Betulin Is a Potent Anti-Tumor Agent that Is Enhanced by Cholesterol
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Betulinic Acid (BetA) and its derivatives have been extensively studied in the past for their anti-tumor effects, but relatively little is known about its precursor Betulin (BE). We found that BE induces apoptosis utilizing a similar mechanism as BetA and is prevented by cyclosporin A (CsA). BE induces cell death more rapidly as compared to BetA, but to achieve similar amounts of cell death a considerably higher concentration of BE is needed. Interestingly, we observed that cholesterol sensitized cells to BE-induced apoptosis, while there was no effect of cholesterol when combined with BetA. Despite the significantly enhanced cytotoxicity, the mode of cell death was not changed as CsA completely abrogated cell death. These results indicate that BE has potent anti-tumor activity especially in combination with cholesterol.
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In a study in Argentina, bacteria were found in 76% of nasopharyngeal samples (152/199), of which Streptococcus pneumoniae was isolated in 31% (62/199).
“Palacios et al. conducted a study in Argentina and bacteria was found in 76% of nasopharyngeal samples (152/199), of which Streptococcus pneumoniae was isolated in 31% (62/199) samples [42].”
From The role of pneumonia and secondary bacterial infection in fatal and serious outcomes of pandemic influenza a(H1N1)pdm09. (2018) · cites this paper as [42]
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- Authors
- Mullauer, F. B., Kessler, J. H., & Medema, J. P.
- Affiliations
- Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam (NL)
- Leiden University Medical Center (NL)
- Corresponding author
- Medema, Jan Paul
- ORCID
- Medema, Jan Paul
- Venue
- PLoS ONE
- Publisher
- Public Library of Science (PLoS)
- Published
- 2009-04-28
- Volume
- 4
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- e1
- ISSN
- 1932-6203 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC2671171
- OpenAlex
- W2168735820
- Cited by
- 688
- References
- 39
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 23 · 2024: 25 · 2023: 30 · 2022: 29 · 2021: 55 · 2020: 35 · 2019: 29 · 2018: 37 · 2017: 34 · 2016: 45 · 2015: 39 · 2014: 43 · 2013: 55 · 2012: 55
- FWCI
- 26.95
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- PLoS ONE (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
- UvA-DARE (University of Amsterdam) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Pure Amsterdam UMC (submittedVersion)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- Nationaal Fonds tegen Kanker
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Natural product bioactivities and synthesis
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Phytochemical Studies and Bioactivities
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Phytochemical compounds biological activities
- Keywords
- betulin, betulinic acid, cholesterol, apoptosis, anticancer activity, cyclosporine, cytotoxicity, combination therapy, cell death
- MeSH terms
- Betulinic Acid, Animals, Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic, Cell Line, Cells, Cultured, Cholesterol, Drug Synergism, HeLa Cells, Humans, Triterpenes, Gene Expression, Cyclosporine, Apoptosis, Reactive Oxygen Species, Mice, Knockout, Jurkat Cells, Genes, bcl-2, bcl-2 Homologous Antagonist-Killer Protein, bcl-2-Associated X Protein, Mice, Fas-Associated Death Domain Protein, Pentacyclic Triterpenes
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