Cited by 384

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 85 of the 85 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Quantitative Characteristics of Gene Regulation by Small RNA

Open access

Levine, Erel, Zhang, Zhongge, Kuhlman, Thomas, Hwa, Terence·2007·PLoS Biology

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

An increasing number of small RNAs (sRNAs) have been shown to regulate critical pathways in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. In bacteria, regulation by trans-encoded sRNAs is predominantly found in the coordination of intricate stress responses. The mechanisms by which sRNAs modulate expression of its targets are diverse. In common to most is the possibility that interference with the translation of mRNA targets may also alter the abundance of functional sRNAs. Aiming to understand the unique role played by sRNAs in gene regulation, we studied examples from two distinct classes of bacterial sRNAs in Escherichia coli using a quantitative approach combining experiment and theory. Our results demonstrate that sRNA provides a novel mode of gene regulation, with characteristics distinct from those of protein-mediated gene regulation. These include a threshold-linear response with a tunable threshold, a robust noise resistance characteristic, and a built-in capability for hierarchical cross-talk. Knowledge of these special features of sRNA-mediated regulation may be crucial toward understanding the subtle functions that sRNAs can play in coordinating various stress-relief pathways. Our results may also help guide the design of synthetic genetic circuits that have properties difficult to attain with protein regulators alone.

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1371/journal.pbio.0050229

Cites

85 of 85 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Untitled work
Bartel (2004) · doi:10.1016/s0092-8674(04)00045-5 · Cited by 34,714
One-step inactivation of chromosomal genes in Escherichia coli K-12 using PCR products
Datsenko, K. A., & Wanner, B. L. (2000) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.120163297 · Cited by 14,782
The functions of animal microRNAs
Ambros, V. (2004) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature02871 · Cited by 10,728
Exact stochastic simulation of coupled chemical reactions
Gillespie, D. T. (1977) · The Journal of Physical Chemistry · doi:10.1021/j100540a008 · Cited by 10,136
Non-coding RNAs and cancer: microRNAs and beyond
Raia, R. M., & Calin, G. A. (2011) · Journal of Nucleic Acids Investigation · doi:10.4081/jnai.2011.e5 · Cited by 3,382
Bacterial iron homeostasis
Andrews, S. C., Robinson, A. K., & Rodríguez-Quiñones, F. (2003) · FEMS Microbiology Reviews · doi:10.1016/s0168-6445(03)00055-x · Cited by 2,702 · cited 2×
“Its targets include ironstorage and oxidative response genes [41,60] whose expressions are needed to combat problems associated with elevated iron levels, but not when iron is deficient [61].”
FACS-optimized mutants of the green fluorescent protein (GFP)
Cormack, B. P., Valdivia, R. H., & Falkow, S. (1996) · Gene · doi:10.1016/0378-1119(95)00685-0 · Cited by 2,620
Stochasticity in gene expression: from theories to phenotypes
Kærn, M., Elston, T. C., Blake, W. J., & Collins, J. J. (2005) · Nature Reviews Genetics · doi:10.1038/nrg1615 · Cited by 2,320
Independent and tight regulation of transcriptional units in Escherichia coli via the LacR/O, the TetR/O and AraC/I1-I2 regulatory elements
Lutz, R. (1997) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/25.6.1203 · Cited by 1,693
Intrinsic and extrinsic contributions to stochasticity in gene expression
Swain, P. S., Elowitz, M. B., & Siggia, E. D. (2002) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.162041399 · Cited by 1,661
Regulation of noise in the expression of a single gene
Ozbudak, E. M., Thattai, M., Kurtser, I., Grossman, A. D., & van Oudenaarden, A. (2002) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/ng869 · Cited by 1,586
Micromanagers of gene expression: the potentially widespread influence of metazoan microRNAs
Bartel, D. P., & Chen, C.-Z. (2004) · Nature Reviews Genetics · doi:10.1038/nrg1328 · Cited by 1,425
Ribo-gnome: The Big World of Small RNAs
Zamore, P. D., & Haley, B. (2005) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1111444 · Cited by 1,288
An amplified sensitivity arising from covalent modification in biological systems.
Goldbeter, A., & Koshland, D. E. (1981) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.78.11.6840 · Cited by 1,206
A small RNA regulates the expression of genes involved in iron metabolism in Escherichia coli
Massé, E., & Gottesman, S. (2002) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.032066599 · Cited by 1,154
Stochastic protein expression in individual cells at the single molecule level
Cai, L., Friedman, N., & Xie, X. S. (2006) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature04599 · Cited by 1,145 · cited 1×
“With the protein regulator (red curve), any leakage in transcription is amplified through translation, resulting in large bursts of protein expression, as was recently observed experimentally [81,82].”
The Small RNA Chaperone Hfq and Multiple Small RNAs Control Quorum Sensing in Vibrio harveyi and Vibrio cholerae
Lenz, D. H., Mok, K. C., Lilley, B. N., Kulkarni, R. V., Wingreen, N. S., & Bassler, B. L. (2004) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2004.06.009 · Cited by 971
Probing Gene Expression in Live Cells, One Protein Molecule at a Time
Yu, J., Xiao, J., Ren, X., Lao, K., & Xie, X. S. (2006) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1119623 · Cited by 918
Transcriptional regulation by the numbers: models
Bintu, L., Buchler, N. E., Garcia, H. G., Gerland, U., Hwa, T., Kondev, J., & Phillips, R. (2005) · Current Opinion in Genetics & Development · doi:10.1016/j.gde.2005.02.007 · Cited by 782
Self-citation
Novel small RNA-encoding genes in the intergenic regions of Escherichia coli
Argaman, L., Hershberg, R., Vogel, J., Bejerano, G., Wagner, E. G. H., Margalit, H., & Altuvia, S. (2001) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/s0960-9822(01)00270-6 · Cited by 767
Identification of novel small RNAs using comparative genomics and microarrays
Wassarman, K. M., Repoila, F., Rosenow, C., Storz, G., & Gottesman, S. (2001) · Genes & Development · doi:10.1101/gad.901001 · Cited by 723
Coupled degradation of a small regulatory RNA and its mRNA targets in Escherichia coli
Massé, E., Escorcia, F. E., & Gottesman, S. (2003) · Genes & Development · doi:10.1101/gad.1127103 · Cited by 708
Plant microRNA: A small regulatory molecule with big impact
Zhang, B., Pan, X., Cobb, G. P., & Anderson, T. A. (2006) · Developmental Biology · doi:10.1016/j.ydbio.2005.10.036 · Cited by 706
On schemes of combinatorial transcription logic
Buchler, N. E., Gerland, U., & Hwa, T. (2003) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0930314100 · Cited by 680
Self-citation
The Small RNA Regulators of Escherichia coli : Roles and Mechanisms
Gottesman, S. (2004) · Annual Review of Microbiology · doi:10.1146/annurev.micro.58.030603.123841 · Cited by 586
Canalization of development by microRNAs
Hornstein, E., & Shomron, N. (2006) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/ng1803 · Cited by 578
Kinetics of protein-protein association explained by Brownian dynamics computer simulation.
Northrup, S. H., & Erickson, H. P. (1992) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.89.8.3338 · Cited by 572
Engineered riboregulators enable post-transcriptional control of gene expression
Isaacs, F. J., Dwyer, D. J., Ding, C., Pervouchine, D. D., Cantor, C. R., & Collins, J. J. (2004) · Nature Biotechnology · doi:10.1038/nbt986 · Cited by 554
Effect of RyhB Small RNA on Global Iron Use in Escherichia coli
Massé, E., Vanderpool, C. K., & Gottesman, S. (2005) · Journal of Bacteriology · doi:10.1128/jb.187.20.6962-6971.2005 · Cited by 546
Global analysis of small RNA and mRNA targets of Hfq
Zhang, A., Wassarman, K. M., Rosenow, C., Tjaden, B. C., Storz, G., & Gottesman, S. (2003) · Molecular Microbiology · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2958.2003.03734.x · Cited by 544
Hfq
Møller, T., Franch, T., Højrup, P., Keene, D. R., Bächinger, H. P., Brennan, R. G., & Valentin-Hansen, P. (2002) · Molecular Cell · doi:10.1016/s1097-2765(01)00436-1 · Cited by 524
Formation of an RNA primer for initiation of replication of ColE1 DNA by ribonuclease H.
Itoh, T., & Tomizawa, J. (1980) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.77.5.2450 · Cited by 504
Micros for microbes: non-coding regulatory RNAs in bacteria
Gottesman, S. (2005) · Trends in Genetics · doi:10.1016/j.tig.2005.05.008 · Cited by 501
The Sm-like Hfq Protein Increases OxyS RNA Interaction with Target mRNAs
Zhang, A., Wassarman, K. M., Ortega, J., Steven, A. C., & Storz, G. (2002) · Molecular Cell · doi:10.1016/s1097-2765(01)00437-3 · Cited by 489
RNase E-based ribonucleoprotein complexes: mechanical basis of mRNA destabilization mediated by bacterial noncoding RNAs
Morita, T., Maki, K., & Aiba, H. (2005) · Genes & Development · doi:10.1101/gad.1330405 · Cited by 458
RNomics in Escherichia coli detects new sRNA species and indicates parallel transcriptional output in bacteria
Vogel, J. (2003) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/gkg867 · Cited by 445
ANTISENSE RNA CONTROL IN BACTERIA, PHAGES, AND PLASMIDS
Wagner, E. G. H., & Simons, R. W. (1994) · Annual Review of Microbiology · doi:10.1146/annurev.mi.48.100194.003433 · Cited by 438
Computational identification of noncoding RNAs in E. coli by comparative genomics
Rivas, E., Klein, R. J., Jones, T. A., & Eddy, S. R. (2001) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/s0960-9822(01)00401-8 · Cited by 401
Transcriptional regulation by the numbers: applications
Bintu, L., Buchler, N. E., Garcia, H. G., Gerland, U., Hwa, T., Kondev, J., Kuhlman, T., & Phillips, R. (2005) · Current Opinion in Genetics & Development · doi:10.1016/j.gde.2005.02.006 · Cited by 401
Self-citation
AN ABUNDANCE OF RNA REGULATORS
Storz, G., Altuvia, S., & Wassarman, K. M. (2005) · Annual Review of Biochemistry · doi:10.1146/annurev.biochem.74.082803.133136 · Cited by 371
Mechanism of RNA silencing by Hfq-binding small RNAs
Aiba, H. (2007) · Current Opinion in Microbiology · doi:10.1016/j.mib.2007.03.010 · Cited by 368
Translational control and target recognition by Escherichia coli small RNAs in vivo
Urban, J. H., & Vogel, J. (2007) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/gkl1040 · Cited by 366
Translational control of IS10 transposition
Simons, R. W., & Kleckner, N. (1983) · Cell · doi:10.1016/0092-8674(83)90401-4 · Cited by 363
Controlling mRNA stability and translation with small, noncoding RNAs
Storz, G., Opdyke, J. A., & Zhang, A. (2004) · Current Opinion in Microbiology · doi:10.1016/j.mib.2004.02.015 · Cited by 362
Genes and Signals
Ptashne, M., & Gann, A. A. F. (2001) · Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Institutional Repository (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · Cited by 356
Involvement of a novel transcriptional activator and small RNA in post‐transcriptional regulation of the glucose phosphoenolpyruvate phosphotransferase system
Vanderpool, C. K., & Gottesman, S. (2004) · Molecular Microbiology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2958.2004.04348.x · Cited by 355
GadY, a Small-RNA Regulator of Acid Response Genes in Escherichia coli
Opdyke, J. A., Kang, J.-G., & Storz, G. (2004) · Journal of Bacteriology · doi:10.1128/jb.186.20.6698-6705.2004 · Cited by 354
RNA expression analysis using a 30 base pair resolution Escherichia coli genome array
Selinger, D. W., Cheung, K. J., Mei, R., Johansson, E. M., Richmond, C. S., Blattner, F. R., Lockhart, D. J., & Church, G. M. (2000) · Nature Biotechnology · doi:10.1038/82367 · Cited by 353
IS10 transposition is regulated by DNA adenine methylation
Roberts, D. (1985) · Cell · doi:10.1016/0092-8674(85)90017-0 · Cited by 344
Hfq, a new chaperoning role: binding to messenger RNA determines access for small RNA regulator
Geissmann, T. A., & Touati, D. (2004) · The EMBO Journal · doi:10.1038/sj.emboj.7600058 · Cited by 334
Bacterial Small RNA Regulators
Majdalani, N., Vanderpool, C. K., & Gottesman, S. (2005) · Critical Reviews in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology · doi:10.1080/10409230590918702 · Cited by 286
The Small RNA IstR Inhibits Synthesis of an SOS-Induced Toxic Peptide
Vogel, J., Argaman, L., Wagner, E. G. H., & Altuvia, S. (2004) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2004.12.003 · Cited by 277
Hfq Is Necessary for Regulation by the Untranslated RNA DsrA
Sledjeski, D. D., Whitman, C., & Zhang, A. (2001) · Journal of Bacteriology · doi:10.1128/jb.183.6.1997-2005.2001 · Cited by 276
Coincident Hfq binding and RNase E cleavage sites on mRNA and small regulatory RNAs
MOLL, I., AFONYUSHKIN, T., VYTVYTSKA, O., KABERDIN, V. R., & BLÄSI, U. (2003) · RNA · doi:10.1261/rna.5850703 · Cited by 271
Base‐pairing requirement for RNA silencing by a bacterial small RNA and acceleration of duplex formation by Hfq
Kawamoto, H., Koide, Y., Morita, T., & Aiba, H. (2006) · Molecular Microbiology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2958.2006.05288.x · Cited by 253
12 Antisense RNAs in bacteria and their genetic elements
WAGNER, E., ALTUVIA, S., & ROMBY, P. (2002) · Advances in Genetics · doi:10.1016/s0065-2660(02)46013-0 · Cited by 252
Small non‐coding RNAs, co‐ordinators of adaptation processes in Escherichia coli: the RpoS paradigm
Repoila, F., Majdalani, N., & Gottesman, S. (2003) · Molecular Microbiology · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2958.2003.03454.x · Cited by 252
MicC, a Second Small-RNA Regulator of Omp Protein Expression in Escherichia coli
Chen, S., Zhang, A., Blyn, L. B., & Storz, G. (2004) · Journal of Bacteriology · doi:10.1128/jb.186.20.6689-6697.2004 · Cited by 243
Combinatorial transcriptional control of the lactose operon of Escherichia coli
Kuhlman, T., Zhang, Z., Saier, M. H., & Hwa, T. (2007) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0606717104 · Cited by 240
Self-citation
Detection of 5'- and 3'-UTR-derived small RNAs and cis-encoded antisense RNAs in Escherichia coli
Kawano, M. (2005) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/gki256 · Cited by 237
ANTISENSE RNA-REGULATED PROGRAMMED CELL DEATH
Gerdes, K., Gultyaev, A. P., Franch, T., Pedersen, K., & Mikkelsen, N. D. (1997) · Annual Review of Genetics · doi:10.1146/annurev.genet.31.1.1 · Cited by 216
Base pairing of RNA I with its complementary sequence in the primer precursor inhibits ColE1 replication
Lacatena, R. M., & Cesareni, G. (1981) · Nature · doi:10.1038/294623a0 · Cited by 210
Efficient Attenuation of Stochasticity in Gene Expression Through Post-transcriptional Control
Swain, P. S. (2004) · Journal of Molecular Biology · doi:10.1016/j.jmb.2004.09.073 · Cited by 210
fhlA repression by OxyS RNA: kissing complex formation at two sites results in a stable antisense-target RNA complex11Edited by M. Gottesman
Argaman, L., & Altuvia, S. (2000) · Journal of Molecular Biology · doi:10.1006/jmbi.2000.3942 · Cited by 202
Transcriptome analysis of Escherichia coli using high-density oligonucleotide probe arrays
Tjaden, B., Saxena, R. M., Stolyar, S., Haynor, D. R., Kolker, E., & Rosenow, C. (2002) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/gkf505 · Cited by 197
Predictive and Interpretive Simulation of Green Fluorescent Protein Expression in Reporter Bacteria
Leveau, J. H. J., & Lindow, S. E. (2001) · Journal of Bacteriology · doi:10.1128/jb.183.23.6752-6762.2001 · Cited by 195
Control of replication of plasmid R1: the duplex between the antisense RNA, CopA, and its target, CopT, is processed specifically in vivo and in vitro by RNase III.
Blomberg, P., Wagner, E. G., & Nordström, K. (1990) · The EMBO Journal · doi:10.1002/j.1460-2075.1990.tb07405.x · Cited by 194
Hfq Modulates the σ E -Mediated Envelope Stress Response and the σ 32 -Mediated Cytoplasmic Stress Response in Escherichia coli
Guisbert, E., Rhodius, V. A., Ahuja, N., Witkin, E., & Gross, C. A. (2007) · Journal of Bacteriology · doi:10.1128/jb.01243-06 · Cited by 175
Antisense RNA regulation in prokaryotes: rapid RNA/RNA interaction facilitated by a general U-turn loop structure
Franch, T., Petersen, M., Wagner, E. G. H., Jacobsen, J. P., & Gerdes, K. (1999) · Journal of Molecular Biology · doi:10.1006/jmbi.1999.3306 · Cited by 170
RyhB small RNA modulates the free intracellular iron pool and is essential for normal growth during iron limitation in Escherichia coli
Jacques, J., Jang, S., Prévost, K., Desnoyers, G., Desmarais, M., Imlay, J. A., & Massé, É. (2006) · Molecular Microbiology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2958.2006.05439.x · Cited by 145
Three promoters near the termini of IS10: pIN, pOUT, and pIII
Simons, R. W., Hoopes, B. C., McClure, W. R., & Kleckner, N. E. (1983) · Cell · doi:10.1016/0092-8674(83)90400-2 · Cited by 143
Functional Interactions between the Carbon and Iron Utilization Regulators, Crp and Fur, in Escherichia coli
Zhang, Z., Gosset, G., Barabote, R. D., Gonzalez, C. S., Cuevas, W. A., & Saier, M. H. (2005) · Journal of Bacteriology · doi:10.1128/jb.187.3.980-990.2005 · Cited by 137
Self-citation
New cloning vectors for integration into the λ attachment site attB of the Escherichia coli chromosome
Diederich, L., Rasmussen, L. J., & Messer, W. (1992) · Plasmid · doi:10.1016/0147-619x(92)90032-6 · Cited by 129
An antibody-based microarray assay for small RNA detection
Hu, Z. (2006) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/gkl142 · Cited by 117
Near-Critical Phenomena in Intracellular Metabolite Pools
Elf, J., Paulsson, J., Berg, O. G., & Ehrenberg, M. (2003) · Biophysical Journal · doi:10.1016/s0006-3495(03)74839-5 · Cited by 103
Regulation Of Transposition In Bacteria
Kleckner, N. E. (1990) · Annual Review of Cell Biology · doi:10.1146/annurev.cb.06.110190.001501 · Cited by 100
The Small Noncoding DsrA RNA Is an Acid Resistance Regulator inEscherichia coli
Lease, R. A., Smith, D., McDonough, K. A., & Belfort, M. (2004) · Journal of Bacteriology · doi:10.1128/jb.186.18.6179-6185.2004 · Cited by 90
The effect of loop size in antisense and target RNAs on the efficiency of antisense RNA control
Hjalt, T. Å. H., Gerhart, E. H., & Wagner, H. (1992) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/20.24.6723 · Cited by 81
Bulged-out nucleotides in an antisense RNA are required for rapid target RNA bindingin vitroand inhibitionin vivo
Hjalt, T. Å. H., Gerhart, E. H., & Wagner, H. (1995) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/23.4.580 · Cited by 80
Function of micF as an antisense RNA in osmoregulatory expression of the ompF gene in Escherichia coli
Aiba, H., Matsuyama, S., Mizuno, T., & Mizushima, S.-I. (1987) · Journal of Bacteriology · doi:10.1128/jb.169.7.3007-3012.1987 · Cited by 76
Quantitation of ColE1-encoded replication elements.
Brenner, M., & Tomizawa, J.-I. (1991) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.88.2.405 · Cited by 65
The unusual stability of the IS10 anti‐sense RNA is critical for its function and is determined by the structure of its stem‐domain.
Case, C. C., Roels, S. M., Jensen, P. D., Lee, J., Kleckner, N. E., & Simons, R. W. (1989) · The EMBO Journal · doi:10.1002/j.1460-2075.1989.tb08616.x · Cited by 55
IS 10 mRNA stability and steady state levels in Escherichia coli: indirect effects of translation and role of rne function
Jain, C., & Kleckner, N. E. (1993) · Molecular Microbiology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2958.1993.tb01686.x · Cited by 41
Functional effects of variants of the RNA chaperone Hfq
Sonnleitner, E., Napetschnig, J., Afonyushkin, T., Ecker, K., Večerek, B., Moll, I., Kaberdin, V. R., & Bläsi, U. (2004) · Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications · doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.08.190 · Cited by 39
20 Versatile Roles of Small RNA Regulators in BacteriaPreprint
Storz, G., & Gottesman, S. (2006) · Cold Spring Harbor Monograph Archive · doi:10.1101/087969739.43.567 · Cited by 33

Roles for MicroRNAs in Conferring Robustness to Biological Processes
Ebert, M. S., & Sharp, P. A. (2012) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2012.04.005 · Cited by 1,564
Evolution, the Extended Synthesis
(2010) · The MIT Press eBooks · doi:10.7551/mitpress/9780262513678.001.0001 · Cited by 964
Overflow metabolism in Escherichia coli results from efficient proteome allocation
Basan, M., Hui, S., Okano, H., Zhang, Z., Shen, Y., Williamson, J. R., & Hwa, T. (2015) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature15765 · Cited by 785
Self-citation
Growth Rate-Dependent Global Effects on Gene Expression in Bacteria
Klumpp, S., Zhang, Z., & Hwa, T. (2009) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2009.12.001 · Cited by 703
Self-citation
MicroRNAs can generate thresholds in target gene expression
Mukherji, S., Ebert, M. S., Zheng, G. X. Y., Tsang, J. S., Sharp, P. A., & van Oudenaarden, A. (2011) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/ng.905 · Cited by 632

See all 384

Authors: Levine, E., Zhang, Z., Kuhlman, T., & Hwa, T.
Venue: PLoS Biology
Publisher: Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Published: 2007-08-21
Volume: 5
Issue: 9
Pages: e229
ISSN: 1544-9173 (ISSN-L)
1545-7885
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.0050229
OpenAlex: W2077336113
Cited by: 384
References: 85
FWCI: 12.56
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: gold

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Data sources

Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.

Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).

Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.

Quantitative Characteristics of Gene Regulation by Small RNA

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Self-check

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Metadata

Record

About these checks

Data sources