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BEETter AGING: Short-Term Dietary Nitrate Supplementation Enhances Muscle Contractile Properties in Older But Not in Young Adults
Open accessAbstract
Purpose: Dietary nitrate (NO 3 − ) supplementation has been shown to improve skeletal muscle contractile function and reduce fatigue, potentially due to alterations in skeletal muscle Ca 2+ handling/sensitivity. Because aging muscle can have impaired Ca 2+ handling, the aim of the study was to evaluate the effects of dietary NO 3 − supplementation on muscle contractile properties in young and older adults. Methods: Eleven older (69 ± 4 yr, O) and 11 young (26 ± 2 yr, YG) adults consumed either NO 3 − -rich beetroot juice (BR) or placebo (PLA), for 7 d. After supplementations, plantar flexors of dominant leg were evaluated as follow: a) maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC), b) potentiated single twitches (Tw pot ) and double twitches electrical stimulations at the frequency of 100 Hz (Db 100 ) on the tibial posterior nerve, c) a fatigue isometric (70% of MVIC) test until exhaustion. The force–frequency relationship was assessed with trains of electrical pulses across a wide range of frequencies on the muscle belly of the nondominant leg. Results: BR supplementation increased plasma [NO 3 − ] and nitrite [NO 2 − ] in both O and YG compared with PLA (more than sevenfold; all P ≤ 0.02). No changes were observed in MVC, Tw pot , and Db 100 force after BR compared with PLA in both YG and O. Only in O, Db 100 area under the curve (−7 ± 6 N·s change from PLA) and half relaxation time (−0.05 ± 0.06 s change from PLA) were significantly reduced, and time to exhaustion (+32 ± 43 s change from PLA) was significantly longer (all P < 0.02) after BR. In O, BR also significantly increased submaximal force produced by trains of electrical pulses ( P < 0.001). Conclusions: NO 3 − supplementation positively affects muscle contractile proprieties, submaximal electrically evoked force production, and fatigue resistance in older adults, whereas these positive results were not found in young.
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TL;DR
In a randomized, double-blind crossover trial, 7-day nitrate-rich beetroot juice supplementation increased plasma nitrate/nitrite more than 7-fold in both young and older men but improved plantar-flexor submaximal electrically evoked force, shortened Db100 half-relaxation time/area under the curve, and prolonged time to exhaustion only in older adults. No maximal voluntary or twitch/doublet peak-force benefits were seen in either group.
Key findings
- Plasma nitrate and nitrite increased more than 7-fold after beetroot juice versus placebo in both older and young adults (all P≤0.02).
- No changes were observed in maximal voluntary isometric contraction, potentiated single twitch, or 100 Hz doublet peak force after beetroot juice in either group. In older adults only, Db100 area under the curve was reduced by −7±6 N·s and Db100 half-relaxation time by −0.05±0.06 s versus placebo, while time to exhaustion was longer by +32±43 s (all P<0.02).
- In older adults, beetroot juice significantly increased submaximal force produced by trains of electrical pulses (P<0.001), about +11%, with higher relative forces at 20–50 Hz. In the fatiguing test, young adults reached task failure at ~1 min after both treatments, whereas older adults exercised for ~2 min and significantly longer after beetroot juice than placebo (P=0.010).
Methods
- Randomized, double-blind, crossover design with a 15-day washout; 22 healthy males participated: 11 older (69±4 y) and 11 young (26±2 y) adults. Exclusion criteria included cardiovascular, metabolic, or neuromuscular disease; NO-affecting drugs/supplements; and antimicrobial mouthwash or antibiotics in the prior 30 days.
- Participants consumed either nitrate-rich beetroot juice (2 × 70 ml daily, ~12.4 mmol NO3−) or nitrate-depleted placebo for 7 days. Plasma nitrate/nitrite were measured by chemiluminescence; dominant-leg plantar flexors were assessed for maximal voluntary isometric contraction, potentiated single twitch, 100 Hz doublet, and an isometric fatiguing test at 70% maximal voluntary isometric contraction until exhaustion; non-dominant leg force-frequency relationship was assessed at 1–100 Hz.
- Analysis used two-way and three-way ANOVA with Bonferroni post hoc tests, α=0.05, with effect sizes reported as eta squared.
Limitations
- Stated by the authors: the study did not directly investigate mechanisms; plasma nitrate/nitrite may only partially reflect NO availability; results might differ during dynamic exercise; and further studies are needed.
- Evident from the text: the sample was small (11 per group), included only healthy males, used short-term 7-day supplementation, and tested isometric plantar-flexor tasks, so findings may not generalize to females, clinical populations, longer supplementation, or dynamic exercise settings.
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0 Valid · 1 Not valid · 26 Not checked · 46 Own results and interpretations
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“while enhanced submaximal force responses to trains of electrical pulses across a wide range of frequencies and reduced fatigability were present only in older adults.”
§ BEETter AGING: Short-term dietary nitrate supplementation enhances muscle contractile properties in older but not in young adults > Conclusion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“MVIC force production was not affected by BR supplementation either in YG or O (Table 1).”
- Also stated in: § Abstract · plain
“No changes were observed in MVC, Twpot, and Db100 force after BR compared to PLA in both YG and O.”
- Also stated in: § Beetroot juice supplementation and muscle contractile properties · plain
“Similarly, in O dietary NO -supplementation had no effects on maximal voluntary isometric force (Table 1), as previously reported on knee extensor (22) and forearm muscles (46,47).”
§ BEETter AGING: Short-term dietary nitrate supplementation enhances muscle contractile properties in older but not in young adults > Neuromuscular function
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Abstract · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“TwpotAUC was greater and TwpotCT was lower in YG (33 ± 5 N•s and 0.068 ± 0.002 s, respectively) than O (17 ± 5 N•s and 0.085 ± 0.002 s, respectively).”
§ BEETter AGING: Short-term dietary nitrate supplementation enhances muscle contractile properties in older but not in young adults > Contractile properties
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In the present study, we observed a significant increase in time to exhaustion (around 25%, Figure 4) after NO --rich beetroot juice supplementation in older adults.”
§ BEETter AGING: Short-term dietary nitrate supplementation enhances muscle contractile properties in older but not in young adults > Beetroot juice supplementation and performance fatigability
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“with O showing higher forces at 20-50Hz after beetroot juice supplementation.”
§ BEETter AGING: Short-term dietary nitrate supplementation enhances muscle contractile properties in older but not in young adults > Force-frequency relationship
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
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Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
“Both Plasma NO -and NO -were significantly higher (more than 7-fold) in both YG and O after BR supplementation compared to PLA.”
§ BEETter AGING: Short-term dietary nitrate supplementation enhances muscle contractile properties in older but not in young adults > Plasma nitrate and nitrite
Reported 7 · recomputed 2.973684
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Metadata
- Authors
- RASICA, L., COLOSIO, M., FERRI, A., BALDASSARRE, G., EASTON, C., BURLEIGH, M., VERNILLO, G., BOTTINELLI, R., MARZORATI, M., & PORCELLI, S.
- Affiliations
- University of Lethbridge (CA)
- University of Milan (IT)
- Victoria University (AU)
- University of Udine (IT)
- University of the West of Scotland (GB)
- University of Alberta (CA)
- University of Pavia (IT)
- Institute of Biomedical Technologies (IT)
- Corresponding author
- PORCELLI, SIMONE
- ORCID
- Venue
- Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise
- Published
- 2025-03-18
- Volume
- 57
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 1721-1731
- ISSN
- 0195-9131 (ISSN-L)
- 1530-0315
- OpenAlex
- W4408585708
- Semantic Scholar
- 9483322ba67d10aab4fa01449c8abbb63aa81e65
- Cited by
- 6
- References
- 63
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 2
- FWCI
- 3.05
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- Licence
- other-oa
- Locations
- Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- The UWS Academic Portal (University of the West of Scotland) (acceptedVersion, other-oa)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Muscle metabolism and nutrition
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Cardiovascular and exercise physiology
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Muscle Physiology and Disorders
- Keywords
- nitrate supplementation, beetroot juice, muscle aging, skeletal muscle contractile properties, muscle fatigue, fatigue resistance, calcium handling, nitrite, plantar flexors, time to exhaustion, force-frequency relationship, older adults
- MeSH terms
- Fruit and Vegetable Juices, Adult, Aged, Aging, Electric Stimulation, Female, Humans, Isometric Contraction, Male, Muscle Contraction, Nitrates, Nitrites, Muscle, Skeletal, Muscle Fatigue, Dietary Supplements, Beta vulgaris, Young Adult
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-11-14, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-11-14 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
