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Cited by 446Memory Processes and InfluencesMisinformation and Its ImpactsDeception detection and forensic psychology

How warnings about false claims become recommendations

Skurnik, Ian, Yoon, Carolyn, Park, Denise C., Schwarz, Norbert·2005·Journal of Consumer Research
DOI 10.1086/426605
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Abstract

Telling people that a consumer claim is false can make them misremember it as true. In two experiments, older adults were especially susceptible to this “illusion of truth ” effect. Repeatedly identifying a claim as false helped older adults remem-ber it as false in the short term but paradoxically made them more likely to re-member it as true after a 3 day delay. This unintended effect of repetition comes from increased familiarity with the claim itself but decreased recollection of the claim’s original context. Findings provide insight into susceptibility over time to memory distortions and exploitation via repetition of claims in media and advertising. In everyday life, people are bombarded with consumerinformation, from a wide variety of sources that differ in credibility (such as news reports, advertisements, Web sites, and so on) and in diverse consumption domains (from packaged goods to medical care). A crucial task for people is to determine whether the information they see is true or false. And because people often act on consumer infor-

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1086/426605

Cites

24 of 24 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

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Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • In a study by Skurnik et al., participants who read either true or false health-related statements could not distinguish fact from fiction after a 3-day delay.

    “Similarly, in a study by Skurnik et al. [28] participants who read either true or false health-related statements could not distinguish fact from fiction after a 3-day delay.”

    From Misinformation lingers in memory: Failure of three pro-vaccination strategies (2017) · cites this paper as [28]

  • In the same study, the more participants were warned that a statement was false, the more they accepted it as true.

    “Even worse, the more they were warned that a statement was false, the more they accepted it as true.”

    From Misinformation lingers in memory: Failure of three pro-vaccination strategies (2017) · cites this paper as [28]

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Related

Authors
Skurnik, I., Yoon, C., Park, D. C., & Schwarz, N.
Affiliations
  • University of Toronto (CA)
  • University of Michigan (US)
  • University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign (US)
  • University of Southern California (US)
ORCID
Venue
Journal of Consumer Research
Publisher
Oxford University Press (OUP)
Published
2005-03
Volume
31
Issue
4
Pages
713-724
ISSN
  • 0093-5301 (ISSN-L)
  • 1537-5277
DOI
10.1086/426605
OpenAlex
W2116615923
Cited by
446
References
25
Citations by year
2026: 13 · 2025: 24 · 2024: 19 · 2023: 33 · 2022: 27 · 2021: 46 · 2020: 30 · 2019: 49 · 2018: 17 · 2017: 23 · 2016: 21 · 2015: 21 · 2014: 22 · 2013: 21 · 2012: 14
FWCI
4.60
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Locations
Journal of Consumer Research (publishedVersion)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory Processes and Influences
  • Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Misinformation and Its Impacts
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Deception detection and forensic psychology
Keywords
false claims, consumer misinformation, older adults, memory distortion, familiarity, recollection, consumer information, advertising, credibility

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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

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