Testing for the Dual-Route Cascade Reading Model in the Brain: An fMRI Effective Connectivity Account of an Efficient Reading Style
Open accessAbstract
Neuropsychological data about the forms of acquired reading impairment provide a strong basis for the theoretical framework of the dual-route cascade (DRC) model which is predictive of reading performance. However, lesions are often extensive and heterogeneous, thus making it difficult to establish precise functional anatomical correlates. Here, we provide a connective neural account in the aim of accommodating the main principles of the DRC framework and to make predictions on reading skill. We located prominent reading areas using fMRI and applied structural equation modeling to pinpoint distinct neural pathways. Functionality of regions together with neural network dissociations between words and pseudowords corroborate the existing neuroanatomical view on the DRC and provide a novel outlook on the sub-regions involved. In a similar vein, congruent (or incongruent) reliance of pathways, that is reliance on the word (or pseudoword) pathway during word reading and on the pseudoword (or word) pathway during pseudoword reading predicted good (or poor) reading performance as assessed by out-of-magnet reading tests. Finally, inter-individual analysis unraveled an efficient reading style mirroring pathway reliance as a function of the fingerprint of the stimulus to be read, suggesting an optimal pattern of cerebral information trafficking which leads to high reading performance.
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A dual route neural model of reading proposed that the left posterior occipitotemporal cortex is involved in sublexical processing and is only necessary for pseudoword reading, while familiar words can be read without left occipitotemporal activation via direct connectivity between occipital and parietal regions.
“A rather different dual route neural model of reading was proposed by Levy et al. (2009) who suggested that the left posterior occipitotemporal cortex was involved in sublexical processing and was only necessary for pseudoword reading. In contrast, familiar words could be read without left occipitotemporal activation by virtue of direct connectivity between occipital and parietal regions.”
From A review and synthesis of the first 20years of PET and fMRI studies of heard speech, spoken language and reading (2012) · cites this paper as Levy et al., 2009
The left posterior occipitotemporal cortex was more activated by pseudowords than real words.
“Studies comparing word and pseudoword reading within script provided further evidence that the left posterior occipitotemporal cortex was more activated by pseudowords than real words (Levy et al., 2009; Nosarti et al., 2010; Woollams et al., 2011)”
From A review and synthesis of the first 20years of PET and fMRI studies of heard speech, spoken language and reading (2012) · cites this paper as Levy et al., 2009
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- Authors
- Levy, J., Pernet, C., Treserras, S., Boulanouar, K., Aubry, F., Démonet, J.-F., & Celsis, P.
- Affiliations
- Western General Hospital (GB)
- Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (FR)
- Venue
- PLoS ONE
- Publisher
- Public Library of Science (PLoS)
- Published
- 2009-08-18
- Volume
- 4
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- e6675
- ISSN
- 1932-6203 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC2724737
- OpenAlex
- W2021665264
- Cited by
- 107
- References
- 70
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 13 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 10 · 2012: 12
- FWCI
- 12.22
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- PLoS ONE (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Edinburgh Research Explorer (University of Edinburgh) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Reading and Literacy Development
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neurobiology of Language and Bilingualism
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Functional Brain Connectivity Studies
- Keywords
- reading, effective connectivity, reading styles, neural pathways, reading achievement, individual differences
- MeSH terms
- Brain, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Models, Biological, Neuropsychological Tests, Reading
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