Prenatal vitamins, one-carbon metabolism gene variants, and risk for autism
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: Causes of autism are unknown. Associations with maternal nutritional factors and their interactions with gene variants have not been reported. METHODS: Northern California families were enrolled from 2003 to 2009 in the CHARGE (CHildhood Autism Risks from Genetics and Environment) population-based case-control study. Children aged 24-60 months were evaluated and confirmed to have autism (n = 288), autism spectrum disorder (n = 141), or typical development (n = 278) at the University of California-Davis Medical Investigation of Neurodevelopmental Disorders Institute using standardized clinical assessments. We calculated adjusted odds ratios (ORs) for associations between autism and retrospectively collected data on maternal vitamin intake before and during pregnancy. We explored interaction effects with functional genetic variants involved in one-carbon metabolism (MTHFR, COMT, MTRR, BHMT, FOLR2, CBS, and TCN2) as carried by the mother or child. RESULTS: Mothers of children with autism were less likely than those of typically developing children to report having taken prenatal vitamins during the 3 months before pregnancy or the first month of pregnancy (OR = 0.62 [95% confidence interval = 0.42-0.93]). Significant interaction effects were observed for maternal MTHFR 677 TT, CBS rs234715 GT + TT, and child COMT 472 AA genotypes, with greater risk for autism when mothers did not report taking prenatal vitamins periconceptionally (4.5 [1.4-14.6]; 2.6 [1.2-5.4]; and 7.2 [2.3-22.4], respectively). Greater risk was also observed for children whose mothers had other one-carbon metabolism pathway gene variants and reported no prenatal vitamin intake. CONCLUSIONS: Periconceptional use of prenatal vitamins may reduce the risk of having children with autism, especially for genetically susceptible mothers and children. Replication and mechanistic investigations are warranted.
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Studies indicate prenatal vitamin supplementation close to delivery might reduce the risk of autism in offspring, with folate receiving considerable attention.
“Studies indicate prenatal vitamin supplementation close to delivery might reduce the risk of autism in offspring, with folate (vitamin, B9, folic acid, folacin) receiving considerable attention [231–233].”
From The contribution of environmental exposure to the etiology of autism spectrum disorder (2019) · cites this paper as [231]
Evidence supports an influence of gestational nutrition.
“and an in fl uence of gestational nutrition (6, 7).”
From Maternal Intake of Supplemental Iron and Risk of Autism Spectrum Disorder (2014) · cites this paper as [7]
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- Authors
- Schmidt, R. J., Hansen, R. L., Hartiala, J., Allayee, H., Schmidt, L. C., Tancredi, D. J., Tassone, F., & Hertz-Picciotto, I.
- Affiliations
- University of California Davis Medical Center (US)
- University of Southern California (US)
- University of California, Davis (US)
- Corresponding author
- Schmidt, Rebecca J.
- Schmidt, Linda C.
- Venue
- Epidemiology
- Published
- 2011-07
- Volume
- 22
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 476-485
- ISSN
- 1044-3983 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3116691
- OpenAlex
- W2075226939
- Cited by
- 308
- References
- 47
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 15 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 17 · 2021: 18 · 2020: 30 · 2019: 24 · 2018: 20 · 2017: 24 · 2016: 17 · 2015: 23 · 2014: 32 · 2013: 32 · 2012: 21
- FWCI
- 14.76
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Epidemiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- U.S. Public Health Service (P01-11269)
- National Institute of Mental Health (T32MH073124)
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (R01ES015359, P01ES011269)
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (K12HD051958)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Rheumatology › Folate and B Vitamins Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Child Nutrition and Feeding Issues
- Keywords
- autism spectrum disorder, prenatal vitamins, one-carbon metabolism, gene-environment interaction, MTHFR 677, catechol-O-methyltransferase, CBS, periconceptional supplementation, genetic susceptibility, maternal nutrition
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Autistic Disorder, California, Child Development Disorders, Pervasive, Child, Preschool, Female, Humans, Infant, Male, Pregnancy, Retrospective Studies, Risk Factors, Vitamins, Logistic Models, Odds Ratio, Case-Control Studies, Genetic Predisposition to Disease, Prenatal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena, Young Adult
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