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Cited by 99Suicide and Self-Harm StudiesHomicide, Infanticide, and Child AbuseLGBTQ Health, Identity, and Policy

Examining the role of sex in self-injurious thoughts and behaviors

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Fox, Kathryn R., Millner, Alexander J., Mukerji, Cora E., Nock, Matthew K.·2018·Clinical Psychology Review
DOI 10.1016/j.cpr.2017.09.009
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Abstract

Self-injurious thoughts and behaviors (SITBs), including nonsuicidal self-injury, suicidal thoughts, suicide attempts, and suicide death exhibit substantial sex differences. Across most countries, men die by suicide more frequently than women; yet, women think about and attempt suicide more frequently than men. Research on sex differences in nonsuicidal self-injury is less developed; however, nonsuicidal self-injury is historically understood as a primarily female phenomenon. This review describes current research on sex differences across SITBs with a focus on factors that moderate these effects, such as age, race, geographic region, and time. Additionally, this review describes factors that may help to explain why sex differences across SITBs exist, including differences in culture, access to lethal suicide methods, rates of mental illness, and utilization of health care. The role of gender, and particularly non-binary gender, is also discussed. Current understanding of these sex differences is described with an eye toward future research on this topic.

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  • The non-significance of female sex as a risk factor in this meta-analysis contrasts with findings in the general population, where female sex as a risk factor for self-harm is stronger, and with one high-quality population study of UK prisoners that reported that the odds of self-harm was four times higher in women than in men.

    “This non-significance contrasts with findings in the general population,74 in which female sex as a risk factor for self-harm is stronger, and one high-quality population study of UK prisoners5 that reported that the odds of self-harm was four times higher in women than in men.”

    From Risk factors for self-harm in prison: a systematic review and meta-analysis (2020) · cites this paper as [74]

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Authors
Fox, K. R., Millner, A. J., Mukerji, C. E., & Nock, M. K.
Affiliations
Harvard University (US)
Corresponding author
Fox, Kathryn R.
ORCID
Venue
Clinical Psychology Review
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
2018-12
Volume
66
Pages
3-11
ISSN
0272-7358 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1016/j.cpr.2017.09.009
OpenAlex
W2756822867
Cited by
99
References
102
Citations by year
2026: 9 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 16 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 7
FWCI
1.05
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Clinical Psychology Review (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Digital Access to Scholarship at Harvard (DASH) (Harvard University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
Funders
Sackler Scholars Programme in Psychobiology
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Suicide and Self-Harm Studies
  • Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Homicide, Infanticide, and Child Abuse
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › LGBTQ Health, Identity, and Policy
Keywords
sex differences, non-suicidal self-injury, suicidal ideation, suicide attempts, suicide mortality, gender, non-binary gender, culture, mental illness, health care utilization, age, race, geographic region
MeSH terms
Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Child, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Sex Factors, Suicide, Attempted, Self-Injurious Behavior, Young Adult, Suicidal Ideation

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