Severity of Depression and Magnitude of Productivity Loss
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PURPOSE: Depression is associated with lowered work functioning, including absences, impaired productivity, and decreased job retention. Few studies have examined depression symptoms across a continuum of severity in relationship to the magnitude of work impairment in a large and heterogeneous patient population, however. We assessed the relationship between depression symptom severity and productivity loss among patients initiating treatment for depression. METHODS: Data were obtained from patients participating in the DIAMOND (Depression Improvement Across Minnesota: Offering a New Direction) initiative, a statewide quality improvement collaborative to provide enhanced depression care. Patients newly started on antidepressants were surveyed with the Patient Health Questionnaire 9-item screen (PHQ-9), a measure of depression symptom severity; the Work Productivity and Activity Impairment (WPAI) questionnaire, a measure of loss in productivity; and items on health status and demographics. RESULTS: We analyzed data from the 771 patients who reported being currently employed. General linear models adjusting for demographics and health status showed a significant linear, monotonic relationship between depression symptom severity and productivity loss: with every 1-point increase in PHQ-9 score, patients experienced an additional mean productivity loss of 1.65% (P <.001). Even minor levels of depression symptoms were associated with decrements in work function. Full-time vs part-time employment status and self-reported fair or poor health vs excellent, very good, or good health were also associated with a loss of productivity (P <.001 and P=.045, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: This study shows a relationship between the severity of depression symptoms and work function, and suggests that even minor levels of depression are associated with a loss of productivity. Employers may find it beneficial to invest in effective treatments for depressed employees across the continuum of depression severity.
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Mild to moderate depression can result in reduced functioning and both presenteeism and absenteeism in the workplace.
“Mild to moderate depression can result in reduced functioning and both presenteeism and absenteeism in the workplace [8].”
From Feasibility and Preliminary Efficacy of Digital Interventions for Depressive Symptoms in Working Adults: Multiarm Randomized Controlled Trial (2023) · cites this paper as [8]
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- Authors
- Beck, A., Crain, A. L., Solberg, L. I., Unutzer, J., Glasgow, R. E., Maciosek, M. V., & Whitebird, R.
- Affiliations
- Kaiser Permanente (US)
- HealthPartners (US)
- National Cancer Institute (US)
- Venue
- The Annals of Family Medicine
- Publisher
- Annals of Family Medicine
- Published
- 2011-07-01
- Volume
- 9
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 305-311
- ISSN
- 1544-1709 (ISSN-L)
- 1544-1717
- PMC
- PMC3133577
- OpenAlex
- W2139823150
- Cited by
- 290
- References
- 32
- Citations by year
- 2026: 11 · 2025: 23 · 2024: 29 · 2023: 33 · 2022: 30 · 2021: 34 · 2020: 14 · 2019: 22 · 2018: 14 · 2017: 17 · 2016: 13 · 2015: 16 · 2014: 12 · 2013: 13 · 2012: 5
- FWCI
- 18.99
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- diamond
- doi.org
- Locations
- The Annals of Family Medicine (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- UST Research Online (University of St. Thomas - Minnesota) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (5r01mh080692-05)
- National Institute of Mental Health (5R01MH080692)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Workplace Health and Well-being
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Mental Health Treatment and Access
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology › Treatment of Major Depression
- Keywords
- depression, depression severity, work productivity loss, work impairment, PHQ-9, Work Productivity and Activity Impairment, antidepressant initiation, employment status, health status, quality improvement collaborative
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Depression, Efficiency, Employment, Female, Health Status, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Minnesota, Surveys and Questionnaires, Severity of Illness Index, Work, Linear Models, Self Report
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
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