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Biomechanics and energetics of walking on uneven terrain

Voloshina, Alexandra S., Kuo, Arthur D., Daley, Monica A, Ferris, Daniel P.·2013·Journal of Experimental Biology
DOI 10.1242/jeb.081711
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Abstract

Summary: Walking on uneven terrain is more energetically costly than walking on smooth ground, but the biomechanical factors that contribute to this increase are unknown. To identify possible factors, we constructed an uneven terrain treadmill that allowed us to record biomechanical, electromyographic, and metabolic energetics data from human subjects. We hypothesized that walking on uneven terrain would increase step width and length variability, joint mechanical work, and muscle co-activation compared to walking on smooth terrain. We tested healthy subjects (N=11) walking at 1.0 m/s, and found that, when walking on uneven terrain with up to 2.5 cm variation, subjects decreased their step length by 4% and did not significantly change their step width, while both step length and width variability increased significantly (22% and 36%, respectively; p<0.05). Uneven terrain walking caused a 28% and 62% increase in positive knee and hip work, and a 26% greater magnitude of negative knee work (0.0106, 0.1078, and 0.0425 J/kg, respectively; p<0.05). Mean muscle activity increased in seven muscles in the lower leg and thigh (p<0.05). These changes caused overall net metabolic energy expenditure to increase by 0.73 W/kg (28%; p<0.0001). Much of that increase could be explained by the increased mechanical work observed at the knee and hip. Greater muscle co-activation could also contribute to increased energetic cost but to unknown degree. The findings provide insight into how lower limb muscles are used differently for natural terrain compared to laboratory conditions.

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Crossref · 10.1242/jeb.081711

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6 of 6 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

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  • Energy cost depends considerably on mechanical work performed by the body, even on uneven terrain.

    “Energy cost depends considerably on mechanical work performed by the body [39], even on uneven terrain [7], but foot paths cannot capture the force or power produced by the leg.”

    From Human walking in the real world: interactions between terrain type, gait parameters, and energy expenditure (2021) · cites this paper as [7]

  • Step width appears to change on uneven terrain and could contribute to energy cost.

    “In addition, inertial data cannot readily discern step width, which also appears to change on uneven terrain [7] and could contribute to energy cost [18].”

    From Human walking in the real world: interactions between terrain type, gait parameters, and energy expenditure (2021) · cites this paper as [7]

  • Participants exhibited a 28% increase in rate of energy expenditure when walking on a custom-designed uneven treadmill surface compared with a standard, even treadmill surface.

    “One study found that, because of such factors, participants exhibited a 28% increase in rate of energy expenditure when walking on a custom-designed uneven treadmill surface compared with a standard, even treadmill surface (Voloshina et al., 2013).”

    From Forest terrains influence walking kinematics among indigenous Tsimane of the Bolivian Amazon (2022) · cites this paper as Voloshina et al., 2013

  • Laboratory-based studies simulating natural terrain walking on artificial irregular surfaces generally found that participants use more variable stride characteristics, flatter foot postures at initial contact, higher foot clearance during leg swing, and greater leg muscle activation compared with walking on regular surfaces.

    “Generally, these studies have found that, when compared with walking on regular (flat, even) surfaces, participants use more variable stride characteristics like step length and width (e.g. Kent, Sommerfeld, Mukherjee, Takahashi, & Stergiou, 2019; Menant, Steele, Menz, Munro, & Lord, 2011; Voloshina, Kuo, Daley, & Ferris, 2013), use flatter foot postures at initial contact and higher foot”

    From Forest terrains influence walking kinematics among indigenous Tsimane of the Bolivian Amazon (2022) · cites this paper as Voloshina et al., 2013

Citations

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Metadata

Authors
Voloshina, A. S., Kuo, A. D., Daley, M. A., & Ferris, D. P.
Affiliations
  • University of Michigan, USA;
  • The Royal Veterinary College, UK
Venue
Journal of Experimental Biology
Publisher
The Company of Biologists
Published
2013-01-01
ISSN
  • 1477-9145
  • 0022-0949
DOI
10.1242/jeb.081711
Cited by
177
References
6
Language
en

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