Diets enriched in foods with high antioxidant activity reverse age-induced decreases in cerebellar β-adrenergic function and increases in proinflammatory cytokines
Open accessAbstract
Antioxidants and diets supplemented with foods high in oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) reverse age-related decreases in cerebellar beta-adrenergic receptor function. We examined whether this effect was related to the antioxidant capacity of the food supplement and whether an antioxidant-rich diet reduced the levels of proinflammatory cytokines in the cerebellum. Aged male Fischer 344 rats were given apple (5 mg dry weight), spirulina (5 mg), or cucumber (5 mg) either in 0.5 ml water by oral gavage or supplied in the rat chow daily for 14 d. Electrophysiologic techniques revealed a significant decrease in beta-adrenergic receptor function in aged control rats. Spirulina reversed this effect. Apple (a food with intermediate ORAC) had an intermediate effect on cerebellar beta-adrenergic receptor physiology, and cucumber (low ORAC) had no effect, indicating that the reversal of beta-adrenergic receptor function decreases might be related to the ORAC dose. The mRNA of the proinflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFalpha) and TNFbeta was also examined. RNase protection assays revealed increased levels of these cytokines in the aged cerebellum. Spirulina and apple significantly downregulated this age-related increase in proinflammatory cytokines, whereas cucumber had no effect, suggesting that one mechanism by which these diets work is by modulation of an age-related increase in inflammatory responses. Malondialdehyde (MDA) was measured as a marker of oxidative damage. Apple and spirulina but not cucumber decreased MDA levels in the aged rats. In summary, the improved beta-adrenergic receptor function in aged rats induced by diets rich in antioxidants is related to the ORAC dose, and these diets reduce proinflammatory cytokine levels.
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The protein extract of Spirulina shows chelating ability.
“but the protein extract of Spirulina also shows chelating ability, reduces lipid peroxidation and DNA damage, and scavenges free radicals [23,24].”
From Beneficial Effects of Spirulina Consumption on Brain Health (2022) · cites this paper as [24]
The protein extract of Spirulina scavenges free radicals.
“but the protein extract of Spirulina also shows chelating ability, reduces lipid peroxidation and DNA damage, and scavenges free radicals [23,24].”
From Beneficial Effects of Spirulina Consumption on Brain Health (2022) · cites this paper as [24]
The protein extract of Spirulina reduces lipid peroxidation and DNA damage.
“but the protein extract of Spirulina also shows chelating ability, reduces lipid peroxidation and DNA damage, and scavenges free radicals [23,24].”
From Beneficial Effects of Spirulina Consumption on Brain Health (2022) · cites this paper as [24]
Treatment with Spirulina-enriched diets increases cerebellar glutathione (GSH) levels in aged rats.
“It was demonstrated that treatment with Spirulina-enriched diets increases cerebellar glutathione (GSH) levels, reduces malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, reduces pro-inflammatory cytokines, and ameliorates both spatial and motor learning in aged rats [24,46,47].”
From Beneficial Effects of Spirulina Consumption on Brain Health (2022) · cites this paper as [24]
Treatment with Spirulina-enriched diets reduces malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in aged rats.
“It was demonstrated that treatment with Spirulina-enriched diets increases cerebellar glutathione (GSH) levels, reduces malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, reduces pro-inflammatory cytokines, and ameliorates both spatial and motor learning in aged rats [24,46,47].”
From Beneficial Effects of Spirulina Consumption on Brain Health (2022) · cites this paper as [24]
Treatment with Spirulina-enriched diets ameliorates both spatial and motor learning in aged rats.
“It was demonstrated that treatment with Spirulina-enriched diets increases cerebellar glutathione (GSH) levels, reduces malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, reduces pro-inflammatory cytokines, and ameliorates both spatial and motor learning in aged rats [24,46,47].”
From Beneficial Effects of Spirulina Consumption on Brain Health (2022) · cites this paper as [24]
Treatment with Spirulina-enriched diets reduces pro-inflammatory cytokines in aged rats.
“It was demonstrated that treatment with Spirulina-enriched diets increases cerebellar glutathione (GSH) levels, reduces malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, reduces pro-inflammatory cytokines, and ameliorates both spatial and motor learning in aged rats [24,46,47].”
From Beneficial Effects of Spirulina Consumption on Brain Health (2022) · cites this paper as [24]
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- Authors
- Gemma, C., Mesches, M. H., Sepesi, B., Choo, K., Holmes, D. B., & Bickford, P. C.
- Affiliations
- University of South Florida (US)
- Denver VA Medical Center (US)
- University of Colorado Denver (US)
- Venue
- The Journal of Neuroscience
- Publisher
- Society for Neuroscience
- Published
- 2002-07-15
- Volume
- 22
- Issue
- 14
- Pages
- 6114-6120
- ISSN
- 0270-6474 (ISSN-L)
- 1529-2401
- PMC
- PMC6757915
- OpenAlex
- W2101172780
- Cited by
- 143
- References
- 29
- Citations by year
- 2025: 4 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 2 · 2013: 5 · 2012: 9
- FWCI
- 3.48
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Neuroscience (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs
- U.S. Public Health Service (AG04418)
- National Institute on Aging (P01AG004418)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Biochemistry › Antioxidant Activity and Oxidative Stress
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Biochemistry › Phytochemicals and Antioxidant Activities
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Rehabilitation › Exercise and Physiological Responses
- Keywords
- antioxidant diet, cerebellum, aging, inflammatory cytokines, TNF-α, lymphotoxin, Spirulina, apple, cucumber, ORAC, oxidative damage, malondialdehyde, neuroinflammation, dietary supplementation
- MeSH terms
- Aging, Animals, Antioxidants, Bacterial Proteins, Cerebellum, Electrophysiology, gamma-Aminobutyric Acid, Inflammation, Iontophoresis, Male, Malondialdehyde, Phytotherapy, Neural Inhibition, Norepinephrine, Purkinje Cells, Rats, Inbred F344, Receptors, Adrenergic, beta, RNA, Messenger, Cytokines, Cucumis sativus, Dietary Supplements, Models, Animal, Malus, Rats, Spirulina
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