Parent-Child Interaction Therapy: Integration of Traditional and Behavioral Concerns

“This is especially problematic in treatments that require parents to actively participate in treatment sessions, such as parent training approaches, which are among the most efficacious treatments for child and adolescent externalizing behavior problems (e.g., Parent Management Training; Forgatch & Patterson, 1989 and…”

“A number of structured parent training programs have been used for this purpose, including parent management training based on the work of Forehand and McMahon (1981) and Patterson (1982) and parent–child interaction therapy (Eyberg, 1988).”

“A number of structured parent training programs have been used for this purpose, including parent management training based on the work of Forehand and McMahon (1981), Patterson (1982), and Kazdin (2005), and parent-child interaction therapy (Eyberg, 1988).”

“The findings of the current study suggest that the use of didactic videotapes and phone consultations will play a significant role in allowing PCIT (and other programs) to be more readily accessible and cost-effective to families in need.”

“A well-tested and known efficacious early intervention for disruptive behaviors in preschoolers, parentYchild interaction therapy (PCIT; Eyberg, 1988) has been adapted for testing in preschool BPD and has been described elsewhere (Luby et al., in press).”

“PCIT was developed to improve parenting skills and parent–child interactions among families struggling with their children’s (ages 3–7) behavior problems (e.g., oppositional defiant disorder; Eyberg, 1988; Hembree-Kigin & McNeil, 1995).”

“…studies demonstrating the efficacy of PCIT in reducing child behavior problems (e.g.,Eisenstadt, Eyberg, McNeil, Newcomb, & Funderburk, 1993; Eyberg, 1988; Eyberg & Robinson, 1982; Eyberg et al., 2001), and maintaining these positive effects up to 6 years posttreatment (Hood & Eyberg, 2003).”

“The therapy is conducted in the context of a dyadic play situation, given that play is an important medium through which children develop problem-solving skills and work through developmental problems (Eyberg, 1988).”

“Parent–Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT), an example of an empirically supported treatment for disruptive behavior in young children, is a parent training model that utilizes play therapy and behavioral techniques to improve the relationship between parent and child as parents learn how to be more effective in managing…”

“Parent-Child Interaction Training (PCIT) was developed by Sheila Eyberg to address families with negative interactional patterns where the children are oppositional and defiant and has been shown to be effective with these high-risk families (Eyberg, 1988).”

“Before pooling the effect sizes across studies, when the same outcome (e.g., children behavior problems) was measured with more than one instrument (in the 1 Turner-HFCC-2013-Online-Triple-P-Workshop.pdf (n.d.); Eyberg (2008); Tully et al.”

“PCIT is an intervention that is commonly used to treat child disruptive behaviour problems by integrating components of attachment theory and social learning theory (Eyberg 1988).”

“Parent-child interaction therapy (PCIT; Eyberg, 1988) is a t reatment approach that integrates traditional and behavioral techniques in the treatment of behavior problems in young children.”

“…studies demonstrating the effectiveness of PCIT for reducing child behavior problems (e.g., Eisenstadt, Eyberg, McNeil, Newcomb, & Funderburk, 1993; Eyberg, 1988; Eyberg & Robinson, 1982; Eyberg et al., 2001) and positive effects have been maintained for up to six years post-treatment (Hood &…”

“, 2001) and with clinically referred youngsters receiving Parent–Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT) (Brestan et al., 1997; Capage et al., 2001; Eyberg, 1988; Eyberg et al., 2001; McNeil et al., 1994; Schumann et al., 1998).”

“…responsiveness through the use of specifi c praise, behavioral descriptions, and refl ection of the child’s verbalizations, such as Parent–Child Interaction Therapy (Eyberg, 1988 ), may facilitate cognitive recovery through both enhanced parent–child interactions and heightened verbal stimulation.”

“The potential for parent negativity to foreshadow increased behavioral disturbance has led to interventions aimed at reducing parents' negativity and criticism toward their children and adolescents with behavior problems (e.g., Barkley, Edwards, & Robin, 1999; Eyberg, 1988).”

“…(Crittenden, 1998; Trickett & Putnam, 1998); intervention strategies for at-risk families, such as including home visitation (Olds et al., 1998); and behavioral parent training (Eyberg, 1988; Forehand & McMahon, 1981; Lutzker, Frame, & Rice, 1982; Sanders, 1999; Webster-Stratton, 1994).”

“CDI skills are viewed as a necessary foundation for later application of the discipline protocol (Eyberg, 1988; Hembree-Kigin & McNeil, 1995).”

“…Interaction Therapy (PCIT) is a behavioral family therapy approach that aims to establish a parent–child relationship that will enable parents to teach their preschool-age child prosocial skills, leading to a decrease in inappropriate and maladaptive behaviors (Eyberg, 1988).”

“Between 2007 and 2019, through these initiatives, DBHIDS supported the implementation of a variety of cognitive behavioral therapy-focused practices addressing a range of psychiatric disorders including cognitive therapy [39], prolonged exposure [40], trauma-focused CBT [10, 41], dialectical behavior therapy [42], and…”

“Parent–child interaction therapy (PCIT) is an approach that integrates traditional and behavioral techniques in the treatment of behavior problems in young children (Eyberg, 1988).”

“Drawing on attachment and social learning principles, PCIT helps caregivers to modify their attitudes toward parenting and develop behavior management skills that alter parent–child exchanges and shape child behaviors (Eyberg, 1988).”

“Parenting skills programs, including the Incredible Years (Webster-Stratton, Reid,&Stoolmiller, 2008), Parent–Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT; Eyberg, 1988), and the Positive Parenting Program (Wiggins, Sofronoff, & Sanders, 2009), teach parents how to build a warm, responsive relationship with their child as well as…”

“A number of studies have reported positive effects of PCIT on outcomes for young children with externalizing problems, reducing hyperactive as well as disruptive behavior and improving compliance with maintenance of gains 6 years later (Hood and Eyberg 2003).”

“…parent training, video modeling and feedback, developmental disabilities, early intervention Sanders, 2006; Whittingham, Sofronoff, Sheffield, & Sanders, 2009) and typically developing children with behavior disorders (e.g., Eyberg, 1988; Hood & Eyberg, 2003; Sanders, 1999; Webster-Stratton, 1984).”

“One of these programs, parent–child interaction therapy (PCIT; Eyberg, 1988; Hembree-Kigin & McNeil, 1995; Hood & Eyberg, 2003), has shown effectiveness with families at high risk for child maltreatment (Chaffin et al., 2004; Timmer, Urquiza, McGrath, & Zebell, 2005).”

“Families of 34 behaviourally disturbed preschool-aged children (aged 3–5) were randomly allocated to either parent–child interaction therapy (PCIT; Eyberg, 1988) or a waiting-list control group (WL).”

“…disruptive disorders, entitled PCITEmotion Development has been proposed for application to preschool BP by the first author and colleagues ~Eyberg, 1988; Luby, Stalets, Blankenship, Pautsch, & McGrath, in press!. Empirical testing of these kinds of ageappropriate early…”

“There is a strong evidence base for parenting interventions as an effective intervention paradigm for child behavioural problems broadly (Eyberg 1998; Webster-Stratton 1998; Sanders 1999; Patterson 2005) Further, there is evidence that children with CP are at increased risk of behavioural problems (Einfeld & Tonge 199…”

“PCIT is theoretically based on both attachment theory and social learning theory (Eyberg, 1988).”

“…much of this research began with families seeking clinical services for their disruptive preschooler at traditional clinical service agencies (Eyberg, 1988; Webster-Stratton & Hammond, 1997), during the past 15 years the breadth of populations has been expanded to include ‘‘recruitment’’ of…”

“Co oppositional-defiant disorder; Eyberg, 1988; Hembree-Kigin & McNeil, 1995; McNeil & HembreeKigin, 2010).”

“Parent-Child Interaction Therapy Parent-Child (PCIT) therapy was originally developed for children with externalizing behavior problems (Eyberg, 1988), but has now been suggested for physically abusive parents and their children (Urquiza & McNeil, 1996).”

“PCIT (Eyberg, 1988) involves two distinct”

“Time out is used as one of a suite of strategies in many well established and internationally recognised parenting programs for parents of young children (e.g., Triple P, Incredible Years, Parent–Child Interactional Therapy; Eyberg 1988; Sanders et al. 2001; Webster-Stratton 1981).”

“…in decreasing child behavior problems (e.g., Borrego, Urquiza, Rasmussen, & Zebell, 1999; Eisenstadt, Eyberg, McNeil, Newcomb, & Funderburk, 1993; Eyberg, 1988; Eyberg & Robinson, 1982; McNeil, Capage, Bahl, & Blanc, 1999; McNeil, Eyberg, Eisenstadt, Newcomb, & Funderburk, 1991; Nixon, Sweeney,…”

“Parent child interaction therapy (PCIT) [3] is a short-term, evidence-based parent training intervention used widely in the treatment of behaviourally disordered preschool-aged children.”

“…is analogous to parent – child interaction therapy (PCIT), in which a therapist observes the dyad in a therapy room and provides real-time coaching to the parent through a bug-in-the-ear device to encourage more positive and cooperative interactions (Eyberg, 1988; Thomas & Zimmer-Gembeck, 2007).”

“Examples of good practice The Helping the Noncompliant Child programme (McMahon & Forehand, 2003) and parent–child inter action therapy (PCIT; Eyberg, 1988) are two examples of wellvalidated individual interventions.”

“Interventions that address parenting skills, such as Parent–Child Interaction Therapy (Eyberg, 1988) have been found to significantly improve parent–child exchanges and interactions across diverse populations and improve child outcomes in a number of domains of functioning (Thomas, Abell, Webb, Avdagic, & Zimmer-Gembe…”

“By the end of PDI, the processes of giving commands and gaining compliance are predictable and safe (Eyberg, 1988).”

“Parenting interventions have a wide evidence base and there are a number of specific programmes with significant empirical support including the Positive Parenting Program (Triple P) [10] the Incredible Years Program [11], Parent–child Interaction Therapy [12] and Parent Management Training Oregon [13].”

“…avenue for disseminating feeding interventions to larger samples of children would be the use of a CT intervention modeled after evidence-based programs shown to be effective in addressing other behavior problems in children (e.g., Eyberg, 1988; Patterson & Gullion, 1968; Webster-Stratton, 1984).”

“) We also talked with parents about ways to allow the child to take the lead in play and how to make other small changes in parent-child interactions to significantly reduce oppositional behaviors (Eyberg, 1988).”

“Parent-Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT) is a parent training program developed by Sheila Eyberg that is based on Constance Hanf’s two-stage operant model (Bell & Eyberg, 2002; Hembree-Kigin & McNeil, 1995; Urquiza & McNeil, 1996).”

“PCIT was first developed as an intervention for families with children, ages 2–7, with severe, externalizing behaviors such as excessive tantrums, overt defiance of authority, and property damage and destruction (Eyberg, 1988).”

“This is because PCIT is an established treatment for treating disruptive behaviors and noncompliance among children ages 2–7 years (Eyberg, 1988; Eyberg, Boggs, & Algina, 1995; Eyberg et al., 2001; Eyberg, Nelson, & Boggs, 2008) and may hold promise as another BPT to reduce disruptive behaviors…”

“3 What Does PCIT Look Like? PCIT begins with a child-directed interaction (CDI) phase in which the focus is on teaching positive parenting skills and enhancing the quality of the parent-child relationship (Brinkmeyer & Eyberg, 2003; Eyberg, 1988; Querido et al., 2003).”

“Parenting programs—for example the Positive Parenting Program (Wiggins et al., 2009) and the Parent–Child Interaction Therapy (Eyberg, 1988)—were shown as evidence-based interventions for enhancing parenting competence and efficacy.”

“, simplification of demands, increases in caregiver attention) in child-led play sessions and adult-led instructional sessions (Eyberg, 1988; Shillingsburg, 2005), research on its application with children with ASD is limited.”

“These include interventions such as the Triple P Positive Parenting Program (Sanders, 2012), the Incredible Years Program (WebsterStratton, 2001), and Parent-Child Interaction Therapy (Eyeberg, 1988).”

“Early childhood interventions increasingly include both child and parent interventions (Eyberg, 1988; McMahon & Forehand, 2003; Sanders, Markie-Dadds, & Turner, 2000; Webster-Stratton, 1981).”

“In particular, the PCIT literature suggests that reflections may have a positive effect on child speech (e.g., increasing communicative speech, as well as improving vocabulary, grammar, pronunciation, and clarity; Eyberg, 1988).”

“The implementation of evidence-based programs, such as the Parent–Child Interaction Therapy (Eyberg, 1988) and the Triple-P Parenting Program (Sanders, 1999) aimed at reducing or preventing behavioral problems in children, may aid in reducing or preventing family violence.”