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Electromyographic changes during strength training and detraining
Abstract
Fourteen male subjects (20-30 yr) accustomed to weight training went through progressive strength training of combined concentric and eccentric contractions three times per week for 16 wk. The training was followed by the 8-wk detraining period. The training program consisted mainly of dynamic exercises for leg extensors with the loads of 80-120% of one maximum concentric repetition. Significant improvements in muscle function were observed in early conditioning; however, the increase in maximal force during the very late training period was greatly limited. Marked improvements (P less than 0.001) in muscle strength were accompanied by significant (P less than 0.01) increases in the neural activation (IEMG) of the leg extensor muscles. The relationship between IEMG and high absolute forces changed (P less than 0.01) during the training period. The occurrence of these changes varied during the course of training. It was concluded that the early change in strength may be accounted for largely by neural factors with a gradually increasing contribution of hypertrophic factors as the training proceeds. It was suggested that the magnitudes and occurrence of these changes may vary due to the differences in conditioning periods, in individual muscles of muscle groups, in subject material, and in conditioning methods. During detraining, the decrease in muscle force seemed to be explainable also by the neural and muscular adaptations caused by the inactivity.
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A number of studies have reported increases in neural activation as reflected by increased EMG activity with conventional heavy resistance and explosive jump training.
“A number of studies have reported increases in neural activation as reflected by increased EMG activity with conventional heavy resistance and explosive jump training (Hakkinen and Komi, 1983;Hakkinen and Komi, 1985;Hakkinen et al., 1985a;1985b;Hakkinen and Komi, 1986).”
From Velocity Specificity of Resistance Training (1993) · cites this paper as Hakkinen and Komi, 1983
Generally, strength gain in 4 or 6 weeks of resistance training have been explained by neural adaptation (35,36).
“Generally, strength gain in 4 or 6 weeks of resistance training have been explained by neural adaptation (35,36).”
From Modulation of Neural and Muscular Adaptation Processes During Resistance Training by Fish Protein Ingestions in Older Adults (2020) · cites this paper as [35]
Different time-course adaptations between men and women may account for differential maximal strength gains over prolonged resistance training periods.
“Moreover, the different time-course adaptations between men and women may also account for differential maximal strength gains over prolonged resistance training periods (63,64).”
From Resistance training load effects on muscle hypertrophy and strength gain: systematic review and network meta-analysis. (2021) · cites this paper as [64]
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Progression Models in Resistance Training for Healthy Adults
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“Altering the training load affects the acute metabolic (40), hormonal (42,146,150,152,171,211), neural (96,102,104,143,217), and cardiovascular (67,242) responses to resistance exercise.”
BackgroundSpinal and Supraspinal Factors in Human Muscle Fatigue
Gandevia, S. C. (2001) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.2001.81.4.1725 · Cited by 3,855
Aagaard, P., Simonsen, E. B., Andersen, J. L., Magnusson, P., & Dyhre-Poulsen, P. (2002) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00283.2002 · Cited by 1,844
“Increases in efferent motoneuron output ('efferent neural drive'), as evidenced by changes in electromyography (EMG) signal amplitude, have been reported following heavy-resistance strength training (5, 24-29, 30, 35).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialFolland, J. P., & Williams, A. G. (2007) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.2165/00007256-200737020-00004 · Cited by 1,347
Developing Maximal Neuromuscular Power
Cormie, P., McGuigan, M. R., & Newton, R. U. (2011) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.2165/11538500-000000000-00000 · Cited by 925
“Additionally, neural drive([21,29,40,62-68]) as well as inter- and possibly even intra-muscular coordination([66,68-73]) would be far superior after the 3 years of training.”
BackgroundNeural Adaptations to Resistive Exercise
Gabriel, D. A., Kamen, G., & Frost, G. (2006) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.2165/00007256-200636020-00004 · Cited by 840
“merous other investigators have noted increases in underlying strength increases through resistance EMG amplitude during strength training,[11,24-32] altraining is marked largely by references to the role”
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Häkkinen, K., Kallinen, M., Izquierdo, M., Jokelainen, K., Lassila, H., Mälkiä, E., Kraemer, W. J., Newton, R. U., & Alen, M. (1998) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/jappl.1998.84.4.1341 · Cited by 776
Self-citationDeveloping Maximal Neuromuscular Power: Part 1 – Biological Basis of Maximal Power Production
Cormie, P., McGuigan, M. R., & Newton, R. U. (2011) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.2165/11537690-000000000-00000 · Cited by 774
Effects of Resistance Training on Older Adults
Hunter, G. R., McCarthy, J. P., & Bamman, M. M. (2004) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.2165/00007256-200434050-00005 · Cited by 764
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Self-citationNarici, M. V., Roi, G. S., Landoni, L., Minetti, A. E., & Cerretelli, P. (1989) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/bf02388334 · Cited by 745
“Two factors are possibly responsible for these discrepancies: a change in neural drive (Mofitani and de Vries 1979; Komi et al. 1978; Hakkinen and Komi 1983) and an increase in the intrinsic force of muscle (Jones and Rutherford 1987).”
BackgroundAagaard, P., Andersen, J. L., Dyhre‐Poulsen, P., Leffers, A., Wagner, A., Magnusson, S. P., Halkjær‐Kristensen, J., & Simonsen, E. B. (2001) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7793.2001.t01-1-00613.x · Cited by 733
“Previous studies have demonstrated similar changes in maximal quadriceps muscle strength following intensive heavy-resistance strength training (Häkkinen & Komi, 1983; Narici et al. 1989, 1996b; Colliander & Tesch, 1990; Aagaard et al. 1996).”
ResultMujika, I., & Padilla, S. (2000) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.2165/00007256-200030020-00002 · Cited by 739
“The force production of strength-trained athletes has been shown to decline by only 7 to 12% during inactivity periods ranging from 8 to 12 weeks.[41,42,44] This force decline appears to be related to a decreased electromyogram (EMG) activity,[42,44] in addition to the abovementioned reductions in fibre areas and musc…”
BackgroundNeuromuscular adaptations during concurrent strength and endurance training versus strength training
Häkkinen, K., Alen, M., Kraemer, W. J., Gorostiaga, E., Izquierdo, M., Rusko, H., Mikkola, J., Häkkinen, A., Valkeinen, H., Kaarakainen, E., et al. (2003) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-002-0751-9 · Cited by 527
“…older subjects large increases in maximal strength observed during the initial weeks of strength training can be attributed largely to the increased motor unit activation of the trained agonist muscles (Moritani and DeVries 1979, 1980; Ha¨kkinen and Komi 1983; Ha¨kkinen et al. 1998b, 2001a, 2001b).”
BackgroundSelf-citationHigbie, E. J., Cureton, K. J., Warren, G. L., & Prior, B. M. (1996) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/jappl.1996.81.5.2173 · Cited by 481
“The increases in maximal iEMG activity after Con and Ecc training are consistent with studies that observed significant increases after dynamic weight or isokinetic heavy-resistance training (12, 14, 31) but different from those that did not (24, 42).”
ResultThe role of learning and coordination in strength training
Rutherford, O. M., & Jones, D. A. (1986) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/bf00422902 · Cited by 484
“One explanation for this is an increased activation of the muscle with training, as indicated by an increased integrated EMG activity (Moritani and DeVries 1979; H~ikkinen and Komi 1983).”
BackgroundVelocity Specificity of Resistance Training
Behm, D. G., & Sale, D. G. (1993) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.2165/00007256-199315060-00003 · Cited by 460
Del Vecchio, A., Casolo, A., Negro, F., Scorcelletti, M., Bazzucchi, I., Enoka, R., Felici, F., & Farina, D. (2019) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jp277250 · Cited by 436
“…et al. 2017), recordings of individual motor units (Van Cutsem et al. 1998; Vila-Chã et al. 2010) and recordings of electromyogram (EMG) activity (Hakkinen & Komi, 1983; Aagaard et al. 2002a; Balshaw et al. 2016; Del Vecchio et al. 2018b) have been used to suggest the types of neural…”
BackgroundMethodAdaptations in coactivation after isometric resistance training
Carolan, B. J., & CAFARELLI, E. (1992) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/jappl.1992.73.3.911 · Cited by 431
Narici, M. V., Hoppeler, H. H., Kayser, B., LANDONI, L., Claassen, H., GAVARDI, C., Conti, M., & Cerretelli, P. (1996) · Acta Physiologica Scandinavica · doi:10.1046/j.1365-201x.1996.483230000.x · Cited by 443
Hakkinen, K., Newton, R. U., Gordon, S. E., McCormick, M., Volek, J. S., Nindl, B. C., Gotshalk, L. A., Campbell, W. W., Evans, W. J., Hakkinen, A., et al. (1998) · The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences · doi:10.1093/gerona/53a.6.b415 · Cited by 423
“The increased IEMGs during the first 3 weeks of training (Figure 2) support the concept that in previously untrained subjects, both young and old, initial increases in maximal strength observed during the first few weeks of strength training can be attributed largely to the increased motor unit activation of the train…”
ResultAagaard, P., Simonsen, E. B., Andersen, J. L., Magnusson, S. P., Halkjær-Kristensen, J., & Dyhre‐Poulsen, P. (2000) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/jappl.2000.89.6.2249 · Cited by 419
Jensen, J. L., Marstrand, P. C. D., & Nielsen, J. B. (2005) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.01408.2004 · Cited by 390
“Whereas plastic changes in the central nervous system are well documented in relation to acquisition of new skills (59, 61), such neural adaptations are generally reported mainly to take place in the initial stages of strength training (21), and their significance for the increased strength compared with the well-docu…”
Muscle Strength and Its Development
Enoka, R. M. (1988) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.2165/00007256-198806030-00003 · Cited by 381
Léger, B., Cartoni, R., Praz, M., Lamon, S., Dériaz, O., Crettenand, A., Gobelet, C., Rohmer, P., Konzelmann, M., Lüthi, F., et al. (2006) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jphysiol.2006.116715 · Cited by 403
“Resistance training and de-training programmes, similar to those used in the present study, are known to cause muscle hypertrophy and atrophy, respectively, as well as an increase in muscular strength and endurance (Hakkinen & Komi, 1983; Campos et al. 2002).”
BackgroundNeural adaptations with chronic physical activity
Enoka, R. M. (1997) · Journal of Biomechanics · doi:10.1016/s0021-9290(96)00170-4 · Cited by 355
Effect of four-month vertical whole body vibration on performance and balance
Torvinen, S., Kannus, P., SIEV??NEN, H., et al. (2002) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1097/00005768-200209000-00020 · Cited by 353
Lee, M., & Carroll, T. J. (2007) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.2165/00007256-200737010-00001 · Cited by 368
LOPEZ, P., RADAELLI, R., TAAFFE, D. R., NEWTON, R. U., GALVÃO, D. A., TRAJANO, G. S., TEODORO, J. L., KRAEMER, W. J., HÄKKINEN, K., & PINTO, R. S. (2021) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0000000000002585 · Cited by 340
“This finding is expected following: 1) the principle of specificity (13) as participants allocated in higher load resistance training groups trained more closely to the requirement for the 1-RM test and presented greater transfer to this outcome, and 2) a combination of both neural and skeletal muscle adaptations deri…”
BackgroundSelf-citationPeriodization Training for Sports
Bompa, T. O., & Carrera, M. C. (1999) · Cited by 308
Muscular characteristics of detraining in humans.
MUJIKA, I., & PADILLA, S. (2001) · Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise · doi:10.1097/00005768-200108000-00009 · Cited by 302
“The latter change took place within the first 4 wk of inactivity (19).”
BackgroundNeuromuscular and hormonal adaptations in athletes to strength training in two years
Häkkinen, K., Pakarinen, A., Alén, M., Kauhanen, H., & Komi, P. V. (1988) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/jappl.1988.65.6.2406 · Cited by 302
Self-citationHÄKKUKINEN, K., KOMI, P. V., & ALÉN, M. (1985) · Acta Physiologica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/j.1748-1716.1985.tb07760.x · Cited by 295
Self-citationDetraining: Loss of Training-Induced Physiological and Performance Adaptations. Part II
Mujika, I., & Padilla, S. (2000) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.2165/00007256-200030030-00001 · Cited by 293
Neural Influences on Sprint Running
Ross, A., LEVERITT, M. D., & Riek, S. P. (2001) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.2165/00007256-200131060-00002 · Cited by 285
“tation can occur after training involving repeated bouts of brief, intense exercise.[5-7] Given the highly”
BackgroundSeeman, E., Hopper, J. L., Young, N., Formica, C., Goss, P., & Tsalamandris, C. (1996) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.1996.270.2.e320 · Cited by 262
TOPP, R. V., Woolley, S. M., Hornyak, J. E., Khuder, S., & Kahaleh, B. (2002) · Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1053/apmr.2002.33988 · Cited by 263
Neuromuscular adaptations to concurrent strength and endurance training
McCARTHY, J. P., POZNIAK, M. A., & AGRE, J. C. (2002) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1097/00005768-200203000-00019 · Cited by 261
“5% increases reported in other strength-training regimens by Moritani and deVries (29) and Hakkinen and Komi (17).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialIncreased jump height and reduced EMG activity with an external focus
Wulf, G., Dufek, J. S., Lozano, L., & Pettigrew, C. (2010) · Human Movement Science · doi:10.1016/j.humov.2009.11.008 · Cited by 257
“This would be similar to what is seen, for example, in the early phases of a weight lifting program (e.g., Conley, Stone, Nimmons, & Dudley, 1997; Häkkinen & Komi, 1983).”
BackgroundMethodBaker, D., Wilson, G. J., & Carlyon, B. (1994) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/bf00571456 · Cited by 237
“Hakkinen and Komi (1983) have reported enhanced neural activation in bilateral isometric leg extension tests but not in unilateral isometric tests, consequent to heavy resistance dynamic, bilateral squat training.”
BackgroundMethodNeural Adaptation to Strength Training
SALE, D. G. (2003) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9780470757215.ch15 · Cited by 235
Impact of sensorimotor training on the rate of force development and neural activation
Grüber, M., & Gollhofer, A. (2004) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-004-1080-y · Cited by 228
“…~evelopment (RFD), generally deter~llI .ned as the slope In the force time curve (~force/Mime), IS Important to assess the explosive strength qualities of the neuromuscular system (Schmidtbleicher and Haralambie 1981; Hakkinen and Komi 1983, 1986; Hakkinen et al. 1985, 1998; Aagaard et al. 2002a).”
BackgroundInfluentialFlywheel resistance training calls for greater eccentric muscle activation than weight training
Norrbrand, L., Pozzo, M., & Tesch, P. A. (2010) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-010-1575-7 · Cited by 212
“It is generally agreed that marked increases in MVC, as a result of resistance training, could occur through increased neural drive (Aagaard et al. 2002; Hakkinen and Komi 1983; Moritani and deVries 1979).”
BackgroundHÄKKINEN, A. H., Häkkinen, K., Hannonen, P., & Alen, M. (2001) · Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases · doi:10.1136/ard.60.1.21 · Cited by 213
Self-citationBlazevich, A. J. (2006) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.2165/00007256-200636120-00002 · Cited by 216
Pasiakos, S. M., McLellan, T. M., & Lieberman, H. R. (2015) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-014-0242-2 · Cited by 202
Greater neural adaptations following high- vs. low-load resistance training
Jenkins, N. D. M., Miramonti, A. A., Hill, E. C., Smith, C. M., Cochrane-Snyman, K. C., Housh, T. J., & Cramer, J. T. (2017) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2017.00331 · Cited by 197
“Traditionally, training-induced increases in EMG amplitude have been interpreted as increases in neural drive to the muscle (Komi et al., 1978; Moritani and deVries, 1979; Hakkinen and Komi, 1983; Thepaut-Mathieu et al., 1988).”
BackgroundEngardt, M., KNUTSSON, E., Jonsson, M., & Sternhag, M. (1995) · Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1016/s0003-9993(95)80570-2 · Cited by 189
Andersen, L. L., Andersen, J. L., Magnusson, S. P., Suetta, C., Madsen, J. L., Christensen, L. R., & Aagaard, P. (2005) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00091.2005 · Cited by 193
“Reductions in maximal muscle strength (20, 31, 35, 49), muscular peak power production (41, 47), muscle size (8, 34, 49), and neural drive to the muscle (29, 31, 49) have been reported.”
Villarreal, E., González‐Badillo, J. J., & Izquierdo, M. (2008) · The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0b013e318163eade · Cited by 189
Skeletal muscle homeostasis and plasticity in youth and ageing: impact of nutrition and exercise
Brook, M. S., Wilkinson, D. J., Phillips, B. E., Pérez‐Schindler, J., Philp, A., Smith, K., & Atherton, P. J. (2015) · Acta Physiologica · doi:10.1111/apha.12532 · Cited by 212
A comparison of strength and muscle mass increases during resistance training in young women
Chilibeck, P. D., Calder, A. W., SALE, D. G., & Webber, C. E. (1997) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s004210050316 · Cited by 188
H�kkinen, K., Komi, P. V., Al�n, M., & Kauhanen, H. (1987) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/bf00417769 · Cited by 179
“The mechanisms giving rise to strength and performance increase among elite weight-lifters may not be different from those suggested for less trained individuals (for details see Komi and Buskirk 1972; Moritani and DeVries 1979; Komi et al. 1978; 1982; H~ikkinen et al. 1981; H/ikkinen and Komi 1983; Houston et al. 198…”
Self-citationTesch, P. A., Ekberg, A., Lindquist, D. M., & Trieschmann, J. (2004) · Acta Physiologica Scandinavica · doi:10.1046/j.0001-6772.2003.01225.x · Cited by 176
Effect of resistance training volume on strength and muscle thickness
STARKEY, D. B., Pollock, M. L., Ishida, Y., Welsch, M. A., Brechue, W. F., GRAVES, J. E., & Feigenbaum, M. S. (1996) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1097/00005768-199610000-00016 · Cited by 164
Murach, K. A., & Bagley, J. R. (2016) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-016-0496-y · Cited by 158
“Skeletal muscle size and strength are highly correlated [88, 89], and hypertrophy largely explains the increase in strength following resistance training (after neural adaptations have occurred) [90, 91].”
BackgroundNeuromuscular fatigue and recovery in maximal compared to explosive strength loading
Linnamo, V., H�kkinen, K., & Komi, P. V. (1997) · European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology · doi:10.1007/s004210050317 · Cited by 156
“The acute decreases in force production characteristics and in maximal iEMG activity as well as the increase in blood lactate concentration after MSL were very similar to the ®ndings of several previous studies (e.g. Kraemer et al. 1987; Tesch et al. 1989; HaÈ kkinen 1993, 1994).”
MethodInfluentialSelf-citationSingle versus multiple sets in long-term recreational weightlifters
Hass, C. J., Garzarella, L., de Hoyos, D., & Pollock, M. L. (2000) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1097/00005768-200001000-00035 · Cited by 154
“These improvements are less than those reported elsewhere (4,10).”
ResultTRAINING LEADING TO REPETITION FAILURE ENHANCES BENCH PRESS STRENGTH GAINS IN ELITE JUNIOR ATHLETES
Drinkwater, E. J., Lawton, T. W., Lindsell, R. P., Pyne, D. B., Hunt, P. H., & McKenna, M. J. (2005) · The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/r-15224.1 · Cited by 159
Maintenance of Whole Muscle Strength and Size Following Resistance Training in Older Men
Trappe, S. W., Williamson, D., & Godard, M. P. (2002) · The Journals of Gerontology Series A · doi:10.1093/gerona/57.4.b138 · Cited by 152
Presland, J. D., Timmins, R. G., Bourne, M. N., Williams, M. D., & Opar, D. A. (2018) · Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports · doi:10.1111/sms.13085 · Cited by 146
“[20] However, it has 19 been speculated that decreases in strength observed following an eight week period of 20 detraining may have been caused by an observed reduction in neural activity.[37] This may 21 indicate that eccentric knee flexor strength adaptations in the current study were the result of 22 neural, not m…”
BackgroundBenefits of Motor Imagery Training on Muscle Strength
Lebon, F., Collet, C., & Guillot, A. (2010) · The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0b013e3181d8e936 · Cited by 141
“Greater agonist muscle surface electromyography activity accompanied the early strength enhancement, hence bringing further evidence of neural adaptation in the involved muscle (8,16,18).”
BackgroundBahrke, M. S., Yesalis, C. E., & Wright, J. E. (1990) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.2165/00007256-199010050-00003 · Cited by 140
Häkkinen, K., & Keskinen, K. L. (1989) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/bf02386190 · Cited by 138
Self-citationThe effects of training, immobilization and remobilization on musculoskeletal tissue
Kannus, R., Józsa, L., Renström, R., Järvtoen, M., Kvist, M. H., Lento, M., Oja, P., & Vuorl, I. (1992) · Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0838.1992.tb00330.x · Cited by 137
H�kkinen, K., Pakarinen, A., Al�n, M., Kauhanen, H., & Komi, P. V. (1988) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/bf00640652 · Cited by 135
Self-citationEffects of In-Season Strength Maintenance Training Frequency in Professional Soccer Players
Rønnestad, B. R., Nymark, B. S., & Raastad, T. (2011) · The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0b013e31822dcd96 · Cited by 138
“(13,29)), and it has been reported that only a small part (0–45%) of the strength gained during a previous strength training period is preserved after 8–12 weeks without strength training (1,11,22).”
BackgroundNeuromuscular Adaptations in Isokinetic, Isotonic, and Agility Training Programs
Wojtys, E. M., Huston, L. J., Taylor, P. D., et al. (1996) · The American Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1177/036354659602400212 · Cited by 133
Siddique, U., Rahman, S., Frazer, A. K., Pearce, A. J., Howatson, G., & Kidgell, D. J. (2020) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-020-01258-z · Cited by 131
Physical exercises and functional rehabilitation for the management of chronic neck pain.
YLINEN, J. J. (2007) · PubMed · Cited by 130
Osteoarthritis of the knee: Why does exercise work? A qualitative study of the literature
Beckwée, D., Vaes, P., Cnudde, M., Swinnen, E., & Bautmans, I. (2012) · Ageing Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.arr.2012.09.005 · Cited by 128
Arabadzhiev, T. I., Dimitrov, V., Dimitrova, N. A., & Dimitrov, G. V. (2009) · Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology · doi:10.1016/j.jelekin.2009.01.008 · Cited by 132
Effect of training cessation on muscular performance: a meta-analysis
Bosquet, L., Berryman, N., Dupuy, O., Mekary, S., Arvisais, D., Bherer, L., & Mujika, I. (2013) · Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports · doi:10.1111/sms.12047 · Cited by 124
“This hypothesis is in accordance with the data published by the group of e143 Häkkinen (Hakkinen & Komi, 1983; Hakkinen et al., 2000), who reported a rapid decrease (of small amplitude) in the neural activation once training ceases, followed by a muscular atrophy when this period of inactivity…”
ResultInfluentialManimmanakorn, A., Manimmanakorn, N., Taylor, R., Draper, N., Billaut, F., Shearman, J. P., & Hamlin, M. J. (2013) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-013-2605-z · Cited by 125
“The higher electrical activity during the maximal tasks as a result of training in all groups suggests that the increase in strength can be, at least in part, attributed to increased motor unit activation of the trained agonist muscles (Moritani and de Vries 1979; Hakkinen and Komi 1983).”
BackgroundHerbert, R., Dean, C. M., & Gandevia, S. C. (1998) · Acta Physiologica Scandinavica · doi:10.1046/j.1365-201x.1998.t01-1-00358.x · Cited by 120
“For example, training has been shown to increase maximal voluntary electro myographic activiy, EMG, and this has been thought to indicate that training increases voluntary neural drive to trained muscles (Moritani & DeVries 1979, HaÈkkinen & Komi 1983, Narici et al. 1989).”
BackgroundEffect of long‐term neck muscle training on pressure pain threshold: A randomized controlled trial
Ylinen, J., Takala, E., Kautiainen, H., Nykänen, M., Häkkinen, A., Pohjolainen, T., Karppi, S., & Airaksinen, O. (2005) · European Journal of Pain · doi:10.1016/j.ejpain.2005.01.001 · Cited by 119
“The neural adaptation occur due to regular training, which is mainly due to the increased firing rates of the motor units, the recruitment of high threshold motor units and the improved control over motor units (Häkkinen and Komi, 1983).”
BackgroundInfluence of Squatting Depth on Jumping Performance
Hartmann, H., WIRTH, K. J., Klusemann, M. J., Dalic, J., Matuschek, C., & Schmidtbleicher, D. (2012) · The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0b013e31824ede62 · Cited by 130
“Although increases of MVC are verified by strength training in deep back squats ([39,41], knee angle: 107 ; [8], knee angle: 90 ), this cannot be confirmed for MRFD ([39], knee angle: 107 ; [111], knee angle 120 ).”
BackgroundStone, M. H., Hornsby, W. G., Haff, G. G., Fry, A. C., Suarez, D. G., Liu, J., González‐Ravé, J. M., & Pierce, K. C. (2021) · The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0000000000004050 · Cited by 138
“We also note that there is evidence from both early muscle activation and CSA studies (75,139) and later studies (33,37) indicating that the initial gains (up to 6–8 weeks) in hypertrophy (myofibrillar) are negligible to small and likely do not contribute markedly to increasedmaximum strength because these hypertrophi…”
ResultKoundourakis, N. E., Androulakis, N. E. M., Malliaraki, N. E., Tsatsanis, C., Venihaki, M., & Margioris, A. N. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0087803 · Cited by 125
“A further possible explanation for our observations comes from the suggestion that detraining can result in decreased strength after a 3–6 week period, due to a negative effect on type II muscle fibers [6,7,12].”
BackgroundTraining-induced changes in neuromuscular performance under voluntary and reflex conditions
H�kkinen, K., & Komi, P. V. (1986) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/bf00714997 · Cited by 115
Self-citationDETRAINING AND TAPERING EFFECTS ON HORMONAL RESPONSES AND STRENGTH PERFORMANCE
Izquierdo, M., Courel‐Ibáñez, J., González‐Badillo, J. J., Ratamess, N. A., Kraemer, W. J., HÄKKINEN, K., Bonnabau, H., Granados, C., French, D. N., & Gorostiaga, E. M. (2007) · The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/r-21136.1 · Cited by 126
“To what extent preferential decreases in muscle power occur during the early phase of detraining (i.e., 3 weeks) may be related to preferential atrophy of type II muscle fibers (17, 31) and/or with reductions in neural drive (2, 11, 12 , 14) remain to be elucidated.”
BackgroundSelf-citationTask-dependent spatial distribution of neural activation pattern in human rectus femoris muscle
Watanabe, K., Kouzaki, M., & Moritani, T. (2011) · Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology · doi:10.1016/j.jelekin.2011.11.004 · Cited by 113
“SEMG amplitude to performed force or torque relationship in the RF muscle is not linear (Alkner et al., 2000; Eloranta, 1989; Hakkinen and Komi, 1983; Thorstensson et al., 1976; Watanabe and Akima, 2009b).”
BackgroundResistance training preserves skeletal muscle function during unloading in humans
SCHULZE, K. E., Gallagher, P. M., & Trappe, S. W. (2002) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1097/00005768-200202000-00019 · Cited by 113
“The reduction in habitual motor unit recruitment that occurs after periods of injury, inactivity, and/or detraining leads to decreases in maximal EMG activity (21,30).”
BackgroundPostexercise potentiation of the H-reflex in humans
Trimble, M. H., & Harp, S. S. (1998) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1097/00005768-199806000-00024 · Cited by 124
Myoelectrical and mechanical changes linked to length specificity during isometric training
Thépaut-Mathieu, C., Hoecke, J. V., & Maton, B. (1988) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/jappl.1988.64.4.1500 · Cited by 113
“In conclusion, a general rule seems to be that variations in strength as well as angular specificity during the first weeks of muscle training may be explained mainly by neural factors (6, 17).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialAlén, M., Häkkinen, K., & Komi, P. V. (1984) · Acta Physiologica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/j.1748-1716.1984.tb07542.x · Cited by 113
Self-citationTillin, N. A., Pain, M. T. G., & Folland, J. P. (2011) · Muscle & Nerve · doi:10.1002/mus.21885 · Cited by 112
Dynamic muscle strength alterations to detraining and retraining in elderly men
Taaffe, D. R., & Marcus, R. (1997) · Clinical Physiology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2281.1997.tb00010.x · Cited by 110
Effects of standard and eccentric overload strength training in young women
GYI, T. H., DeVita, P., Money, J., & Barrier, J. (2001) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1097/00005768-200107000-00020 · Cited by 108
“In the present and previous studies (15), we observed changes consistent with this prediction, confirming some earlier data (12) but contradicting other findings (24).”
BackgroundResultBallistic Movement: Muscle Activation and Neuromuscular Adaptation
Zehr, E. P., & SALE, D. G. (1994) · Canadian Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1139/h94-030 · Cited by 109
Progressive Resistance Exercise and Parkinson's Disease: A Review of Potential Mechanisms
David, F. J., Rafferty, M. R., Robichaud, J. A., Prodoehl, J., Kohrt, W. M., Vaillancourt, D. E., & Corcos, D. M. (2011) · Parkinson s Disease · doi:10.1155/2012/124527 · Cited by 116
“Using EMG, several studies have shown that muscle activation patterns change after PRE [42, 49, 51–54].”
MethodResistance Training During Preadolescence
Blimkie, C. J. R. (1993) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.2165/00007256-199315060-00004 · Cited by 108
The role of maximal strength and load on initial power production
Cronin, J. B., McNair, P. J., & Marshall, B. (2000) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1097/00005768-200010000-00016 · Cited by 106
A New Control Method for Power-Assisted Wheelchair Based on the Surface Myoelectric Signal
Oonishi, Y., Oh, S., & Hori, Y. (2010) · IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics · doi:10.1109/tie.2010.2051931 · Cited by 105
“However, it is not so; the magnitude of the EMG sensor output differs depending on people, and even for the same person, the magnitude becomes different depending on the fatigue of muscle and the conditions of the skin the EMG sensor is located on [8].”
BackgroundNeuromuscular drive and force production are not altered during bilateral contractions
Jakobi, J. M., & CAFARELLI, E. (1998) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/jappl.1998.84.1.200 · Cited by 103
Nagano, A., & Gerritsen, K. G. M. (2001) · Journal of Applied Biomechanics · doi:10.1123/jab.17.2.113 · Cited by 103
“Similar results have been published by Hakkinen and Komi (1983) (about 10% increase), and by Higbie, Cureton, Warren, and Prior (1996) (7.1–20.0% increase).”
ResultInfluentialNeuromuscular Adaptations to Training, Injury and Passive Interventions
Bonacci, J., Chapman, A., BLANCH, P. D., & Vicenzino, B. (2009) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.2165/11317850-000000000-00000 · Cited by 101
“An injuryinduced restriction in training can result in detraining, which may negatively affect performance, cardiorespiratory health and neuromuscular control.([20,21]) It is apparent within the literature that training can induce positive changes in running economy.”
Valkeinen, H. (2003) · British journal of rheumatology · doi:10.1093/rheumatology/keh027 · Cited by 101
“EMG activity during the KE and KF actions of the right knee was recorded from the vastus lateralis (VL), vastus medialis (VM) and biceps femoris muscles using an EMG method similar to one reported earlier [14, 16, 18].”
MethodJenkins, N. D. M., Housh, T. J., Buckner, S. L., Bergstrom, H. C., Cochrane, K. C., Hill, E. C., Smith, C. M., Schmidt, R. J., Johnson, G. O., & Cramer, J. T. (2015) · The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0000000000001308 · Cited by 100
“The surface electromyographic (EMG) signal is commonly used to examine neural adaptations to resistance training (20,27,37,42,50), whereas the mechanomyographic (MMG) signal is believed to reflect the mechanical counterpart of the motor unit electrical activity described by EMG (5,26).”
BackgroundMethod
Metadata
- Authors
- HAKKINEN, K., & KOMI, P. V.
- Affiliations
- University of Jyväskylä (FI)
- Venue
- Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise
- Published
- 1983
- Volume
- 15
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 455???460
- ISSN
- 0195-9131 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2068786163
- Cited by
- 394
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 16 · 2019: 14 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 15 · 2014: 25 · 2013: 16 · 2012: 7
- FWCI
- 9.07
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Sports Performance and Training
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Muscle activation and electromyography studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Cardiovascular and exercise physiology
- Keywords
- resistance training, detraining, electromyography, integrated EMG, neuronal activation, muscle strength, leg extensors, eccentric contraction, muscle hypertrophy, muscle force, weight training
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Electromyography, Electrophysiology, Humans, Isometric Contraction, Male, Muscles, Neuromuscular Junction, Physical Education and Training
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