 2015; Huch et al., 2017; Davies and Lawrence, 2018).”
BackgroundVivarelli, S., Candido, S., Caruso, G., Falzone, L., & Libra, M. (2020) · Cancers · doi:10.3390/cancers12123636 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
“For example, PDTOs can be: Genetically edited, co-cultured with immune cells, stromal cells, microinjected with mic obes [68].”
BackgroundInfluentialBrain organoids: A promising model to assess oxidative stress‐induced central nervous system damage
Oyefeso, F. A., Muotri, A. R., Wilson, C. G., & Pecaut, M. J. (2021) · Developmental Neurobiology · doi:10.1002/dneu.22828 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Biomedical and societal impacts of in vitro embryo models of mammalian development
Moris, N., Alev, C., Pera, M. F., & Arias, A. M. (2021) · Stem Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.stemcr.2021.03.023 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
3D bioprinted liver tissue and disease models: Current advances and future perspectives
Sun, L., Wang, Y., Zhang, S., Yang, H., & Mao, Y. (2023) · Biomaterials Advances · doi:10.1016/j.bioadv.2023.213499 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Serafini, M. M., Sepehri, S., Midali, M., Stinckens, M., Biesiekierska, M., Wolniakowska, A., Gatzios, A., Rundén‐Pran, E., Reszka, E., Marinovich, M., et al. (2024) · Archives of Toxicology · doi:10.1007/s00204-024-03703-8 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
“An organoid is defined as “A 3D structure derived from pluripotent stem cells […] in which cells spontaneously self-organize into properly differentiated functional cell types and which recapitulates at least some functions of the organ” (Huch et al. 2017).”
BackgroundMa, P., Chen, Y., Lai, X., Zheng, J., Ye, E., Loh, X. J., Zhao, Y., Parikh, B. H., Su, X., You, M., et al. (2021) · Macromolecular Bioscience · doi:10.1002/mabi.202100191 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Left–right symmetry of zebrafish embryos requires somite surface tension
Naganathan, S. R., Popovic, M. A., & Oates, A. C. (2022) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-022-04646-9 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
- Authors
- Huch, M., Knoblich, J. A., Lutolf, M. P., & Martinez-Arias, A.
- Affiliations
- Wellcome/MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute (GB)
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology (AT)
- Venue
- Development
- Publisher
- The Company of Biologists
- Published
- 2017-03-14
- Volume
- 144
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 938-941
- ISSN
- 0950-1991 (ISSN-L)
- 1477-9129
- OpenAlex
- W2597311576
- Cited by
- 409
- References
- 39
- Citations by year
- 2026: 36 · 2025: 30 · 2024: 42 · 2023: 36 · 2022: 50 · 2021: 85 · 2020: 54 · 2019: 38 · 2018: 24 · 2017: 14
- FWCI
- 2.86
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- infoscience.epfl.ch
- Locations
- Development (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Infoscience (Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne) (submittedVersion)
- Infoscience (Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- HighWire Press Open Archive (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Wellcome Trust
- Royal Society (104151/Z/14/Z)
- Horizon 2020 (LSFM4LIFE)
- Austrian Academy of Sciences
- Austrian Science Fund (I_1281-B19, Z_153_B09)
- European Research Council
- École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne
- Seventh Framework Programme
- Novartis Foundation
- Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council
- Isaac Newton Trust
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › 3D Printing in Biomedical Research
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Pluripotent Stem Cells Research
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Developmental Biology and Gene Regulation
- Keywords
- organoids, organoid technology, translational research, developmental biology, research limitations
- MeSH terms
- Humans, Organoids, Tissue Engineering, Growth and Development, Translational Research, Biomedical
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