Neurodevelopmental Disorders and Prenatal Residential Proximity to Agricultural Pesticides: The CHARGE Study
Open accessAbstract
Background: Gestational exposure to several common agricultural pesticides can induce developmental neurotoxicity in humans, and has been associated with developmental delay and autism. Objectives: We evaluated whether residential proximity to agricultural pesticides during pregnancy is associated with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) or developmental delay (DD) in the Childhood Autism Risks from Genetics and Environment (CHARGE) study. Methods: The CHARGE study is a population-based case–control study of ASD, DD, and typical development. For 970 participants, commercial pesticide application data from the California Pesticide Use Report (1997–2008) were linked to the addresses during pregnancy. Pounds of active ingredient applied for organophophates, organochlorines, pyrethroids, and carbamates were aggregated within 1.25-km, 1.5-km, and 1.75-km buffer distances from the home. Multinomial logistic regression was used to estimate the odds ratio (OR) of exposure comparing confirmed cases of ASD (n = 486) or DD (n = 168) with typically developing referents (n = 316). Results: Approximately one-third of CHARGE study mothers lived, during pregnancy, within 1.5 km (just under 1 mile) of an agricultural pesticide application. Proximity to organophosphates at some point during gestation was associated with a 60% increased risk for ASD, higher for third-trimester exposures (OR = 2.0; 95% CI: 1.1, 3.6), and second-trimester chlorpyrifos applications (OR = 3.3; 95% CI: 1.5, 7.4). Children of mothers residing near pyrethroid insecticide applications just before conception or during third trimester were at greater risk for both ASD and DD, with ORs ranging from 1.7 to 2.3. Risk for DD was increased in those near carbamate applications, but no specific vulnerable period was identified. Conclusions: This study of ASD strengthens the evidence linking neurodevelopmental disorders with gestational pesticide exposures, particularly organophosphates, and provides novel results of ASD and DD associations with, respectively, pyrethroids and carbamates. Citation: Shelton JF, Geraghty EM, Tancredi DJ, Delwiche LD, Schmidt RJ, Ritz B, Hansen RL, Hertz-Picciotto I. 2014. Neurodevelopmental disorders and prenatal residential proximity to agricultural pesticides: the CHARGE study. Environ Health Perspect 122:1103–1109; http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1307044
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The organophosphate-associated ASD risk was amplified for exposures during the third trimester (OR 2.0; 95% CI 1.1-3.6) and exposures to chlorpyrifos during the second trimester (OR 3.3; 95% CI 1.5-7.4).
“This risk was amplified for exposures during the third trimester (OR 2.0; 95% CI 1.1–3.6), and exposures to chlorpyrifos during the second trimester (OR 3.3; 95% CI 1.5–7.4).”
From The contribution of environmental exposure to the etiology of autism spectrum disorder (2019) · cites this paper as [199]
Pyrethroid insecticide exposure immediately prior to conception or during the third trimester posed an increased risk for both ASD and developmental delay, with ORs ranging from 1.7 to 2.3.
“Pyrethroid insecticide exposure immediately prior to conception or during third trimester posed an increased risk for both ASD and developmental delay, with ORs ranging from 1.7 to 2.3.”
From The contribution of environmental exposure to the etiology of autism spectrum disorder (2019) · cites this paper as [199]
A more recent case-control study from CHARGE found that proximity to organophosphates during pregnancy was associated with a 60% increase in ASD risk.
“A more recent case–control study drawing on data from the CHARGE study [199] found that proximity to organophosphates during pregnancy was associated with a 60% increase in ASD risk.”
From The contribution of environmental exposure to the etiology of autism spectrum disorder (2019) · cites this paper as [199]
Environmental chemicals that have been implicated as risk factors for ASD include polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), lead, bisphenol A (BPA), mercury, and pesticides.
“Environmental chemicals that have been implicated as risk factors for ASD include polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), lead, bisphenol A (BPA), mercury, and pesticides ( Tables 1–2 ) [ 52–62 ].”
From DNA methylation: a mechanism linking environmental chemical exposures to risk of autism spectrum disorders? (2016) · cites this paper as [60]
Environmental factors including pesticides, infection, nutritional factors and maternal biochemistry vary by season, have been hypothesised to be implicated in the aetiology of ASD, and need to be taken into consideration when interpreting the literature on season of conception/birth and risk of ASD.
“These environmental factors include application of pesticides [95], infection [96], nutritional factors [97] and maternal biochemistry [98], all of which have been hypothesised to be implicated in the aetiology of ASD, and need to be taken into consideration when interpreting the literature on season of conception/birth and risk of ASD.”
From Vitamin D and Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Literature Review (2016) · cites this paper as [95]
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- Authors
- Shelton, J. F., Geraghty, E. M., Tancredi, D. J., Delwiche, L. D., Schmidt, R. J., Ritz, B., Hansen, R. L., & Hertz-Picciotto, I.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Davis (US)
- University of California Office of the President (US)
- University of California, Los Angeles (US)
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
- Corresponding author
- Shelton, Janie F.
- Venue
- Environmental Health Perspectives
- Publisher
- American Chemical Society (ACS)
- Published
- 2014-06-23
- Volume
- 122
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- 1103-1109
- ISSN
- 0091-6765 (ISSN-L)
- 1552-9924
- PMC
- PMC4181917
- OpenAlex
- W2012665183
- Cited by
- 536
- References
- 47
- Citations by year
- 2026: 18 · 2025: 30 · 2024: 55 · 2023: 39 · 2022: 60 · 2021: 67 · 2020: 46 · 2019: 43 · 2018: 50 · 2017: 42 · 2016: 47 · 2015: 32 · 2014: 6
- FWCI
- 49.39
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- public-domain
- creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (vor, 1285 d)
- Locations
- Environmental Health Perspectives (publishedVersion, public-domain)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, public-domain)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Autism Speaks
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (R-829388, R-833292)
- University of California, Davis
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (P01-ES-11269, ES015359, R01ES015359, P01ES011269, R829388, ES11269, R833292)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Pesticide Exposure and Toxicity
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Health, Environment, Cognitive Aging
- Keywords
- autism spectrum disorder, developmental delay, prenatal pesticide exposure, agricultural pesticides, organophosphates, chlorpyrifos, pyrethroid insecticides, carbamates, organochlorine compounds, prenatal exposure, neurodevelopmental disorders, CHARGE study
- MeSH terms
- Adult, California, Carbamates, Developmental Disabilities, Child Development Disorders, Pervasive, Child, Preschool, Environmental Exposure, Female, Humans, Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated, Male, Pesticides, Organophosphates, Pregnancy, Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects, Pyrethrins, Residence Characteristics, Odds Ratio, Case-Control Studies
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