Cited by 114Digital Mental Health InterventionsAnxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive ProcessesPsychological Treatments and Assessments

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The effectiveness of computerized cognitive behavioural therapy in routine care

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Cavanagh, K., Shapiro, D. A., Van den Berg, S., Swain, S., Barkham, M., Proudfoot, J.·2006·British Journal of Clinical Psychology

DOI 10.1348/014466505x84782

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Abstract

Objectives and design The efficacy of a Computerized Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CCBT) package, Beating the Blues , has been demonstrated in a large randomized controlled trial. The current study tests the generalizability of this finding in a naturalistic non‐randomized trial. Method 219 patients with anxiety and/or depression were recruited to receive CCBT in routine care. The Clinical Outcomes in Routine Evaluation‐Outcome Measure (CORE‐OM) and Work and Social Adjustment scale (WSA) were administered pre‐treatment, immediately on completing treatment and at 6 months post‐treatment. Single‐item self‐report measures of anxiety and depression were also collected during each treatment session. Results Completer and intention‐to‐treat analysis demonstrated statistically and clinically significant improvements on the CORE‐OM, WSA and in self‐reported anxiety and depression. Intention‐to‐treat analysis indicated an average 0.29‐point drop on the CORE‐OM, equating to an uncontrolled pre‐post effect size of 0.50. Research completers achieved an average 0.61‐point drop equating to an uncontrolled pre‐post size of 1.00 on the same measure. Where data was available (18%), these benefits were maintained at week 32 (6 months follow‐up). Conclusion CCBT can be an effective first line tool within a stepped care framework for the management of common mental health problems.

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“In treating depression and anxiety, computerised interventions have already been shown to be clinically and cost-effective, acceptable to service users, and highly accessed [6–10].”
Background
Low-intensity internet-delivered treatment for generalized anxiety symptoms in routine care: protocol for a randomized controlled trial
Richards, D., Timulak, L., Doherty, G., Sharry, J., McLoughlin, O., Rashleigh, C., Colla, A., & Joyce, C. (2014) · Trials · doi:10.1186/1745-6215-15-145 · Cited by 16
“Some previous research has assessed the relevance of low-intensity internet-delivered treatments for anxiety disorders in service-based settings [56-58].”
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Finding Relevant Psychoeducation Content for Adolescents Experiencing Symptoms of Depression: Content Analysis of User-Generated Online Texts
Dysthe, K. K., Haavet, O. R., Røssberg, J. I., Brandtzæg, P. B., Følstad, A., & Klovning, A. (2021) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/28765 · Cited by 16
“Similar solutions also show promising results in adolescents [39,41,42].”
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“Other studies proposed conflicting results, for example, Cavanagh et al. (2006) suggested that 20% – 33% of patients declined ICBT programmes in comparison to 25% – 50% of patients forgoing face-to-face psychotherapy after initial assessments; this implies that ICBT programmes could be slightly…”
Result
Developing a web-based stress management intervention for occupational support workers
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“There is evidence to suggest that Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) programmes for treating stress and anxiety can be effective in a web-based format (Cavanagh et al., 2006; Kenwright et al., 2001).”
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Psychosocial Characteristics of Optimum Performance in Isolated and Confined Environments (ICE)
Palinkas, L. A., Keeton, K. E., Shea, C., & Leveton, L. B. (2010) · NASA Technical Reports Server (NASA) · Cited by 15
Identification of Relevant Elements for Promoting Effective Interventions in Old Age // Identificación de elementos relevantes para promover intervenciones eficaces en la vejez
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“95% CI 7.1 – 11.8.and a signiﬁcant reduction in total CORE-OM scores at study end t (55) = 9.2. p < .001, SD = .79, ES = 1.4, CI .76 – 1.2.”
MethodResultInfluential
Transdiagnostic internet treatment for anxiety and depression = Tratamiento transdiagnóstico por internet de la ansiedad y la depresión
Titov, N., Dear, B. F., Johnston, L., & Terides, M. (2012) · Revista de Psicopatología y Psicología Clínica · doi:10.5944/rppc.vol.17.num.3.2012.11842 · Cited by 13
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Internetbasierte Therapie in der Versorgung von Patienten mit depressiven Störungen: Ein Überblick
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Download Your Doctor: Implementation of a Digitally Mediated Personal Physician Presence to Enhance Patient Engagement With a Health-Promoting Internet Application
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“Initially adopted primarily for the management of patients with mental health problems including depression and anxiety [20], facilitated access has been extended to addictive behaviors including smoking cessation and alcohol screening, as well health promotion and the management of long-term…”
Healthcare and the Effect of Technology
Kabene, S. (2010) · Advances in healthcare information systems and administration book series · doi:10.4018/978-1-61520-733-6 · Cited by 17
“Cavanagh et al. (2006), Grime (2004), • and Proudfoot et al. (2004) evaluated an interactive, multimedia, computerized cognitive behavioral therapy package.”
Background
Tailoring a Digital Mental Health Program for Patients With Sickle Cell Disease: Qualitative Study
Nikolajski, C., O’Brien, J. A., Nardo, E., Szigethy, E., & Jonassaint, C. R. (2023) · JMIR Mental Health · doi:10.2196/44216 · Cited by 10
“This is a major gap in care, given that effective and cost-efficient mental health treatments, such as cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), exist but are often not part of comprehensive SCD care [11-15].”
An evidence-based approach to the use of telehealth in long-term health conditions: development of an intervention and evaluation through pragmatic randomised controlled trials in patients with depression or raised cardiovascular risk
Salisbury, C., O’Cathain, A., Thomas, C., Edwards, L., Montgomery, A. A., Hollinghurst, S. P., Large, S., Nicholl, J. P., Pope, C. J., Rogers, A. E., et al. (2017) · Programme Grants for Applied Research · doi:10.3310/pgfar05010 · Cited by 9
“For example, a RCT of an internet-based CBT programme, Beating the Blues, showed that computerised care outcomes were comparable to face-to-face care outcomes, nearly half of those completing the programme were reported to be clinically recovered and a computerised CBT programme for the management of mild to moderate…”
BackgroundResult
Self-guided digital treatment with virtual reality for panic disorder and agoraphobia: a study protocol for a randomized controlled trial
Planert, J., Machulska, A., Hildebrand, A. S., Roesmann, K., Otto, E., & Klucken, T. (2022) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-022-06366-x · Cited by 10
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Predictors of Use and Drop Out From a Web-Based Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Program and Health Community for Depression and Anxiety in Primary Care Patients: Secondary Analysis of a Randomized Controlled Trial
Rotondi, A. J., Belnap, B. H., Rothenberger, S. D., Feldman, R., Hanusa, B. H., & Rollman, B. L. (2023) · JMIR Mental Health · doi:10.2196/52197 · Cited by 8
Developments in Technology-Delivered Psychological Interventions
Richards, D. (2013) · Universitas Psychologica · doi:10.11144/javeriana.upsy12-2.dtdp · Cited by 8
Evaluating the Use of a Computerized CBT Program for Outpatients on a Waitlist in a University CBT Unit
Villemaire-Krajden, R., & Myhr, G. (2019) · Journal of Psychiatric Practice · doi:10.1097/pra.0000000000000396 · Cited by 7
The efficacy and pattern of use of a computer-assisted programme for the treatment of anxiety: A naturalistic study using mixed methods in primary care in Spain
Herrera‐Mercadal, P., Montero‐Marín, J., Plaza, I., Medrano, C., Andres, E. M., del Hoyo, Y. L., Gili, M., & García‐Campayo, J. (2015) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2014.12.060 · Cited by 9
“Naturalistic studies to assess the efficacy and pattern of use of these programmes in real daily clinical conditions are compulsory but infrequent (Cavanagh et al., 2006).”
Background
Computerised CBT self‐help for depression in Higher Education: Reflections on a pilot
Mitchell, N. (2009) · Counselling and Psychotherapy Research · doi:10.1080/14733140902993343 · Cited by 6
“Cavanagh, Shapiro, Van den Berg, Swain, Barkham, & Proudfoot, 2006 ).”
Telephonic support to facilitate return to work: what works, how, and when?
McCluskey, S. (2014) · University of Huddersfield Repository (University of Huddersfield) · Cited by 7
Understanding Engagement with a Trauma Recovery Web Intervention Using the Health Action Process Approach (HAPA) Framework
Yeager, C. M. (2016) · Digital Collections of Colorado (Colorado State University) · Cited by 5
Development of an audio and computer cognitive behavioral therapy for depression in older adults
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“A systematic review, a meta-analysis, and recent studies suggest that CATs are evidence-based; potentially a first step in treating depression (Cavanagh et al., 2006; Cavanagh & Shapiro, 2004; Kaltenthaler et al. 2002; Karyotaki et al., 2017; Wright et al., 2005; Barrett & Gershkovich, 2014;…”
Method
Exploring the nature of the therapeutic alliance in technology-based interventions for mental health problems
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Emotion Focussed Cognitive Behavioral Therapy: An Attempt to Resolve Emotional Deficiency and Strengthen Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Efficacy
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An exploration into the effectiveness of self‐help CBT for mothers with mild to moderate depression and/or anxiety in the London Borough of Bexley
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A comparison of the effectiveness of cognitive behavioural interventions based on delivery features for elevated symptoms of depression in adolescents: A systematic review
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“The program uses CBT and has been shown to be evidence-based and cost-effective in treating anxiety and depression by the primary care provider [11].”
BackgroundMethod
Technology assisted intervention for improving mood: a portable computer-assisted therapy program for treating depression in older adults
Scogin, F. R., & Morthland, M. (2011) · Cited by 1
NURSES' ACCEPTANCE OF AN INTERNET-BASED SUPPORT SYSTEM IN THE CARE OF ADOLESCENTS WITH DEPRESSION
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Computer-Based Brief Motivational Intervention For Medication Adherence In Schizophrenia
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The Effectiveness of Health Informatics
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Authors: Cavanagh, K., Shapiro, D. A., Van den Berg, S., Swain, S., Barkham, M., & Proudfoot, J.
Affiliations: Newcastle University (GB)
University of Sheffield (GB)
University of Leeds (GB)
UNSW Sydney (AU)
Corresponding author: Cavanagh, K.
ORCID: Cavanagh, K.
Shapiro, D. A.
Swain, S.
Barkham, M.
Proudfoot, J.
Venue: British Journal of Clinical Psychology
Publisher: Wiley
Published: 2006-11
Volume: 45
Issue: 4
Pages: 499-514
ISSN: 0144-6657 (ISSN-L)
2044-8260
DOI: 10.1348/014466505x84782
OpenAlex: W2061383680
Semantic Scholar: 5f08375b634ea5a803467d9a70abb93cb196a8de
Cited by: 113
References: 37
Citations by year: 2025: 1 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 7 · 2013: 13 · 2012: 6
FWCI: 11.86
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
doi.org
Licence: onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor (vor, 1514 d)
Locations: British Journal of Clinical Psychology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Newcastle University ePrints (Newcastle Univesity)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Digital Mental Health Interventions
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychological Treatments and Assessments
Keywords: anxiety, depression, common mental disorders, stepped care, usual care, generalizability, treatment effectiveness, work and social adjustment, CORE-OM
MeSH terms: Adult, Aged, Anxiety Disorders, Depressive Disorder, Female, Humans, Male, Mental Health Services, Middle Aged, Periodicity, Surveys and Questionnaires, Social Adjustment, Therapy, Computer-Assisted, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Treatment Outcome, Workplace, Intention

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The effectiveness of computerized cognitive behavioural therapy in routine care

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