Making the Truth Stick & the Myths Fade: Lessons from Cognitive Psychology
Open accessAbstract
Erroneous beliefs are difficult to correct. Worse, popular correction strategies, such as the myth-versus-fact article format, may backfire because they subtly reinforce the myths through repetition and further increase the spread and acceptance of misinformation. Here we identify five key criteria people employ as they evaluate the truth of a statement: They assess general acceptance by others, gauge the amount \nof supporting evidence, determine its compatibility with their beliefs, assess the general coherence of the statement, and judge the credibility of the source of the information. In assessing these five criteria, people can actively seek additional information (an effortful analytic strategy) or attend to the subjective experience of easy mental processing—what psychologists call fluent processing—and simply draw conclusions on the basis of what feels right (a less effortful intuitive strategy).
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The myths versus facts format often backfires because the simple repetition of the myth amplifies the familiarity of that false claim, making it seem even more believable and widely-shared.
“This is the case of one of the most frequently used corrective strategy employing the myths versus facts format, which often backfires because the simple repetition of the myth, though well-intended and necessary in order to contrast it with the available evidence, paradoxically amplifies the familiarity of that false claim making it seem even more believable and widely-shared [46].”
From Misinformation lingers in memory: Failure of three pro-vaccination strategies (2017) · cites this paper as [46]
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Self-citation
- Authors
- Schwarz, N., Newman, E., & Leach, W.
- Affiliations
- University of Southern California (US)
- Corresponding author
- Schwarz, Norbert
- Venue
- Behavioral Science & Policy
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2016-04
- Volume
- 2
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 85-95
- ISSN
- 2379-4607 (ISSN-L)
- 2379-4615
- OpenAlex
- W2541661561
- Cited by
- 203
- References
- 59
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 18 · 2023: 17 · 2022: 29 · 2021: 28 · 2020: 41 · 2019: 22 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 12
- FWCI
- 43.85
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Behavioral Science & Policy (publishedVersion)
- Project Muse (Johns Hopkins University) (submittedVersion)
- ANU Open Research (Australian National University) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Misinformation and Its Impacts
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › General Decision Sciences › Decision-Making and Behavioral Economics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Educational Strategies and Epistemologies
- Keywords
- misinformation, belief updating, source credibility, evidence evaluation, belief coherence, fluency, intuitive thinking, analytical thinking, misinformation spread
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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