Evaluation of the dual route theory of reading: a metanalysis of 35 neuroimaging studies
Abstract
Numerous studies concerned with cerebral structures underlying word reading have been published during the last decade. A few controversies, however, together with methodological or theoretical discrepancies between laboratories, still contribute to blurring the overall view of advances effected in neuroimaging. Carried out within the dual route of reading framework, the aim of this metanalysis was to provide an objective picture of these advances. To achieve this, we used an automated analysis method based on the inventory of activation peaks issued from word or pseudoword reading contrasts of 35 published neuroimaging studies. A first result of this metanalysis was that no cluster of activations has been found more recruited by word than pseudoword reading, implying that the first steps of word access may be common to word and word-like stimuli and would take place within a left occipitotemporal region (previously referred to as the Visual Word Form Area-VWFA) situated in the ventral route, at the junction between inferior temporal and fusiform gyri. The results also indicated the existence of brain regions predominantly involved in one of the two routes to access word. The graphophonological conversion seems indeed to rely on left lateralized brain structures such as superior temporal areas, supramarginal gyrus, and the opercular part of the inferior frontal gyrus, these last two regions reflecting a greater load in working memory during such an access. The lexicosemantic route is thought to arise from the coactivation of the VWFA and semantic areas. These semantic areas would encompass a basal inferior temporal area, the posterior part of the middle temporal gyrus, and the triangular part of inferior frontal gyrus. These results confirm the suitability of the dual route framework to account for activations observed in nonpathological subjects while they read.
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A meta-analysis of 35 previous neuroimaging studies of reading dissociated two routes: a lexicosemantic route involving left anterior ventral occipitotemporal cortex, posterior middle temporal gyrus, and triangular inferior frontal gyrus; and direct orthography-to-phonology links involving left superior temporal areas, supramarginal gyrus, and opercular inferior frontal gyrus.
“In a meta-analysis of 35 previous neuroimaging studies of reading, Jobard et al. (2003) dissociated two routes for reading: (a) a lexicosemantic route involving the left anterior ventral occipitotemporal cortex (basal temporal language area), the posterior part of the middle temporal gyrus, and the triangular part of inferior frontal gyrus; and (b) direct links between orthography and phonology”
From A review and synthesis of the first 20years of PET and fMRI studies of heard speech, spoken language and reading (2012) · cites this paper as Jobard et al., 2003
Activation in left posterior temporal and parietal cortices was higher for familiar words than pseudowords and for words with irregular compared to regular spellings.
“Other regions associated with the semantic reading route were the left posterior temporal and parietal cortices, where activation was higher for familiar words than pseudowords (Fiebach et al., 2002; Binder et al., 2003, 2005; Jobard et al., 2003; Ischebeck et al., 2004; Vigneau et al., 2005; Borowsky et al., 2006) and for words with irregular compared to regular spellings (Senaha et al., 2005;”
From A review and synthesis of the first 20years of PET and fMRI studies of heard speech, spoken language and reading (2012) · cites this paper as Jobard et al., 2003
Definitive interpretations of word and pseudoword activation differences were difficult because words and pseudowords differ in more than one way and because differences in activation are only relative within areas commonly activated by a range of stimuli and tasks.
“Overall, definitive interpretations of word and pseudoword activation differences were difficult because words and pseudowords differ in more than one way (e.g. visual familiarity, access to semantics and phonological decoding) and because differences in activation are only relative (rather than absolute) within areas that are commonly activated by a range of stimuli and tasks (Jobard et al., 2003”
From A review and synthesis of the first 20years of PET and fMRI studies of heard speech, spoken language and reading (2012) · cites this paper as Jobard et al., 2003
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Evans, T. M., Flowers, D. L., Luetje, M. M., Napoliello, E., & Eden, G. F. (2016) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2016.08.048 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Development of ventral stream representations for single letters
Turkeltaub, P. E., Flowers, D. L., Lyon, L. G., & Eden, G. F. (2008) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1196/annals.1416.026 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
An investigation of twenty/20 vision in reading
Hellyer, P. J., Woodhead, Z. V. J., Leech, R., & Wise, R. J. S. (2011) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.2740-11.2011 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
- Authors
- Jobard, G., Crivello, F., & Tzourio-Mazoyer, N.
- Affiliations
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (FR)
- ORCID
- Venue
- NeuroImage
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2003-10
- Volume
- 20
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 693-712
- ISSN
- 1053-8119 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2157108417
- Semantic Scholar
- 6ad0d6a95c8286e4d45d655757b803585a35019f
- Cited by
- 973
- References
- 73
- Citations by year
- 2026: 17 · 2025: 25 · 2024: 44 · 2023: 30 · 2022: 29 · 2021: 32 · 2020: 40 · 2019: 84 · 2018: 43 · 2017: 51 · 2016: 56 · 2015: 45 · 2014: 94 · 2013: 55 · 2012: 61
- FWCI
- 4.48
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- Locations
- NeuroImage (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- HAL (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Reading and Literacy Development
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neurobiology of Language and Bilingualism
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Tactile and Sensory Interactions
- Keywords
- word reading, pseudoword reading, visual word form area, fusiform gyrus, inferior frontal gyrus, middle temporal gyrus, supramarginal gyrus, working memory, semantic processing
- MeSH terms
- Clinical Trials as Topic, Cognition, Humans, Functional Laterality, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Nervous System, Nervous System Physiological Phenomena, Occipital Lobe, Reading, Stereotaxic Techniques, Temporal Lobe, Tomography, Emission-Computed, Visual Cortex, Visual Perception, Cluster Analysis
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