Prediction during natural language comprehension

Willems, Roel M.; Frank, Stefan L.; Nijhof, Annabel D.; Hagoort, Peter; van den Bosch, Antal

doi:10.1093/cercor/bhv075

Cited by 288Neurobiology of Language and BilingualismReading and Literacy DevelopmentAction Observation and Synchronization

Prediction during natural language comprehension

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Willems, Roel M., Frank, Stefan L., Nijhof, Annabel D., Hagoort, Peter, van den Bosch, Antal·2016·Cerebral Cortex

DOI 10.1093/cercor/bhv075

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Abstract

The notion of prediction is studied in cognitive neuroscience with increasing intensity. We investigated the neural basis of 2 distinct aspects of word prediction, derived from information theory, during story comprehension. We assessed the effect of entropy of next-word probability distributions as well as surprisal A computational model determined entropy and surprisal for each word in 3 literary stories. Twenty-four healthy participants listened to the same 3 stories while their brain activation was measured using fMRI. Reversed speech fragments were presented as a control condition. Brain areas sensitive to entropy were left ventral premotor cortex, left middle frontal gyrus, right inferior frontal gyrus, left inferior parietal lobule, and left supplementary motor area. Areas sensitive to surprisal were left inferior temporal sulcus ("visual word form area"), bilateral superior temporal gyrus, right amygdala, bilateral anterior temporal poles, and right inferior frontal sulcus. We conclude that prediction during language comprehension can occur at several levels of processing, including at the level of word form. Our study exemplifies the power of combining computational linguistics with cognitive neuroscience, and additionally underlines the feasibility of studying continuous spoken language materials with fMRI.

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Grammatically motivated predictions derived from a phrase-structure parser provided the best fit to gamma fluctuations.
“While word-yoked gamma power was explained using computational models that estimated forward-entropy and word-surprisal, (similar to Willems et al., 2016), grammatically motivated predictions derived from a phrase-structure parser provided the best fit to gamma fluctuations.”
From Grounding the neurobiology of language in first principles: The necessity of non-language-centric explanations for language comprehension (2018) · cites this paper as Willems et al., 2016

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For correspondence:
Willems, R. M., Frank, S. L., Nijhof, A. D., Peter Hagoort, A., van den Bosch, A. P. J., & Willems, R. (2016)
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What comes next? : Investigating the neural correlates of predictability during conversation with fMRI
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Frank, S. L., & Willems, R. M. (2017) · Language Cognition and Neuroscience · doi:10.1080/23273798.2017.1323109 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
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The predictive brain: Neural correlates of word expectancy align with large language model prediction probabilities
Kölbl, N., Tziridis, K., Maier, A., Kinfe, T. M., Chavarriaga, R., Schilling, A., & Krauß, P. (2026) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2026.121966 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

Authors: Willems, R. M., Frank, S. L., Nijhof, A. D., Hagoort, P., & van den Bosch, A.
Affiliations: Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics (NL)
Radboud University Nijmegen (NL)
Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour (NL)
Corresponding author: Willems, Roel M.
ORCID: Willems, Roel M.
Frank, Stefan L.
Nijhof, Annabel D.
Venue: Cerebral Cortex
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Published: 2015-04-22
Volume: 26
Issue: 6
Pages: 2506-2516
ISSN: 1047-3211 (ISSN-L)
1460-2199
DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhv075
OpenAlex: W1969221307
Cited by: 288
References: 94
Citations by year: 2026: 17 · 2025: 39 · 2024: 29 · 2023: 38 · 2022: 23 · 2021: 35 · 2020: 27 · 2019: 28 · 2018: 17 · 2017: 17 · 2016: 13 · 2015: 3 · 2014: 1 · 2013: 1
FWCI: 10.02
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Locations: Cerebral Cortex (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
MPG.PuRe (Max Planck Society) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
HighWire Press Open Archive (submittedVersion)
Radboud Repository (Radboud University) (submittedVersion)
Funders: the European Union Seventh Framework Programme (334028)
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neurobiology of Language and Bilingualism
Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Reading and Literacy Development
Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Action Observation and Synchronization
Keywords: word prediction, natural language understanding, entropy (information theory), information content, narrative comprehension, ventral premotor cortex, inferior frontal gyrus, visual word form area, amygdala, computational models of language, spoken language processing
MeSH terms: Acoustic Stimulation, Adolescent, Adult, Brain Mapping, Computer Simulation, Female, Humans, Language, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Models, Neurological, Models, Psychological, Neuropsychological Tests, Speech Perception, Comprehension, Young Adult, Anticipation, Psychological

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