Sleep Promotes Generalization of Extinction of Conditioned Fear
Open accessAbstract
STUDY OBJECTIVE: To examine the effects of sleep on fear conditioning, extinction, extinction recall, and generalization of extinction recall in healthy humans. DESIGN: During the Conditioning phase, a mild, 0.5-sec shock followed conditioned stimuli (CS+s), which consisted of 2 differently colored lamps. A third lamp color was interspersed but never reinforced (CS-). Immediately after Conditioning, one CS+ was extinguished (CS+E) by presentation without shocks (Extinction phase). The other CS+ went unextinguished (CS+U). Twelve hours later, following continuous normal daytime waking (Wake group, N=27) or an equal interval containing a normal night's sleep (Sleep group, N=26), conditioned responses (CRs) to all CSs were measured (Extinction Recall phase). It was hypothesized that the Sleep versus Wake group would show greater extinction recall and/or generalization of extinction recall from the CS+E to the CS+U. SETTING: Academic medical center. SUBJECTS: Paid normal volunteers. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS: Square-root transformed skin conductance response (SCR) measured conditioned responding. During Extinction Recall, the Group (Wake or Sleep) x CS+ Type (CS+E or CS+U) interaction was significant (P = 0.04). SCRs to the CS+E did not differ between groups, whereas SCRs to the CS+U were significantly smaller in the Sleep group. Additionally, SCRs were significantly larger to the CS+U than CS+E in the Wake but not the Sleep group. CONCLUSIONS: After sleep, extinction memory generalized from an extinguished conditioned stimulus to a similarly conditioned but unextinguished stimulus. Clinically, adequate sleep may promote generalization of extinction memory from specific stimuli treated during exposure therapy to similar stimuli later encountered in vivo.
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Sleep promotes generalization of extinction learning.
“In the context of fear learning, sleep promoted the generalization of extinction learning (878), increased intersession habituation to emotional stimuli (879), and in both humans and rodents, the deprivation of REM sleep impaired fear extinction (421, 1084, 1133).”
From About Sleep's Role in Memory (2013) · cites this paper as [878]
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“For example, in a study conducted by Pace-Schott et al. (2009) healthy adults ( N = 59) were conditioned to fear two novel stimuli (e.g., two coloured lamps paired with a mild electric shock) and then had one of their new fears extinguished (e.g., one coloured lamp paired with a mild electric shock…”
- Authors
- Pace-Schott, E. F., Milad, M. R., Orr, S. P., Rauch, S. L., Stickgold, R., & Pitman, R. K.
- Affiliations
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (US)
- Harvard University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Edward Franz Pace-Schott
- ORCID
- Venue
- Sleep
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2009-01-01
- Volume
- 32
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 19-26
- ISSN
- 0161-8105 (ISSN-L)
- 1550-9109
- PMC
- PMC2625320
- OpenAlex
- W126997740
- Cited by
- 196
- References
- 26
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 15 · 2017: 19 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 24 · 2014: 18 · 2013: 21 · 2012: 12
- FWCI
- 6.47
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- SLEEP (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH048832)
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (R01DA11744, R01DA011744)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Sleep and Wakefulness Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory Processes and Influences
- Keywords
- fear extinction, memory extinction, fear conditioning, extinction recall, skin conductance response, exposure therapy, sleep versus wakefulness
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Arousal, Association Learning, Conditioning, Classical, Electroshock, Extinction, Psychological, Fear, Female, Galvanic Skin Response, Generalization, Stimulus, Humans, Male, Mental Recall, Sleep, Wakefulness, Young Adult
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