The DOI matches its Crossref record; 75 of the 75 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 8 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
Ecological momentary interventions: Incorporating mobile technology into psychosocial and health behaviour treatments
Open accessAbstract
PURPOSE: Psychosocial and health behaviour treatments and therapies can be extended beyond traditional research or clinical settings by using mobile technology to deliver interventions to individuals as they go about their daily lives. These ecological momentary interventions (EMIs) are treatments that are provided to people during their everyday lives (i.e. in real time) and in natural settings (i.e. real world). The goal of the present review is to synthesize and critique mobile technology-based EMI aimed at improving health behaviours and psychological and physical symptoms. METHODS: Twenty-seven interventions using palmtop computers or mobile phones to deliver ambulatory treatment for smoking cessation, weight loss, anxiety, diabetes management, eating disorders, alcohol use, and healthy eating and physical activity were identified. RESULTS: There is evidence that EMI can be successfully delivered, are accepted by patients, and are efficacious for treating a variety of health behaviours and physical and psychological symptoms. Limitations of the existing literature were identified and recommendations and considerations for research design, sample characteristics, measurement, statistical analyses, and clinical implementation are discussed. CONCLUSIONS: Mobile technology-based EMI can be effectively implemented as interventions for a variety of health behaviours and psychological and physical symptoms. Future research should integrate the assessment and intervention capabilities of mobile technology to create dynamically and individually tailored EMI that are ecologically sensitive.
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15 Own result · 3 No basis given · 2 Sources not found · 2 Not checked yet · 2 Own method
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In other words, incorporating EMI into treatment allowed the number of therapy sessions to be reduced by about half, while maintaining similar treatment efficacy.”
§ Ecological Momentary Interventions: Incorporating Mobile Technology Into Psychosocial and Health Behavior Treatments > Review and Critique of Intervention Design, Delivery, and Outcomes > Treatment Efficacy
In the paper
“In one study participants receiving the CBT and EMI lost more weight than those receiving CBT alone immediately post treatment (8 vs. 3 pounds), and at 24 weeks (16 vs. 4 pounds) and 40 weeks (18 vs. 2 pounds) after the intervention (Burnett et al., 1985), suggesting EMI may enhance treatment gains of CBT.”
§ Ecological Momentary Interventions: Incorporating Mobile Technology Into Psychosocial and Health Behavior Treatments > Review and Critique of Intervention Design, Delivery, and Outcomes > Treatment Efficacy
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Burnett et al., 1985 source
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The majority of the studies reviewed provided EMI as only one component in a treatment protocol (k=23, 85%; see Table 2, Additional Treatment Components).”
§ Ecological Momentary Interventions: Incorporating Mobile Technology Into Psychosocial and Health Behavior Treatments > Review and Critique of Intervention Design, Delivery, and Outcomes > Ecological Momentary Intervention [EMI] Features
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As this review demonstrates, EMI can take many forms, and have been used as a treatment in and of itself or (more commonly) as a supplement to other psychological or medical treatments.”
§ Ecological Momentary Interventions: Incorporating Mobile Technology Into Psychosocial and Health Behavior Treatments > Overall Conclusions and Recommendations for Research and Practice
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Overall, these findings provide evidence that EMI delivered via palmtop computers and mobile phones are perceived as credible and generally acceptable to participants.”
§ Ecological Momentary Interventions: Incorporating Mobile Technology Into Psychosocial and Health Behavior Treatments > Review and Critique of Intervention Design, Delivery, and Outcomes > Treatment Efficacy
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Half of these studies included a control condition and each found that participants in the EMI conditions were more likely to self-report abstinence after the intervention (Brendryen et al., 2008; Brendryen & Kraft, 2008; Rodgers et al., 2005; Vidrine et al., 2006).”
§ Ecological Momentary Interventions: Incorporating Mobile Technology Into Psychosocial and Health Behavior Treatments > Review and Critique of Intervention Design, Delivery, and Outcomes > Treatment Efficacy
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Brendryen et al., 2008
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Brendryen & Kraft, 2008
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Rodgers et al., 2005
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matched
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“About two-thirds of the studies (k=19) used EMI with tailored content, three (11%) include a combination of tailored and generic messages, and five (19%) used only generic messages (Table 2, EMI Content Tailored).”
§ Ecological Momentary Interventions: Incorporating Mobile Technology Into Psychosocial and Health Behavior Treatments > Review and Critique of Intervention Design, Delivery, and Outcomes > Ecological Momentary Intervention [EMI] Features
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Empirical evidence suggests EMI can be effective at encouraging smoking cessation, improving weight loss in overweight women, and reducing anxiety symptoms.”
§ Ecological Momentary Interventions: Incorporating Mobile Technology Into Psychosocial and Health Behavior Treatments > Review and Critique of Intervention Design, Delivery, and Outcomes > Treatment Efficacy
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These studies provide some evidence that EMI, requiring minimal therapist time and effort, can be used either as an alternative to, or to enhance, CBT or psychoeducation.”
§ Ecological Momentary Interventions: Incorporating Mobile Technology Into Psychosocial and Health Behavior Treatments > Review and Critique of Intervention Design, Delivery, and Outcomes > Treatment Efficacy
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The majority of studies (k=19, 70%) used an algorithm-based automated system to deliver the EMI, but one quarter (k=7) required a person to review participant data, select and send appropriate messages, or have a conversation with participants, and one study used a system including both automated and manual EMI deliver”
§ Ecological Momentary Interventions: Incorporating Mobile Technology Into Psychosocial and Health Behavior Treatments > Review and Critique of Intervention Design, Delivery, and Outcomes > Ecological Momentary Intervention [EMI] Features
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Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Sharing recovery experiences has been demonstrated to allow patients to gain some control over their illness8 and reduce symptoms in depression,9 substance use disorders10 and eating disorders.11”
From Recovery-focused self-help intervention using vodcasts for patients with personality disorder: Feasibility randomised controlled trial (2024) · cites this paper as [8]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Mobile-based interventions show advantages such as a high accessibility to the internet, independence of time and location regarding treatment delivery, provision of context-sensitive feedback, real-time data collection as well as the use of sensor technology for data collection (Heron and Smyth, 2010; Proudfoot, 2013).”
From A mobile application for panic disorder and agoraphobia: Insights from a multi-methods feasibility study (2020) · cites this paper as Heron and Smyth, 2010
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Similar findings have been identified in EMI studies for depression, smoking, and other additive behaviors. 8,45”
From Effectiveness of mobile technologies delivering Ecological Momentary Interventions for stress and anxiety: A systematic review (2016) · cites this paper as [8]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Interventions delivered via mobile phones facilitate frequent engagement as users go about their daily lives [12,13] and afford users the opportunity to apply the skills and behaviors promoted by the intervention directly in real time to their real life experiences [14].”
From Feasibility of "CopeSmart": A Telemental Health App for Adolescents (2015) · cites this paper as [14]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Real-time tailored feedback can reinforce target behaviors [22], which, for individuals with a visible difference, could include the practice of social skills training (an evidence-based component to help individuals manage difficult social encounters [23]), tailored mindfulness practices, and valued goals related to appearance concerns.”
From An Acceptance and Commitment Therapy Prototype Mobile Program for Individuals with a Visible Difference: Mixed Methods Feasibility Study (2022) · cites this paper as [22]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Other broader reviews have previously noted that more trials are needed on the effectiveness of EMI. 8,20”
From Effectiveness of mobile technologies delivering Ecological Momentary Interventions for stress and anxiety: A systematic review (2016) · cites this paper as [8]
In the citing paper
“the content of interventions can be adapted for each individual not only initially but also over time based on his/her prior outcome data, prior responses to specific intervention outputs, current environmental and/or social context, and a range of other variables that might influence the optimal intervention based on the current state of the individual (i.e., ecological momentary interventions) [”
From Health behavior models in the age of mobile interventions: are our theories up to the task? (2011) · cites this paper as [90]
In the citing paper
“Trials of mobile BITs have found some positive short-term benefits for anxiety disorders (39), eating disorders (40), bipolar disorder (41), and schizophrenia (42), although others have not been effective at treating depression (43).”
From Behavioral Intervention Technologies: Evidence review and recommendations for future research in mental health (2013) · cites this paper as [39]
In the citing paper
“Given that this literature is limited and of variable quality, it is premature to make any definitive conclusions regarding the efficacy of mobile BITs (39).”
From Behavioral Intervention Technologies: Evidence review and recommendations for future research in mental health (2013) · cites this paper as [39]
In the citing paper
“They can provide almost constant support to users, in comparison to interventions that can only be accessed at specific times or in specific locations (eg, during visits to a therapist’s office) [14]. Furthermore, as it is not unusual to see young people interacting with their mobile phones in public, they provide a discrete and confidential means of intervention delivery [11].”
From Feasibility of "CopeSmart": A Telemental Health App for Adolescents (2015) · cites this paper as [14]
In the citing paper
“The use of smartphones offers specific benefits in terms of high user engagement [42], including the opportunity to deliver ecological momentary interventions [43].”
From Theory-Based Design and Development of a Socially Connected, Gamified Mobile App for Men About Breastfeeding (Milk Man) (2016) · cites this paper as [43]
In the citing paper
“These interventions have produced favorable outcomes in areas such as weight loss, physical activity, smoking cessation, and anxiety [3-7].”
In the citing paper
“Ecological Momentary Interventions (EMIs) (Heron and Smyth, 2010) and mental health (mHealth) applications (Naslund et al., 2015) are innovative approaches to provide psychological support through mobile devices in everyday life, without necessarily involving the presence of a real therapist or a face-to-face clinical setting.”
From New Technologies for the Understanding, Assessment, and Intervention of Emotion Regulation (2019) · cites this paper as Heron and Smyth, 2010
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Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Ecological Momentary Interventions: Incorporating Mobile Technology Into Psychosocial and Health Behavior Treatments > Review and Critique of Intervention Design, Delivery, and Outcomes > Ecological Momentary Intervention [EMI] Features
“only two interventions (7%) provided EMI without any additional treatment support (Weitzel et al., 2007; Whittaker et al., 2008).”
§ Ecological Momentary Interventions: Incorporating Mobile Technology Into Psychosocial and Health Behavior Treatments > Review and Critique of Intervention Design, Delivery, and Outcomes > Ecological Momentary Intervention [EMI] Features
“Three studies in this review demonstrated EMI can be effectively implemented alone without additional treatment support (Agras et al., 1990; Weitzel et al., 2007; Whittaker et al., 2008)”
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Metadata
- Authors
- Heron, K. E., & Smyth, J. M.
- Affiliations
- Syracuse University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Smyth, Joshua M.
- Venue
- British Journal of Health Psychology
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2010-02
- Volume
- 15
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 1-39
- ISSN
- 1359-107X (ISSN-L)
- 2044-8287
- PMC
- PMC2800172
- OpenAlex
- W2048799165
- Cited by
- 1,438
- References
- 74
- Citations by year
- 2026: 94 · 2025: 96 · 2024: 96 · 2023: 88 · 2022: 109 · 2021: 126 · 2020: 115 · 2019: 109 · 2018: 98 · 2017: 103 · 2016: 113 · 2015: 88 · 2014: 72 · 2013: 63 · 2012: 38
- FWCI
- 3.94
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- British Journal of Health Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (F31MH082564)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Mobile Health and mHealth Applications
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Digital Mental Health Interventions
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Mental Health Research Topics
- Keywords
- ecological momentary intervention, mobile technology, outpatient care, health behavior change, smoking cessation, weight loss, anxiety, diabetes management, eating disorders, alcohol consumption, physical activity, palmtop computers, mobile devices, treatment efficacy
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Alcoholism, Anxiety Disorders, Feeding and Eating Disorders, Mental Disorders, Child, Diabetes Mellitus, Feeding Behavior, Female, Health Promotion, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Motor Activity, Obesity, Psychotherapy, Self Care, Weight Loss, Health Behavior, Smoking Cessation, Treatment Outcome, Patient Satisfaction, Computers, Handheld, Cell Phone, Young Adult
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-09-24 (prompt extract-v1).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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