Early Intervention with Parents of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Review of Programs
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Abstract
The aim of this article was to analyze the evidence regarding the effectiveness of intervention programs for children with autism based on the participation of their parents. To obtain the data, a systematic search was carried out in four databases (PsycARTICLES (ProQuest), ERIC (ProQuest), PubMed (ProQuest), and Scopus). The retrieved documents were refined under the inclusion/exclusion criteria, and a total of 51 empirical studies were selected. These studies were first classified according to the function of the intervention objective and, later, by the methodology applied (19 studies were based on comprehensive interventions, 11 focused on the nuclear symptoms of autism spectrum disorder (ASD), 12 focused on the promotion of positive parenting, and nine interactions focused on child play). Once all of the documents had been analyzed, the evidence indicated scientific efficacy in most studies, mainly in those based on child development and the application of behavioral analysis principles. Moreover, the positive influence of parent participation in such programs was demonstrated.
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Review studies have demonstrated the positive influence of parental involvement in early intervention programmes.
“Review studies (Rojas-Torres et al., 2020 ) have demonstrated the positive influence of parental involvement in early intervention programmes.”
From Mindfulness Parenting and Childish Play: A Clinical Trial With Parents of Children With Autism Spectrum Disorders (2023) · cites this paper as Rojas-Torres et al., 2020
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BackgroundParent-Child Interaction Therapy: Integration of Traditional and Behavioral Concerns
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Kasari, C. L., Gulsrud, A. C., Paparella, T., Hellemann, G., & Berry, K. (2015) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0039080 · Cited by 411 · cited 1× · see citing works
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“Focus Playtime Intervention (FPI) Siller and Sigman [154,155] published studies that showed that parents’ responsible behavior during their play with their children with ASD in the early years predicts later language development.”
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Learning and Cognition in Autism
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Evidence Base Update for Autism Spectrum Disorder
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“Evidence supports the effectiveness of techniques and methods based on child development, as well as the application of principles of behavioral analysis [157], including programs that emphasize the use of structured learning environments, stimulus control, development of routines, natural environments, etc.”
Rogers, S. J., Vismara, L., Wagner, A. L., McCormick, C., Young, G., & Ozonoff, S. (2014) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-014-2202-y · Cited by 328 · cited 1× · see citing works
“[48] followed this line of research by developing a study during the first year of life of seven children.”
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“This improvement manifests itself even years later [24]; for example, Kim, Bal, and Lord [25] showed that parental involvement in an early intervention is a good predictor of later academic performance.”
BackgroundResponsive parenting: interventions and outcomes
Cabral de Mello, M. (2006) · Bulletin of the World Health Organization · doi:10.2471/blt.06.030163 · Cited by 324 · cited 1× · see citing works
“This influence is reflected in the relationship between the styles and quality of parent–child interactions and cognitive development, language, and social skills in both typically developing children [104] and those at risk of ASD [105].”
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“[61] conducted a trial comparing the results in two ImPact parent-mediated treatment groups.”
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BackgroundHealth Services Use and Health Care Expenditures for Children With Disabilities
Newacheck, P. W., Inkelas, M., & Kim, S. E. (2004) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.114.1.79 · Cited by 299 · cited 1× · see citing works
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“Based on these studies, they developed an experimental program that they called Focus Playtime Intervention (FPI) [156], which is composed of 12 training sessions in the family home (one per week) of 90 min.”
MethodStructured Teaching in the TEACCH System
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“that affect the effectiveness of programs, regardless of the age of beginning treatment [160, 161, 162]”
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Crowell, J. A., Keluskar, J. L., & Gorecki, A. (2018) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2018.11.007 · Cited by 272 · cited 1× · see citing works
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“It has also been applied in families with children with ASD [129,130].”
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“Combining these elements through parent training in communication skills with their children promotes the generalization of children’s skills, increases parent optimism, and decreases stress [123].”
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Bearss, K. E., Burrell, T. L., Stewart, L. M., & Scahill, L. D. (2015) · Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10567-015-0179-5 · Cited by 254 · see citing works
The TEACCH program for children and adults with autism: A meta-analysis of intervention studies
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“[49] analyzed the effectiveness of the ESDM program applied to children diagnosed with ASD between the ages of 18 and 60 months.”
MethodParents as cotherapists in the treatment of psychotic children
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“[97,98] defined the role of parents as necessary partners, creating a relationship between parents and professionals that is essential and central to treatment.”
BackgroundHardan, A. Y., Gengoux, G. W., Berquist, K. L., Libove, R. A., Ardel, C. M., Phillips, J. M., Frazier, T. W., & Minjarez, M. (2014) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.12354 · Cited by 225 · cited 1× · see citing works
“[44] developed a new clinical trial with 53 families with children with ASD aged two to six years.”
BackgroundTheraplay: Helping Parents and Children Build Better Relationships Through Attachment-Based Play
Booth, P. B., & Jernberg, A. M. (1998) · Cited by 224 · see citing works
Difficulties Experienced by Families With Disabled Children
Sen, E., & Yurtsever, S. (2007) · Journal for Specialists in Pediatric Nursing · doi:10.1111/j.1744-6155.2007.00119.x · Cited by 222 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Families (parents) who are faced with raising a child with a developmental disorder suffer a greater number of sources of stress and, in turn, this manifests itself with much more intensity [63,126].”
BackgroundA meta-analysis of play therapy outcomes
LeBlanc, M. L., & Ritchie, M. H. (2001) · Counselling Psychology Quarterly · doi:10.1080/09515070110059142 · Cited by 215 · see citing works
Ingersoll, B. (2010) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-010-0966-2 · Cited by 210 · cited 1× · see citing works
“It is based on numerous previous studies of the research group in which the importance of social communication [92], of imitation [93, 94, 95, 96] in the social development of children with ASD and in parental involvement in the intervention [91, 97].”
Solomon, R., Egeren, L. A. V., Mahoney, G. J., Huber, M. S. Q., & Zimmerman, P. (2014) · Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics · doi:10.1097/dbp.0000000000000096 · Cited by 208 · cited 2× · see citing works
“[80] developed Play Project Home based on the DIR©-based Floortime Play principles and conduced a controlled trial on a total of 128 families with a child diagnosed with autism.”
MethodRogers, S. J., Estes, A. M., Vismara, L. A., MUNSON, J. A., Zierhut, C., Greenson, J., Dawson, G., Rocha, M., Sugar, C. A., Şentürk, D., et al. (2018) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-018-3740-5 · Cited by 207 · cited 1× · see citing works
“[50] carried out a randomized comparative study to see if the P-ESDM version could generate greater changes in participants.”
BackgroundThe Social Role of Imitation in Autism
Ingersoll, B. R. (2008) · Infants & Young Children · doi:10.1097/01.iyc.0000314482.24087.14 · Cited by 204 · see citing works
Matson, J. L., & LoVullo, S. V. (2008) · Behavior Modification · doi:10.1177/0145445507304581 · Cited by 198 · cited 1× · see citing works
“, Picture Exchange Communication System (PECS) [86], aberrant behaviors [87], self-injurious behaviors [88], or eating disorders [89]).”
BackgroundCONDUCTING FUNCTIONAL ANALYSES OF PROBLEM BEHAVIOR VIA TELEHEALTH
Wacker, D. P., Lee, J. F., Dalmau, Y. C. P., Kopelman, T. G., Lindgren, S. D., Kuhle, J., Pelzel, K. E., & Waldron, D. B. (2013) · Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis · doi:10.1002/jaba.29 · Cited by 194 · cited 1× · see citing works
“In contrast, the impact from the use of information and communication technology (ICT) in recent years is currently being studied, particularly the replacement of live consultation sessions with synchronous video calls to avoid geographical problems arising from the dissemination of the rural population [39].”
BackgroundPanerai, S., Ferrante, L., & Zingale, M. (2002) · Journal of Intellectual Disability Research · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2788.2002.00388.x · Cited by 180 · cited 1× · see citing works
“However, randomized clinical studies on TEACCH are not very abundant [100,101], as seen in Table 3.”
BackgroundPreschool Based JASPER Intervention in Minimally Verbal Children with Autism: Pilot RCT
Goods, K. S., Ishijima, E., Chang, Y., & Kasari, C. L. (2012) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-012-1644-3 · Cited by 170 · cited 1× · see citing works
“[116] developed a clinical trial on minimally verbal children where they evaluated the incorporation of JASPER sessions over a conventional ABA program.”
BackgroundIadarola, S., Levato, L., Harrison, B., Smith, T., Lecavalier, L., Johnson, C., Swiezy, N., Bearss, K., & Scahill, L. (2018) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-017-3339-2 · Cited by 170 · cited 1× · see citing works
“[41] presented a comparative study between the results of a PT program and a psychoeducation program.”
ResultIngersoll, B. R. (2011) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-011-1423-6 · Cited by 169 · cited 1× · see citing works
“It is based on numerous previous studies of the research group in which the importance of social communication [92], of imitation [93, 94, 95, 96] in the social development of children with ASD and in parental involvement in the intervention [91, 97].”
Effect of Treatment Structure on Development in Autistic Children
Schopler, E. (1971) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1971.01750110027005 · Cited by 163 · cited 8× · see citing works
“The technique that has transcended the most and for which TEACCH is recognized is structured learning [96].”
BackgroundInfluentialPajareya, K., & Nopmaneejumruslers, K. (2011) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361310386502 · Cited by 162 · see citing works
Carr, J. E., Severtson, J. M., & Lepper, T. L. (2008) · Research in Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2008.03.002 · Cited by 161 · cited 1× · see citing works
“, Picture Exchange Communication System (PECS) [86], aberrant behaviors [87], self-injurious behaviors [88], or eating disorders [89]).”
BackgroundIngersoll, B. R., & Dvortcsak, A. (2006) · Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions · doi:10.1177/10983007060080020601 · Cited by 159 · cited 2× · see citing works
“ImPact [58,117] is a program designed to integrate parents and teachers in the early intervention of children with ASD, developed in the “Autism Research Lab” at Michigan State University (http://psychology.”
BackgroundMethodHoward, J. S., Harold Stanislaw, A., Green, G., Sparkman, C. R., & Cohen, H. G. (2014) · Research in Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2014.08.021 · Cited by 157 · see citing works
Stadnick, N. A., Stahmer, A. C., & Brookman-Frazee, L. I. (2015) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-015-2376-y · Cited by 156 · cited 2× · see citing works
“Another team [60] developed an ImPact trial under a community program, conducted over 12 weeks and applied to 30 children (two and a half to six and a half years old) and their parents (two groups: 16 in the intervention group and 14 in the control group).”
MethodClimbing the Symbolic Ladder in the DIR Model Through Floor Time/Interactive Play
Wieder, S., & Greenspan, S. I. (2003) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361303007004008 · Cited by 156 · cited 16× · see citing works
“The control group continued to receive standard treatment in community services, while the experimental group received Play Project Home training.”
MethodInfluentialRandomized Controlled Trial of the Focus Parent Training for Toddlers with Autism: 1-Year Outcome
Oosterling, I. J., Visser, J. C., Willemsen‐Swinkels, S. H. N., Rommelse, N. N. J., Donders, R., Woudenberg, T., Roos, S., van der Gaag, R. J., & Buitelaar, J. K. (2010) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-010-1004-0 · Cited by 156 · cited 1× · see citing works
“[36] developed a clinical trial to compare the results after 12 months of training with parents in two groups, one complementary to the usual intervention and the other without intervention.”
BackgroundSmith, T. H., Klorman, R., & Mruzek, D. W. (2015) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-015-0002-2 · Cited by 155 · see citing works
Longitudinal follow‐up of academic achievement in children with autism from age 2 to 18
Kim, S. H., Bal, V. H., & Lord, C. (2018) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.12808 · Cited by 144 · cited 1× · see citing works
“This improvement manifests itself even years later [24]; for example, Kim, Bal, and Lord [25] showed that parental involvement in an early intervention is a good predictor of later academic performance.”
BackgroundThe predictors of distress in parents of children with autism spectrum disorder
Firth, I., & Dryer, R. (2013) · Journal of Intellectual & Developmental Disability · doi:10.3109/13668250.2013.773964 · Cited by 140 · cited 2× · see citing works
“children with ASD often report alterations in psychological well-being [1, 2, 3] and high levels of”
BackgroundBearss, K. E., Johnson, C. R., Handen, B. L., Smith, T. H., & Scahill, L. D. (2012) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-012-1624-7 · Cited by 139 · cited 1× · see citing works
“[37] proposed another trial with 16 children (three to six years old) presenting with ASD with disruptive behaviors.”
BackgroundShire, S. Y., Gulsrud, A. C., & Kasari, C. L. (2016) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-016-2702-z · Cited by 136 · cited 4× · see citing works
“Kasari et al. [113] developed clinical trials with parents and caregivers as mediating agents and follow-up studies [115], in which the relationship between joint attention, symbolic play, and later language development was evidenced by developing the JASPER program.”
BackgroundInfluentialRuble, L. A., Dalrymple, N. J., & McGrew, J. H. (2010) · Journal of Early Intervention · doi:10.1177/1053815110382973 · Cited by 135 · cited 6× · see citing works
“* TEACCH, Treatment and Education of Autistic and Related Communication-Handicapped Children; ESDM, Early Start Denver Model; PACT, Preschool Autism Communication Trial; JASPER, Joint Attention Symbolic Play, Engagement, and Regulation; ImPact, Improving Parents as Communication Teachers; PCIT, Parent–Child Interactio…”
BackgroundInfluentialPivotal Response Group Treatment Program for Parents of Children with Autism
Minjarez, M., Williams, S. E., Mercier, E., & Hardan, A. Y. (2010) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-010-1027-6 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
Osborne, L. A., & Reed, P. (2010) · Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2009.10.011 · Cited by 134 · cited 1× · see citing works
“attention on parents is made necessary, among other reasons, by the evidence found pertaining to parental stress related to their participation in their child’s treatment process [20].”
BackgroundParent Management Training and Asperger Syndrome
Sofronoff, K., Leslie, A., & Brown, W. (2004) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361304045215 · Cited by 134 · cited 1× · see citing works
“It has also been applied in families with children with ASD [129,130].”
MethodPrizant, B. M., & Wetherby, A. M. (1998) · Seminars in Speech and Language · doi:10.1055/s-2008-1064053 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
A Pilot Study of Maternal Sensitivity in the Context of Emergent Autism
Baker, J. K., Messinger, D. S., Lyons, K. K., & Grantz, C. J. (2010) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-010-0948-4 · Cited by 132 · cited 1× · see citing works
“These inappropriate interactions generate a double loop that, on the one hand, continues to fuel the child’s development by increasingly moving him/her away from normative development, and on the other hand, generates a high level of tension and discomfort in the parents that, in turn, increases inappropriate interact…”
BackgroundGulsrud, A. C., Hellemann, G., Shire, S. Y., & Kasari, C. L. (2015) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.12481 · Cited by 132 · cited 1× · see citing works
“[56] carried out a second clinical trial to determine the influence of JASPER’s components on increasing behavior management skills and strategies and whether this influences social engagement.”
BackgroundComparison of the effectiveness of the Hanen Parent Programme and traditional clinic therapy
Baxendale, J., & Hesketh, A. (2003) · International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders · doi:10.1080/1368282031000121651 · Cited by 125 · cited 1× · see citing works
“These are general purpose programs not specific to children with ASD, and they can be used to improve the family dynamics in families with children with language delays [107,108], intellectual disabilities, motor disorders [109], or ASD, or in families with internal or dysfunctional relationship problems.”
BackgroundEvaluation of Treatment for Autistic Children and Their Parents
Schopler, E., Mesibov, G. B., & Baker, A. F. (1982) · Journal of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0002-7138(09)60881-5 · Cited by 125 · cited 1× · see citing works
“[97,98] defined the role of parents as necessary partners, creating a relationship between parents and professionals that is essential and central to treatment.”
BackgroundPrevent-Teach-Reinforce: A Standardized Model of School-Based Behavioral Intervention
Dunlap, G., Iovannone, R., Wilson, K. J., Kincaid, D. K., & Strain, P. (2010) · Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions · doi:10.1177/1098300708330880 · Cited by 124 · cited 1× · see citing works
“PTR [68] is a model of positive behavior support (PBS) designed to be applied in school environments with the support of family members [132,133], which has also been successfully tested in families (PRT-F) [134], with children with developmental disorders [69], and particularly with families with children diagnosed w…”
BackgroundA randomized controlled trial of COMPASS web-based and face-to-face teacher coaching in autism.
Ruble, L. A., McGrew, J. H., Toland, M. D., Dalrymple, N. J., & Jung, L. A. (2013) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0032003 · Cited by 120 · cited 2× · see citing works
“Joining the experience of telematics assistance for teachers [136] and parents [137], this same team developed another version COMPASS for Hope (C-HOPE), whose objective was the reduction of parental stress [71].”
BackgroundKuravackel, G. M., Ruble, L. A., Reese, R. J., Ables, A. P., Rodgers, A. D., & Toland, M. D. (2017) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-017-3333-8 · Cited by 120 · cited 2× · see citing works
“The goal of parent training and family support programs is to increase family competence and to establish positive parent–child interactions, thereby achieving a decrease in the occurrence of parental stress [71].”
BackgroundPickles, A. R., Harris, V., Green, J., Aldred, C. R., McConachie, H., Slonims, V., Couteur, A. S. L., Hudry, K., & Charman, T. (2014) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.12291 · Cited by 118 · cited 1× · see citing works
“[54] reanalyzed the results of Green et al.”
ResultSupporting Families of Preschool Children with Autism
Whitaker, P. (2002) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361302006004007 · Cited by 115 · cited 1× · see citing works
“In such settings, family care is understood as guidance, coordination, and accompaniment [8], and providing quality, scientifically proven information is one of the best possible types of support [9,10].”
BackgroundDepression and anxiety among parents and caregivers of autistic spectral disorder children
Almansour, M., AlAteeq, M. A., Alzahrani, M. K., Algeffari, M., & Alhomaidan, H. T. (2013) · Neurosciences · doi:10.17712/1658-3183.1993 · Cited by 112 · cited 2× · see citing works
“Parents of children with an autism spectrum disorder (ASD) often report alterations in their psychological well-being [1–3] and high levels of stress [4,5].”
BackgroundCollaborative Model for Promoting Competence and Success for Students with ASD
Ruble, L. A., Dalrymple, N. J., & McGrew, J. H. (2012) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-2332-4 · Cited by 111 · cited 6× · see citing works
“* TEACCH, Treatment and Education of Autistic and Related Communication-Handicapped Children; ESDM, Early Start Denver Model; PACT, Preschool Autism Communication Trial; JASPER, Joint Attention Symbolic Play, Engagement, and Regulation; ImPact, Improving Parents as Communication Teachers; PCIT, Parent–Child Interactio…”
BackgroundInfluentialTellegen, C. L., & Sanders, M. R. (2014) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0037246 · Cited by 109 · cited 3× · see citing works
“Tellegen and Sanders [73] developed a randomized controlled trial to evaluate the efficacy of a short SSTP program (four sessions), applicable in primary care (i.e., Primary Care Stepping Stones Tripe P (PCSSTP)).”
BackgroundIngersoll, B. R., Dvortcsak, A., Whalen, C., & Sikora, D. M. (2005) · Focus on Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1177/10883576050200040301 · Cited by 106 · cited 1× · see citing works
“It is based on numerous previous studies of the research group in which social communication [118], imitation [119–122] in the social development of children with ASD, and parental involvement in the intervention [117,123] were important.”
MethodBradshaw, J. L., Koegel, L. K., & Koegel, R. L. (2017) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-017-3155-8 · Cited by 105 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Bradshaw [45] presented a single case study looking at the outcomes of three children (17–21 months).”
BackgroundSiller, M., Swanson, M. R., Gerber, A. S., Hutman, T., & Sigman, M. (2014) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-014-2049-2 · Cited by 101 · cited 1× · see citing works
“[84] determined that parental involvement is relevant because parents must replicate the strategies within the home.”
BackgroundWood, J. J., McLeod, B. D., Klebanoff, S., & Brookman-Frazee, L. I. (2014) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2014.07.003 · Cited by 100 · cited 1× · see citing works
“community intervention settings [170, 171, 172], there are difficulties in translating evidence-based”
BackgroundNarrowing the gap: Effects of intervention on developmental trajectories in autism
Klintwall, L., Eldevik, S., & Eikeseth, S. (2013) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361313510067 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
The effect of context on imitation skills in children with autism
Ingersoll, B. R. (2007) · Research in Autism · doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2007.08.003 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Examining the Efficacy of Parent–Child Interaction Therapy with Children on the Autism Spectrum
Masse, J. J., McNeil, C. B., Wagner, S., & Quetsch, L. B. (2016) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-016-0424-7 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Pierce, K., Courchesne, E., & Bacon, E. (2016) · The Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2016.06.004 · Cited by 91 · cited 1× · see citing works
“An early intervention that is properly structured for both the parents and the children, would allow to diminish the cascade effects, resulting in the development of an affected child following an evolution closer to neurotypical development [15,21], since development benefits from greater brain plasticity at this age…”
BackgroundInfluentialFarmer, J., & Reupert, A. (2013) · Australian Journal of Rural Health · doi:10.1111/ajr.12004 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
The Home TEACCHing Program for Toddlers with Autism
Welterlin, A., Turner‐Brown, L., Harris, S. L., Mesibov, G. B., & Delmolino, L. (2011) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-011-1419-2 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
The Family Context of Autism Spectrum Disorders
DaWalt, L. S., Greenberg, J. S., & Seltzer, M. M. (2013) · Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.chc.2013.08.006 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
McMahon, R. J., Forehand, R., & Griest, D. L. (1981) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.49.4.526 · Cited by 84 · cited 1× · see citing works
“The initial objective was directed at the extinction of disruptive behavior [91], but soon after, programs were also developed for the development of social, communication, initiation, and language skills [92], with the aim of reducing behavioral problems.”
BackgroundPilot study of a school-based parent training program for preschoolers with ASD
Ingersoll, B. R., & Wainer, A. (2011) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361311427155 · Cited by 84 · cited 3× · see citing works
“In our review, we found four empirical studies, the first of which was by Ingersoll and Wainer [125], who created a trial to evaluate the effectiveness of the ImPact program on children attending public special education centers.”
The concept of ‘developing the brain’: a new natural science for learning and education
Koizumi, H. (2004) · Brain and Development · doi:10.1016/j.braindev.2003.09.011 · Cited by 83 · cited 2× · see citing works
“Related to the previous section, if neuropsychological development is determined by interaction with the environment [12] and a child with ASD has a deficit in basic communication and social interaction skills with his or her parents, it may generate inadequate parental interaction patterns, among other reasons due to…”
BackgroundMorgan, G. A., Gliner, J. A., & Harmon, R. J. (2000) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-200006000-00020 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Provenzani, U., Fusar‐Poli, L., Brondino, N., Damiani, S., Vercesi, M., Meyer, N., Rocchetti, M., & Politi, P. (2019) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361319854641 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Ingersoll, B. R. (2009) · Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions · doi:10.1177/1098300709334797 · Cited by 77 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Based on naturalistic and developmental behavioral intervention strategies [124], a program manual for parents and educators was developed to promote child social engagement, language, imitation, and play during daily routines and activities.”
BackgroundIovannone, R., Greenbaum, P. E., Wang, W., et al. (2009) · Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders · doi:10.1177/1063426609337389 · Cited by 77 · cited 1× · see citing works
“PTR [68] is a model of positive behavior support (PBS) designed to be applied in school environments with the support of family members [132,133], which has also been successfully tested in families (PRT-F) [134], with children with developmental disorders [69], and particularly with families with children diagnosed w…”
BackgroundLesack, R. S., Bearss, K. E., Celano, M., & Sharp, W. G. (2014) · Clinical Practice in Pediatric Psychology · doi:10.1037/cpp0000047 · Cited by 77 · cited 2× · see citing works
“To demonstrate the effectiveness of this model in children with ASD, Lesack, Bearss, and Celano [131] implemented a PCIT-based intervention (with adaptations) with a five-year-old boy”
MethodStrauß, K., Mancini, F., & Fava, L. (2013) · Research in Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2013.06.007 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Early intervention in autism: Joint attention and symbolic play
Kasari, C. L., Freeman, S. F. N., & Paparella, T. (2000) · International review of research in mental retardation · doi:10.1016/s0074-7750(00)80012-9 · Cited by 71 · cited 1× · see citing works
“edu/autism), builds on previous research team studies where deficits in joint attention and symbolic play were found to be two of the most important developmental issues for children with ASD [112,114].”
BackgroundExamining the relationship between social support and stress for parents of individuals with autism
Robinson, S., & Weiss, J. A. (2020) · Research in Autism · doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2020.101557 · Cited by 71 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Without forgetting that the perception of social support derived from the training programs for parents and the interaction and support between them has a great therapeutic value [176].”
BackgroundD’Elia, L., Valeri, G., Sonnino, F., Fontana, I., Mammone, A., & Vicari, S. (2014) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-013-1911-y · Cited by 70 · see citing works
A Randomized Controlled Trial of Group Stepping Stones Triple P: A Mixed‐Disability Trial
Roux, G., Sofronoff, K., & Sanders, M. R. (2013) · Family Process · doi:10.1111/famp.12016 · Cited by 69 · cited 2× · see citing works
“Tellegen and Sanders [73] developed a randomized controlled trial to evaluate the efficacy of a short SSTP program (four sessions), applicable in primary care (i.e., Primary Care Stepping Stones Tripe P (PCSSTP)).”
MethodOpen-Trial Pilot of Parent-Child Interaction Therapy for Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder
Zlomke, K. R., Jeter, K. M., & Murphy, J. (2017) · Child & Family Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1080/07317107.2016.1267999 · Cited by 68 · cited 1× · see citing works
“A new study of 17 children with behavioral and diagnostic problems has since been published [66].”
BackgroundPivotal Response Treatment Parent Training for Autism: Findings from a 3-Month Follow-Up Evaluation
Gengoux, G. W., Berquist, K. L., Salzman, E., Schapp, S., Phillips, J. M., Frazier, T. W., Minjarez, M., & Hardan, A. Y. (2015) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-015-2452-3 · Cited by 68 · cited 1× · see citing works
“[43] attempted to answer the question of maintaining parental behaviors beyond the end of the program.”
BackgroundThe Application of a Three-Tier Model of Intervention to Parent Training
Phaneuf, L., & McIntyre, L. L. (2011) · Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions · doi:10.1177/1098300711405337 · Cited by 64 · cited 1× · see citing works
“, reading of self-administered manuals, meeting and mutual support groups, video feedback sessions, and remote support through the web or video conferences [175].”
BackgroundYoder, P. J., & Lieberman, R. G. (2009) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-009-0897-y · Cited by 63 · cited 2× · see citing works
“, Picture Exchange Communication System (PECS) [86], aberrant behaviors [87], self-injurious behaviors [88], or eating disorders [89]).”
BackgroundPlay and the child with autism spectrum disorder: From possibilities to practice.
Mastrangelo, S. (2009) · International Journal of Play Therapy · doi:10.1037/a0013810 · Cited by 63 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Play is a universal activity in all children, through which they rehearse problem situations, so we can consider it key to developing social behaviors [143].”
BackgroundThe Parenting Model of Developmental Intervention
Mahoney, G. J., & Nam, S. (2011) · International review of research in developmental disabilities · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-386495-6.00003-5 · Cited by 60 · cited 1× · see citing works
“This influence is reflected in the relationship between the styles and quality of parent–child interactions and cognitive development, language, and social skills in both typically developing children [104] and those at risk of ASD [105].”
BackgroundEmpirically supported pivotal response interventions for children with autism.
Koegel, R. L., Koegel, L. K., & Brookman, L. (2003) · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Parlade, M. V., Weinstein, A., Garcia, D., Rowley, A. M., Ginn, N. C., & Jent, J. F. (2019) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361319855851 · Cited by 57 · cited 1× · see citing works
“[67] performed a study to examine the influence of a PCIT-based intervention on children with behavioral problems and ASD.”
BackgroundFloor Time Play with a Child with Autism: A Single-Subject Study
Dionne, M., & Martini, R. (2011) · Canadian Journal of Occupational Therapy · doi:10.2182/cjot.2011.78.3.8 · Cited by 54 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Dionne and Mastini [153] presented a unique case study: A three-year-old child and a six-month-old child diagnosed with autism at two years and five months, respectively.”
BackgroundThe theory and practice of "therapeutic intervention" in child treatment.
Ginott, H. G. (1959) · Journal of Consulting Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0046805 · Cited by 51 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Its application at a therapeutic level has also been recognized for some time [141,142].”
BackgroundBlackman, A. L., Jimenez‐Gomez, C., & Shvarts, S. (2019) · Behavior Analysis Research and Practice · doi:10.1037/bar0000163 · Cited by 51 · cited 1× · see citing works
“[40] presented a clinical trial formed by three groups of parents who received PTs (i.”
BackgroundUsing the Prevent-Teach-Reinforce Model with Families of Young Children with ASD
Sears, K. M., Blair, K. C., Iovannone, R., & Crosland, K. A. (2012) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-012-1646-1 · Cited by 49 · cited 5× · see citing works
“[134], the PRT program was administered to two children with ASD aged four and six years and their caregivers; the main goal was to examine the effectiveness of the implementation of the PRT program on children diagnosed with ASD.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialBagaiolo, L., Mari, J. D. J., Bordini, D., Ribeiro, T. C., Martone, M. C. C., Caetano, S. C., Brunoni, D., Brentani, H., & Paula, C. S. (2017) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361316677718 · Cited by 48 · cited 1× · see citing works
“[38] presented a clinical trial with a control group consisting of 67 parents of children with an ASD diagnosis aged three to six years who attended PTs to improve their social behavior (i.”
MethodHandbook of Parent-Implemented Interventions for Very Young Children with Autism
(2018) · Autism and child psychopathology series · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-90994-3 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Drahota, A., Aarons, G. A., & Stahmer, A. C. (2012) · Implementation Science · doi:10.1186/1748-5908-7-85 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Sealy, J., & Glovinsky, I. (2016) · Infant Mental Health Journal · doi:10.1002/imhj.21557 · Cited by 45 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Finally, Sealy and Glovinsky [82] performed a controlled clinical trial in Barbados with parent–child dyads.”
BackgroundUsing a Modified Parent-Child Interaction Therapy to Increase Vocalizations in Children With Autism
Hansen, B. A., & Shillingsburg, M. A. (2016) · Child & Family Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1080/07317107.2016.1238692 · Cited by 44 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Hansen and Shillingsburg [64] proposed a study under the PCIT model to determine its influence on increasing vocalizations.”
BackgroundChild-centered play therapy as an intervention for children with autism: A literature review.
Hillman, H. L. (2018) · International Journal of Play Therapy · doi:10.1037/pla0000083 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Schrott, B., Kasperzack, D., Weber, L., Becker, K., Burghardt, R., & Kamp-Becker, I. (2019) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-018-3764-x · Cited by 40 · cited 1× · see citing works
“[74] explored the effectiveness of SSTP as complementary to direct intervention for children with ASD.”
BackgroundWaddington, H. L., van der Meer, L. A. J., Sigafoos, J., & Whitehouse, A. (2019) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361319876495 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Chawner, L. R., Blundell-Birtill, P., & Hetherington, M. M. (2019) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-019-04075-0 · Cited by 36 · cited 1× · see citing works
“, Picture Exchange Communication System (PECS) [86], aberrant behaviors [87], self-injurious behaviors [88], or eating disorders [89]).”
BackgroundBailey, K. M., & Blair, K. C. (2015) · Research in Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2015.09.019 · Cited by 34 · cited 2× · see citing works
“Meanwhile, Bailey and Blair [69] analyzed the limitations of the PRT model at the time of collecting data to prove its validity.”
BackgroundPennington, L., & Thomson, K. (2007) · Child Care Health and Development · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2214.2007.00800.x · Cited by 33 · cited 1× · see citing works
“These are general purpose programs not specific to children with ASD, and they can be used to improve the family dynamics in families with children with language delays [107,108], intellectual disabilities, motor disorders [109], or ASD, or in families with internal or dysfunctional relationship problems.”
BackgroundRepensar la atención temprana: propuestas para un desarrollo futuro
Giné, C. G., Gràcia, M., Vilaseca, R., et al. (2006) · Journal for the Study of Education and Development Infancia y Aprendizaje · doi:10.1174/021037006778147935 · Cited by 31 · cited 1× · see citing works
“In such settings, family care is understood as guidance, coordination, and accompaniment [8], and providing quality, scientifically proven information is one of the best possible types of support [9,10].”
BackgroundIngersoll, B. R., Wainer, A., Berger, N. I., & Walton, K. M. (2017) · Developmental Neurorehabilitation · doi:10.1080/17518423.2016.1278054 · Cited by 31 · cited 1× · see citing works
“The last of the studies [62] attempted to determine the value of low-intensity intervention (1.”
BackgroundThe SAGE Handbook of Developmental Disorders
Howlin, P., Charman, T., & Ghaziuddin, M. (2011) · SAGE Publications Ltd eBooks · doi:10.4135/9781446201107 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Cambio y estabilidad en los factores que afectan negativamente a la parentalidad
Pons-Salvador, G., Cerezo, M. Á., & Bernabé, G. (2005) · RIUCV (Universidad Católica de Valencia San Vicente Martír) · Cited by 26 · see citing works
A rationale for selecting toys in play therapy.
Ginott, H. G. (1960) · Journal of Consulting Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0043980 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Pajareya, K., & Nopmaneejumruslers, K. (2012) · PubMed · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Merkaj, V., Kika, M., & Simaku, A. (2013) · Academic Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies · doi:10.5901/ajis.2013.v2n2p345 · Cited by 21 · cited 2× · see citing works
“children with ASD often report alterations in psychological well-being [1, 2, 3] and high levels of”
BackgroundEarly Intervention of Autism: A Case for Floor Time Approach
Lal, R., & Chhabri, R. (2013) · InTech eBooks · doi:10.5772/54378 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Howard, A. R. H., Lindaman, S. L., Copeland, R., & Cross, D. (2017) · International Journal of Play Therapy · doi:10.1037/pla0000056 · Cited by 21 · cited 1× · see citing works
“A study was found that determined the effectiveness of this methodology [150].”
BackgroundAutism Spectrum Disorders: Interventions and Outcome
Howlin, P., & Charman, T. (2011) · SAGE Publications Ltd eBooks · doi:10.4135/9781446201107.n16 · Cited by 18 · cited 2× · see citing works
“Evidence also suggests that not all children respond in the same way to all treatments or techniques [159], and that there may be other variables that affect the effectiveness of programs, regardless of the age at the beginning of the treatment [160–162], or the intensity [163–165].”
Background[Early mother-infant interaction and factors negatively affecting parenting].
Cerezo, M. Á., Trenado, R. M., & Pons-Salvador, G. (2006) · PubMed · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Parent-mediated early intervention for young children with autism spectrum disorder
Diggle, T. T. J., & McConachie, H. (2013) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd003496.pub2 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Ruble, L. A., Birdwhistell, J., Toland, M. D., & McGrew, J. H. (2011) · Journal of Educational and Psychological Consultation · doi:10.1080/10474412.2011.620818 · Cited by 15 · cited 3× · see citing works
“[137], the COMPASS program was implemented in collaboration with the teachers and parents of children with autism spectrum disorder.”
BackgroundMethodOverview of Early Intensive Behavioral Intervention for Children with Autism
Lang, R. B., Hancock, T. B., & Singh, N. N. (2016) · Evidence-based practices in behavioral health · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-30925-5_1 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
A practical approach to implementing theraplay for children with autism spectrum disorder.
Simeone-Russell, R. (2011) · International Journal of Play Therapy · doi:10.1037/a0024823 · Cited by 14 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Theraplay [148,149] is a play therapy approach designed to improve parents’ attachment, attunement, and sensitivity, as well as children’s regulation and reflection.”
BackgroundEvaluation of the Hanen it Takes Two to Talk Intervention Programme
Fong, N. W. Y., Ho, S., So, B. J. W., et al. (2012) · Proceedings of Singapore Healthcare · doi:10.1177/201010581202100406 · Cited by 7 · cited 1× · see citing works
“These are general purpose programs not specific to children with ASD, and they can be used to improve the family dynamics in families with children with language delays [107,108], intellectual disabilities, motor disorders [109], or ASD, or in families with internal or dysfunctional relationship problems.”
BackgroundFamilia, estrés y atención temprana || Family, stress and early care attention
Botana, I., & Peralbo, M. (2014) · Revista de Estudios e Investigación en Psicología y Educación · doi:10.17979/reipe.2014.1.1.23 · Cited by 6 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Collaboration with the family and coordination between the professionals that work with ASD have a common objective: an improvement in the quality of life for each family member and for the family system as a whole [11].”
BackgroundRojas-Torres, L. P., Alonso-Esteban, Y., & Marín, F. A. (2020) · Siglo Cero: Revista Española sobre Discapacidad Intelectual · doi:10.14201/scero2020512732 · Cited by 5 · cited 1× · see citing works
“For the evaluation of the evidence, we chose to follow the initiative of the Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology (JCCAP), in particular, the proposed adaptation [33] to evaluate the evidence of treatment in children with ASD.”
MethodSelf-citation
Flagged first, then by citations
4 of the 169 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Research works printed but not linked: 4
- Vilaseca, 2009, Trabajar con las familias en atención temprana, [Working with families in early care], Rev. Interuniv. Form.Profr., 23, 95
- Ingersoll, B., and Dvortcsak, A. (2010). Teaching Social Communication to Children with Autism: A Practitioner’s Guide to Parent Training, The Guilford Press.
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de Pablo, G. S., Jordá, C. P., Vaquerizo‐Serrano, J., Moreno, C., Cabras, A., Arango, C., Hernandez, P. A., Veenstra-VanderWeele, J. M., Simonoff, E. A., Fusar‐Poli, P., et al. (2022) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2022.03.033 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Rogers, S. J., Stahmer, A. C., Talbott, M. R., Young, G. S., Fuller, E., Pellecchia, M., Barber, A. B., & Griffith, E. (2022) · Journal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders · doi:10.1186/s11689-021-09410-0 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Cherewick, M., & Matergia, M. (2023) · Advances in Neurodevelopmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s41252-023-00348-z · Cited by 83 · see citing works
“In high-income countries, investment in early intervention, specialist-delivered therapy, and caregiver-mediated intervention approaches are most common (Brookman-Frazee et al., 2012; Gibson et al., 2021; Kumar et al., 2022; Matson & Konst, 2014; Rojas-Torres et al., 2020; Zhou & Yi, 2014).”
Daniolou, S., Pandis, N., & Znoj, H. (2022) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm11175100 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Clinical signs associated with earlier diagnosis of children with autism Spectrum disorder
Sicherman, N., Charité, J., Eyal, G., Janecka, M., Loewenstein, G. F., Law, K., Lipkin, P. H., Marvin, A. R., & Buxbaum, J. D. (2021) · BMC Pediatrics · doi:10.1186/s12887-021-02551-0 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Responding to Autism in Low and Middle Income Countries (Lmic): What to Do and What Not to Do
McConkey, R. (2022) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci12111475 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Strauß, K., Servadio, M., Valeri, G., Casula, L., Vicari, S., & Fava, L. (2022) · International Journal of Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1080/20473869.2022.2052417 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
“Not surprisingly, over the last decade, interest in developing effective psychological supporting interventions for parents has increased (McConachie and Diggle 2007, Oono et al. 2013, Rojas-Torres et al. 2020).”
BackgroundAutism Assistant: A Platform for Autism Home-Based Therapeutic Intervention
Chistol, M., Turcu, C. E., & Danubianu, M. (2023) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2023.3310397 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Curley, K., Colman, R., Rushforth, A., & Kotera, Y. (2023) · Youth · doi:10.3390/youth3010017 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Desideri, L., Pérez-Fuster, P., & Herrera, G. (2021) · Children · doi:10.3390/children8020093 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Wong, P. W. C., Lam, Y. Y., Lau, J. S., Fok, H. K., The WHO CST Team, Servili, C., Salomone, E., Pacione, L. R., Shire, S. Y., & Brown, F. L. (2022) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-022-21343-9 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
A New Perspective on Assessing Cognition in Children through Estimating Shared Intentionality
Danilov, I. V., & Mihailova, S. (2022) · Journal of Intelligence · doi:10.3390/jintelligence10020021 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
“(1) A deficit in basic communication and social interaction skills can indicate developmental delay (Gresham and MacMillan 1997; Cullinan 2002; Prior and Ozonoff 2007; Pierce et al. 2019; Rojas-Torres et al. 2020).”
BackgroundScreening, Diagnosis and Early Intervention in Autism Spectrum Disorders
Alonso-Esteban, Y., & Marín, F. A. (2022) · Children · doi:10.3390/children9020153 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Self-citationEfficacy of Early Intervention Programmes: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Gómez-Cotilla, R., López-de-Uralde-Selva, M. D. L. Á., & Aguayo, L. V. (2023) · Psicologí a Educativa · doi:10.5093/psed2024a1 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Cherewick, M., Daniel, C., Shrestha, C. C., Giri, P., Dukpa, C., Cruz, C. M., Rai, R. P., & Matergia, M. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181976 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
“Interventions in HICs most often include parent coaching and one-on-one therapy with speech language pathologists, occupational therapists, physical therapists, developmental interventionists, and developmental and psychiatric physicians (Rojas-Torres et al., 2020; Gibson et al., 2021; Kumar et al., 2022).”
BackgroundComputerized Assessment of Cognitive Development in Neurotypical and Neurodivergent Children
Danilov, I. V., Mihailova, S., & Svajyan, A. (2022) · OBM Neurobiology · doi:10.21926/obm.neurobiol.2203137 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Roselló, R., Martı́nez-Raga, J., Tomás, J. M., Miranda, B. R., Berenguer, C., & Cortese, S. (2022) · Journal of Neural Transmission · doi:10.1007/s00702-022-02554-w · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Wallace-Watkin, C., Sigafoos, J., Woods, L., & Waddington, H. L. (2023) · Autism · doi:10.1177/13623613231168240 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“One potential reason for the difference between age groups may be the present focus on early support (Noyes-Grosser et al., 2018; Rojas-Torres et al., 2020).”
A Pilot Trial of SPACE (Supportive Parenting for Anxious Childhood Emotions) in Autism
Rozenblat, S., Shimshoni, Y., Lebowitz, E. R., Perez, M., & Koller, J. (2023) · Child Psychiatry & Human Development · doi:10.1007/s10578-023-01555-4 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“In general, parent-mediated interventions in autism have been shown to be effective in reducing autism symptom severity and disruptive behaviors, as well as in fostering child adaptive functioning and social skills [33, 34].”
Danilov, I. V. (2022) · International Conference on Computational Science and Computational Intelligence (CSCI) · doi:10.1109/csci58124.2022.00284 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Telehealth parent training for a young child at risk for autism spectrum disorder
Azzano, A., Vause, T. C., Ward, R. A., & Feldman, M. A. (2022) · Behavioral Interventions · doi:10.1002/bin.1917 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
System Experiences of Mothers Who Have Limited English Proficiency and Preschoolers with Autism
Imanpour, S. (2024) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-024-02882-3 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“Parent engagement in intervention programs can lead to better outcomes of the services (Rojas-Torres et al. 2020).”
Sabancıoğulları, S., & Yıldırım, F. (2025) · Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services · doi:10.3928/02793695-20250304-01 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Alqahtani, A. S., Gufran, K., Alsakr, A., Alnufaiy, B., Ghwainem, A. A., BinKhames, Y. M., Althani, R. A., & Almuthaybiri, S. M. (2023) · Children · doi:10.3390/children10060978 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Dealing with stress and intervention models in families with children with autism spectrum disorder
González-Herrera, A. I., Pérez‐Jorge, D., Díaz-Fuentes, Y., Rodríguez-Jiménez, M. D. C., & Ariño-Mateo, E. (2021) · Humanities and Social Sciences Communications · doi:10.1057/s41599-021-00988-3 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“The perceptions of different educational agents reflect that there are confusion and ignorance in relation to the implementation of truly inclusive quality education (Pérez-Jorge et al., 2020; Pérez-Jorge et al., 2021; Rose et al., 2021; Wearmouth and Butler, 2020).”
BackgroundMcConkey, R. (2023) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci13121645 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“From an early stage, parents and staff should adopt a response interactive style rather than giving directions and demands that keeps them in a controlling role rather than ceding that to the person with autism [33].”
Backgroundde Wilde, H. W., Kojovic, N., Robertson, C., Karr, C. J., Akman, L., Caccia, F., Costes, A., Etienne, M., Franchini, M., Gentaz, É., et al. (2023) · Advances in Neurodevelopmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s41252-023-00339-0 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“Research on in-person and telehealth-delivered PMI suggests that a caregiver’s satisfaction with services may influence their participation and engagement in their child’s program (Estes et al., 2019; Haine-Schlagel et al., 2020; Leadbitter et al., 2020; Popp & You, 2016; Rojas-Torres et al., 2020).”
Song, Y., Kong, X., Fu, W., & Song, F. (2025) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-025-06791-2 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“The reviews have focused on the effectiveness of family-mediated intervention programs for toddlers (Law et al., 2022), preschool children (Cheng et al., 2023), and individuals of different ages (Deb et al., 2020; Liu et al., 2020; Rojas-Torres et al., 2020; Sutherland et al., 2023).”
Danilov, I. V. (2022) · Lecture notes in networks and systems · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-10467-1_19 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Danilov, I. V., Svajyan, A., & Mihailova, S. (2023) · OBM Neurobiology · doi:10.21926/obm.neurobiol.2304189 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Rojas-Torres, L. P., Alonso-Esteban, Y., & Alcantud-Marín, F. (2023) · Psicothema · doi:10.7334/psicothema2022.339 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Self-citationWoodman, A., Waheed, K. B., Al-Ansari, R. Y., Ahmad, S., Rehman, T. U., Rasheed, M., & Jaoua, N. (2024) · Autism · doi:10.1177/13623613241258544 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“Social stigma and prejudice can act as barriers for parents and children, as parents of children with ASD often report changes in their psychological well-being and high levels of stress due to health condition of their child (Kinnear et al., 2016; Rojas-Torres et al., 2020).”
Mestermann, S., Kleinöder, J. M., Arndt, M., Krämer, J., Eichler, A., & Kratz, O. (2023) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs14010013 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“…for the caregivers of children with autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) include ‘Applied Behavioral Analysis’ (ABA), ‘Pivotal Response Training’ (PRT), ‘Treatment and Education of Autistic and Related Communication-Handicapped Children’ (TEACCH), and ‘Behavioral Skills Training’ (BST) [38,39].”
BackgroundLiu, W.-X., Shan, L., Li, C.-L., Liu, Y.-M., Xue, Y., OuYang, Y.-L., & Jia, F. (2025) · BMC Pediatrics · doi:10.1186/s12887-024-05299-5 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Approaches and Strategies in Applied Behavior Analysis for Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder
Tuna, A. (2024) · Psikiyatride Guncel Yaklasimlar - Current Approaches in Psychiatry · doi:10.18863/pgy.1315911 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“For children with ASD, ABA can play a significant role in teaching skills that they will need in their lives (Rojas-Torres et al. 2020).”
BackgroundNaturalistic Developmental Behavioral Interventions
Jobin, A., & Schreibman, L. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-78143-8_6 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Carta, A., Casula, L., Manca, S., Puci, M. V., Puseddu, G., Fucà, E., Sotgiu, G., Vicari, S., Sotgiu, S., & Valeri, G. (2025) · Frontiers in Child and Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/frcha.2025.1544344 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“Research, in fact, suggests that including parents in interventions, particularly parent-mediated interventions, can have a positive impact on the abilities of children with autism (8, 55, 56).”
ATEŞ, S. (2022) · Premium e-Journal of Social Science · doi:10.37242/pejoss.2221 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Weinstein, N., & Golombick, A. Z. (2024) · Journal of Early Intervention · doi:10.1177/10538151241235560 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“This study examined a manualized inter-action-focused therapeutic intervention that simultaneously targeted both father–child and techniques with the child (Kasari et al., 2015; Keen et al., 2010; Rojas-Torres et al., 2020; R. Solomon et al., 2014).”
Parent-Mediated Targeted Intervention for Young Children at Risk for Autism Spectrum Disorder
Azzano, A., Ward, R. A., Vause, T. C., & Feldman, M. A. (2022) · Infants & Young Children · doi:10.1097/iyc.0000000000000226 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Danilov, I. V. (2023) · Lecture notes on data engineering and communications technologies · doi:10.1007/978-981-99-1767-9_33 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Lapierre, M., Elgbeili, G., Laplante, D. P., O’Hara, M. W., D’Antono, B., & King, S. (2024) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579424001494 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Incorporating a Three-Tier Parent Education Model into ImPACT Curriculum in Taiwan
Ding, Y.-S., Wang, H., & Lin, F.-Y. (2025) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-025-03051-w · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“…Communication Teachers) is a well-researched PII designed to improve social communication for young children with ASD (Ingersoll & Dvortcsak, 2019) designed for improving social communication for young children with ASD from birth to six years of age in natural settings (Rojas-Torres et al., 2020).”
Kamenski, T., Stankova, M., & Palejev, D. (2025) · Cogent Education · doi:10.1080/2331186x.2025.2497145 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“This gives the child a headstart in developing language competence and socialization skills (Lai et al., 2014; Rojas-Torres et al., 2020; Sinai-Gavrilov et al., 2020; Webb et al., 2014); and increases self-confidence and quality of life (Chawarska et al., 2009; Karst & Van Hecke, 2012).”
Mohamadzade, A., & Faramarzi, S. (2025) · Child Care Health and Development · doi:10.1111/cch.70115 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Minguela, N., de Valencia, U., Alcantud-Marín, F., & de Valencia, U. (2022) · Revista de Psicología y Educación - Journal of Psychology and Education · doi:10.23923/rpye2022.02.227 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Robot Assistive Therapy Strategies for Children with Autism
D’Onofrio, G., Petito, A., Calvio, A., Toto, G. A., & Limone, P. (2022) · Communications in computer and information science · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-15845-2_7 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Knowledge of Childhood Autism among Health Workers of Peshawar: A Cross-Sectional Study
Qadir, N. A., Burki, S. U. R., Abbasi, A., & Ahmad, U. (2023) · Journal of Health and Rehabilitation Research · doi:10.61919/jhrr.v3i2.221 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Kazmin, A. M., Bagaradnikova, E. V., Vorotskiy, A. A., et al. (2022) · Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.17759/autdd.2022200303 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Parrella, N.-F., Hill, A. T., Enticott, P. G., Botha, T., & Ford, T. C. (2026) · Research in Neurodiversity · doi:10.1016/j.rin.2026.100017 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Bayrakdar, U., Gülboy, E., & SOĞANCI, S. (2025) · Buca eğitim fakültesi dergisi (Online)/Buca Eğitim Fakültesi dergisi · doi:10.53444/deubefd.1567098 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Seo, E., Ha, Y.-N., Jeon, P., & Yoo, E. (2025) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-025-07155-6 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Martinez, J., Hajal, N. J., Fisher, K. L., Turner, E. C., Moody, C. T., & Laugeson, E. A. (2026) · Journal of korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.5765/jkacap.250042 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“Parent involvement is often included in interventions for young autistic children; however, few studies have directly examined how parent-related factors influence program outcomes [23,24].”
Danilov, I. V., Kurakina, N. I., & Mihailova, S. (2022) · Journal of the Russian Universities Radioelectronics · doi:10.32603/1993-8985-2022-25-4-105-115 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Access to Care Limitations: When Distance and Lack of Evidence Meet
Olsen, D., Patel, L., Spinazzi, N. A., & Nyp, S. S. (2023) · Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics · doi:10.1097/dbp.0000000000001213 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Ávila, J. A. S. (2023) · Revista UCMaule · doi:10.29035/ucmaule.65.26 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Mukarage, F., Kuzagbe, C. C., Adams, S. N., et al. (2026) · doi:10.2196/preprints.94908 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Examining the Technical Issues in Teletherapy for Children with Developmental Delays
Resandono, D., & Basri, M. H. (2023) · Jurnal Manajemen Teknologi · doi:10.12695/jmt.2023.22.3.2
Review of anatomical and histological alterations in the brain of patients with autism
Abdullah, R. A. (2024) · GSC Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences · doi:10.30574/gscbps.2024.26.3.0104
Parrella, N.-F., Hill, A. T., Enticott, P. G., Botha, T., & Ford, T. C. (2024) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/uma8g
Handayani, L., Fridani, L., & Rahayu, W. (2024) · Child Education Journal · doi:10.33086/cej.v5i3.5770
“The results of this study are supported by research Rojas-Torres et al., 2020 collaboration with parents has been shown to increase the effectiveness of interventions, especially in the context of children’s speech delays.”
ResultPascarella, L. A., Erickson, C. A., & Minshawi, N. F. (2024) · Autism and child psychopathology series · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-64499-3_2
An Overview of Recent Developments in Treatment for Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder
Matson, J. L., & Sturmey, P. (2024) · Autism and child psychopathology series · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-64499-3_1
Myers, S. M., & Challman, T. D. (2024) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-824060-1.00038-9
Pilot Robot-Assistive Approach Study for Children with Autism (PROSPECT) Project
D’Onofrio, G., Calvio, A., Ciccone, F., Russo, S., Centra, S., Mutino, S., Gennaro, P. D., Iannacone, G., Germano, M., Crisetti, M., et al. (2024) · Lecture notes in bioengineering · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-77318-1_14
Shams, H., Nawaz, I., Bashir, S., Shahzadi, B., Abualait, T., Khan, H. R., Hussain, S. A., & Kiyani, M. M. (2025) · Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment · doi:10.2147/ndt.s521917
“Given resource constraints in clinical settings where this intervention is targeted, we focused on demonstrating feasibility and effect sizes to inform future RCTs. Prior quasi-experimental studies in low-resource contexts for, eg, Rojas-Torres et al, 41 have similarly used pre/post designs as a preliminary step.”
InfluentialTakatani, S., Nakaguchi, H., Honda, J., Soejima, T., Kitao, M., Lin, Q., & Nishimura, N. (2026) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.101377
Chen, Y. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1700142
“In addition, one video was randomly selected from every 10 recordings for dual coding to monitor overall coding quality (25).”
Conti, E., Ieri, F., Calderoni, S., Apicella, F., Chericoni, N., Costanzo, V., Marchi, V., Guzzetta, A., & Colombi, C. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2026.1676968
“All intervention proposals share the principle that the involvement of parents in the early phases of emerging symptoms is of utmost importance to empower family awareness about the condition and consequently family well-being (75).”
Mohamadzade, A., Hassanzadeh, S., Faramarzi, S., & Shokoohi–Yekta, M. (2026) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-026-07382-5
Goel, A., Thabrew, H., Wouldes, T. A., & Xie, Z. (2026) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-026-07459-1
Mukarage, F., Kuzagbe, C. C., Adams, S. N., et al. (2026) · JMIR mhealth and uhealth · doi:10.2196/94908
- Authors
- Rojas-Torres, L. P., Alonso-Esteban, Y., & Alcantud-Marín, F.
- Affiliations
- Universitat de València (ES)
- Department of Developmental and Educational Psychology, Universitat de Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
- Corresponding author
- Rojas-Torres, Liliana Paulina
- Venue
- Children
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2020-12-15
- Volume
- 7
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- 294
- ISSN
- 2227-9067 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7765314
- OpenAlex
- W3103836835
- Semantic Scholar
- 89fbf71414d853c5cc2740cec9b1df9f35abcad1
- Cited by
- 73
- References
- 169
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 18 · 2022: 19 · 2021: 3
- FWCI
- 1.33
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Children (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Preprints.org (acceptedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Family and Disability Support Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Behavioral and Psychological Studies
- Keywords
- autism spectrum disorder, early intervention, parental involvement, parent-mediated intervention, intervention effectiveness, positive parenting, behavior analysis, child development, children's play
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