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Efficacy of the Theory of Planned Behaviour: A meta‐analytic review

Armitage, Christopher J., Conner, Mark·2001·British Journal of Social Psychology

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Abstract

The Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) has received considerable attention in the literature. The present study is a quantitative integration and review of that research. From a database of 185 independent studies published up to the end of 1997, the TPB accounted for 27% and 39% of the variance in behaviour and intention, respectively. The perceived behavioural control (PBC) construct accounted for significant amounts of variance in intention and behaviour, independent of theory of reasoned action variables. When behaviour measures were self-reports, the TPB accounted for 11% more of the variance in behaviour than when behaviour measures were objective or observed (R2s = .31 and .21, respectively). Attitude, subjective norm and PBC account for significantly more of the variance in individuals' desires than intentions or self-predictions, but intentions and self-predictions were better predictors of behaviour. The subjective norm construct is generally found to be a weak predictor of intentions. This is partly attributable to a combination of poor measurement and the need for expansion of the normative component. The discussion focuses on ways in which current TPB research can be taken forward in the light of the present review.

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Authors: Armitage, C. J., & Conner, M.
Affiliations: University of Sheffield (GB)
University of Leeds (GB)
Corresponding author: Armitage, Christopher J.
ORCID: Armitage, Christopher J.
Conner, Mark
Venue: British Journal of Social Psychology
Publisher: Wiley
Published: 2001-12
Volume: 40
Issue: 4
Pages: 471-499
ISSN: 0144-6665 (ISSN-L)
2044-8309
DOI: 10.1348/014466601164939
OpenAlex: W2152095411
Cited by: 9,970
References: 191
Citations by year: 2026: 441 · 2025: 511 · 2024: 511 · 2023: 588 · 2022: 584 · 2021: 633 · 2020: 626 · 2019: 552 · 2018: 553 · 2017: 515 · 2016: 525 · 2015: 547 · 2014: 528 · 2013: 473 · 2012: 440
FWCI: 105.67
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor (vor, 3302 d)
Locations: British Journal of Social Psychology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Research Explorer (The University of Manchester) (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Behavioral Health and Interventions
Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law › Pro-Environmental Behavior and Attitudes
Social Sciences › Communication › Media Influence and Health
Keywords: theory of planned behavior, perceived behavioral control, attitudes, subjective norms, behavioral intention, behavior prediction, self-prediction, theory of reasoned action, attitude measurement
MeSH terms: Behavior, Humans, Internal-External Control, Motivation, Predictive Value of Tests, Psychological Theory, Self-Assessment, Reproducibility of Results, Self Efficacy

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Efficacy of the Theory of Planned Behaviour: A meta‐analytic review

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