Cited by 543Memory and Neural MechanismsNeural and Behavioral Psychology StudiesAnxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes

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Human Fear Conditioning and Extinction in Neuroimaging: A Systematic Review

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Sehlmeyer, Christina, Schöning, Sonja, Zwitserlood, Pienie, Pfleiderer, Bettina, Kircher, Tilo, Arolt, Volker, Konrad, Carsten·2009·PLoS ONE

DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0005865PMC PMC2692002

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Abstract

Fear conditioning and extinction are basic forms of associative learning that have gained considerable clinical relevance in enhancing our understanding of anxiety disorders and facilitating their treatment. Modern neuroimaging techniques have significantly aided the identification of anatomical structures and networks involved in fear conditioning. On closer inspection, there is considerable variation in methodology and results between studies. This systematic review provides an overview of the current neuroimaging literature on fear conditioning and extinction on healthy subjects, taking into account methodological issues such as the conditioning paradigm. A Pubmed search, as of December 2008, was performed and supplemented by manual searches of bibliographies of key articles. Two independent reviewers made the final study selection and data extraction. A total of 46 studies on cued fear conditioning and/or extinction on healthy volunteers using positron emission tomography or functional magnetic resonance imaging were reviewed. The influence of specific experimental factors, such as contingency and timing parameters, assessment of conditioned responses, and characteristics of conditioned and unconditioned stimuli, on cerebral activation patterns was examined. Results were summarized descriptively. A network consisting of fear-related brain areas, such as amygdala, insula, and anterior cingulate cortex, is activated independently of design parameters. However, some neuroimaging studies do not report these findings in the presence of methodological heterogeneities. Furthermore, other brain areas are differentially activated, depending on specific design parameters. These include stronger hippocampal activation in trace conditioning and tactile stimulation. Furthermore, tactile unconditioned stimuli enhance activation of pain related, motor, and somatosensory areas. Differences concerning experimental factors may partly explain the variance between neuroimaging investigations on human fear conditioning and extinction and should, therefore, be taken into serious consideration in the planning and the interpretation of research projects.

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Authors: Sehlmeyer, C., Schöning, S., Zwitserlood, P., Pfleiderer, B., Kircher, T., Arolt, V., & Konrad, C.
Affiliations: University of Münster (DE)
Philipps University of Marburg (DE)
Corresponding author: Konrad, Carsten
ORCID: Zwitserlood, Pienie
Pfleiderer, Bettina
Kircher, Tilo
Arolt, Volker
Konrad, Carsten
Venue: PLoS ONE
Publisher: Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Published: 2009-06-10
Volume: 4
Issue: 6
Pages: e5865
ISSN: 1932-6203 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0005865
PMC: PMC2692002
OpenAlex: W2064135174
Cited by: 543
References: 123
Citations by year: 2026: 10 · 2025: 21 · 2024: 18 · 2023: 23 · 2022: 18 · 2021: 31 · 2020: 28 · 2019: 30 · 2018: 33 · 2017: 34 · 2016: 46 · 2015: 45 · 2014: 45 · 2013: 63 · 2012: 37
FWCI: 2.46
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: gold
doi.org
Licence: cc-by
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (unspecified)
Locations: PLoS ONE (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Funders: Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
Keywords: fear conditioning, fear extinction, associative learning, anxiety disorders, amygdala, insula, anterior cingulate cortex, hippocampus, trace conditioning, methodological heterogeneity, brain activation patterns
MeSH terms: Adult, Amygdala, Avoidance Learning, Brain, Brain Mapping, Conditioning, Psychological, Electrophysiology, Extinction, Psychological, Fear, Female, Hippocampus, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Middle Aged

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Human Fear Conditioning and Extinction in Neuroimaging: A Systematic Review

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