Voxel-Based Morphometry in Women with Borderline Personality Disorder with and without Comorbid Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
Open accessAbstract
Patients with Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) showed reduced volume of amygdala and hippocampus, but similar findings are evident in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). Applying voxel-based morphometry (VBM) in a larger cohort of patients with BPD, we sought to extend earlier findings of volume abnormalities in limbic regions and to evaluate the influence of co-occurring PTSD in BPD patients. We used voxel-based morphometry to study gray matter volume (GMV) in 60 healthy controls (HC) and 60 patients with BPD. Subgroup analyses on 53 patients concerning the role of co-occurring PTSD were conducted. Additionally, regression analyses were calculated to assess the relation between borderline symptom severity as well as dissociative experiences and GMV. Differences in local GMV between patients with BPD and HC were observed in the amygdale and hippocampus as well as in the fusiform and cingulate gyrus. Co-occurring PTSD was accompanied by increased GMV in the superior temporal gyrus and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. Independent of co-occurring PTSD, severity of BPD symptoms predicted smaller GMV in the amygdala and dorsal ACC. Dissociation was positively related to GMV in the middle temporal gyrus. We could replicate earlier findings of diminished limbic GMV in patients with BPD and additionally show that patients with co-morbid PTSD feature increased GMV in prefrontal regions associated with cognitive control.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Individuals with a BPD diagnosis or symptoms have been shown to have structural brain abnormalities (i.e., increased gray matter volume) in prefrontal cortex areas involved in cognitive control and alterations in endocannabinoids potentially associated with reduced distress tolerance.
“Correspondingly, individuals with a BPD diagnosis or symptoms have been shown to have structural brain abnormalities (i.e., increased gray matter volume) in prefrontal cortex areas involved in cognitive control [128] and alterations in endocannabinoids potentially associated with reduced distress tolerance [147].”
From Complex PTSD and borderline personality disorder (2021) · cites this paper as [128]
Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 2 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Tzourio-Mazoyer, N., Landeau, B., Papathanassiou, D., Crivello, F., Etard, O., Delcroix, N., Mazoyer, B., & Joliot, M. (2002) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1006/nimg.2001.0978 · Cited by 16,319 · see citing works
Voxel-Based Morphometry—The Methods
Ashburner, J., & Friston, K. J. (2000) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1006/nimg.2000.0582 · Cited by 8,676 · see citing works
A fast diffeomorphic image registration algorithm
Ashburner, J. (2007) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2007.07.007 · Cited by 8,122 · see citing works
Zhang, Y., Brady, M., & Smith, S. M. (2001) · IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging · doi:10.1109/42.906424 · Cited by 7,628 · see citing works
Burden and consequences of child maltreatment in high-income countries
Gilbert, R., Widom, C. S., Browne, K., Fergusson, D., Webb, E., & Janson, S. (2009) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(08)61706-7 · Cited by 3,876 · see citing works
Psychological Assessment Resources
Abidin, R. R. (1995) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 3,140 · see citing works
Evaluation of 14 nonlinear deformation algorithms applied to human brain MRI registration
Klein, A., Andersson, J., Ardekani, B. A., Ashburner, J., Avants, B., Chiang, M.-C., Christensen, G. E., Collins, D. L., Gee, J., Hellier, P., et al. (2009) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2008.12.037 · Cited by 2,227 · see citing works
Long-term in vivo imaging of experience-dependent synaptic plasticity in adult cortex
Trachtenberg, J. T., Chen, B. E., Knott, G. W., Feng, G., Sanes, J. R., Welker, E., & Svoboda, K. (2002) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature01273 · Cited by 1,927 · see citing works
Grant, B. F., Chou, S. P., Goldstein, R. B., Huang, B., Stinson, F. S., Saha, T. D., Smith, S. M., Dawson, D. S., Pulay, A. J., Pickering, R. P., et al. (2008) · The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry · doi:10.4088/jcp.v69n0404 · Cited by 1,618 · see citing works
Borderline personality disorder
Lieb, K., Zanarini, M. C., Schmahl, C., Linehan, M. M., & Bohus, M. (2004) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(04)16770-6 · Cited by 1,369 · see citing works
Self-citationCrowell, S. E., Beauchaine, T. P., & Linehan, M. M. (2009) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/a0015616 · Cited by 1,292 · see citing works
Emotion Modulation in PTSD: Clinical and Neurobiological Evidence for a Dissociative Subtype
Lanius, R. A., Vermetten, E., Loewenstein, R. J., Brand, B., Schmahl, C., Bremner, J. D., & Spiegel, D. (2010) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2009.09081168 · Cited by 1,123 · cited 9× · see citing works
“The subgroup of patients with BPD and PTSD showed increased volumes in DLPFC (BA9), and superior temporal gyrus (BA22) compared to BPD patients without PTSD.”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationNeural Systems Underlying the Suppression of Unwanted Memories
Anderson, M. C., Ochsner, K. N., Kuhl, B. A., Cooper, J. C., Robertson, E. R., Whitfield‐Gabrieli, S., Glover, G. H., & Gabrieli, J. D. E. (2004) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1089504 · Cited by 1,080 · see citing works
Dannlowski, U., Stuhrmann, A., Beutelmann, V., Zwanzger, P., Lenzen, T., Grotegerd, D., Domschke, K., Hohoff, C., Ohrmann, P., Bauer, J., et al. (2012) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2011.10.021 · Cited by 954 · see citing works
Hippocampal volume in women victimized by childhood sexual abuse
STEIN, M. B., KOVEROLA, C., HANNA, C., TORCHIA, M. G., & McCLARTY, B. (1997) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291797005242 · Cited by 924 · see citing works
A meta-analysis of structural brain abnormalities in PTSD
KARL, A., SCHAEFER, M., MALTA, L., DORFEL, D., ROHLEDER, N., & WERNER, A. (2006) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2006.03.004 · Cited by 881 · see citing works
Wïttchen, H., Wunderlich, U., Gruschwitz, S., & Zaudig, M. (1997) · Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics · Cited by 769 · see citing works
The borderline diagnosis I: psychopathology, comorbidity, and personaltity structure
Skodol, A. E., Gunderson, J. G., Pfohl, B., Widiger, T. A., Livesley, W. J., & Siever, L. J. (2002) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0006-3223(02)01324-0 · Cited by 769 · see citing works
Driessen, M., Herrmann, J., Stahl, K., Zwaan, M., Meier, S., Hill, A., Osterheider, M., & Petersen, D. (2000) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.57.12.1115 · Cited by 562 · see citing works
Lanius, R. A., Williamson, P. C., Boksman, K., Densmore, M., Gupta, M., Neufeld, R. W. J., Gati, J. S., & Menon, R. S. (2002) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0006-3223(02)01367-7 · Cited by 505 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Studies in PTSD, Depersonalization Disorder as well as literature on temporal lobe epilepsy point to a connection between brain function in the middle temporal gyri and dissociative symptoms [54,55].”
BackgroundEvidence of abnormal amygdala functioning in borderline personality disorder: a functional MRI study
Herpertz, S. C., Dietrich, T., Wenning, B., Krings, T., Erberich, S. G., Willmes, K., Thron, A. K., & Saß, H. (2001) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0006-3223(01)01075-7 · Cited by 503 · see citing works
Frontolimbic brain abnormalities in patients with borderline personality disorder
van Elst, L. T., Heßlinger, B., Thiel, T., Geiger, E. V., Haegele, K., Lemieux, L., Lieb, K., Bohus, M., Hennig, J., & Ebert, D. (2003) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0006-3223(02)01743-2 · Cited by 349 · see citing works
Self-citationPsychometric Properties of the Borderline Symptom List (BSL)
Bohus, M., Limberger, M. F., Frank, U., Chapman, A. L., Kühler, T., & Stieglitz, R. (2007) · Psychopathology · doi:10.1159/000098493 · Cited by 320 · see citing works
Self-citationBorderline personality disorder and childhood trauma: Evidence for a causal relationship
Ball, J. S., & Links, P. S. (2009) · Current Psychiatry Reports · doi:10.1007/s11920-009-0010-4 · Cited by 320 · see citing works
Feeling Unreal: A PET Study of Depersonalization Disorder
Simeon, D., Guralnik, O., Hazlett, E. A., Spiegel-Cohen, J., Hollander, E., & Buchsbaum, M. S. (2000) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.157.11.1782 · Cited by 320 · see citing works
Schmahl, C. G., Vermetten, E., Elzinga, B. M., & Douglas Bremner, J. (2003) · Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/s0925-4927(03)00023-4 · Cited by 319 · see citing works
Self-citationAmygdala–Prefrontal Disconnection in Borderline Personality Disorder
New, A. S., Hazlett, E. A., Buchsbaum, M. S., Goodman, M. S., Mitelman, S. A., Newmark, R. E., Trisdorfer, R., Haznedar, M. M., Koenigsberg, H. W., Flory, J. D., et al. (2007) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/sj.npp.1301283 · Cited by 282 · see citing works
Combining voxel intensity and cluster extent with permutation test framework
Hayasaka, S., & Nichols, T. E. (2004) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2004.04.035 · Cited by 262 · see citing works
Koenigsberg, H. W., Fan, J., Ochsner, K. N., Liu, X., Guise, K. G., Pizzarello, S., Dorantes, C., Guerreri, S., Tecuta, L., Goodman, M., et al. (2009) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2009.06.010 · Cited by 250 · see citing works
Niedtfeld, I., Schulze, L., Kirsch, P., Herpertz, S. C., Bohus, M., & Schmahl, C. G. (2010) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2010.04.015 · Cited by 223 · see citing works
Self-citationReduced Anterior and Posterior Cingulate Gray Matter in Borderline Personality Disorder
Hazlett, E. A., New, A. S., Newmark, R. E., Haznedar, M. M., Lo, J. N., Speiser, L. J., Chen, A. D., Mitropoulou, V., Minzenberg, M., Siever, L. J., et al. (2005) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.04.029 · Cited by 195 · see citing works
Structural brain abnormalities and suicidal behavior in borderline personality disorder
Soloff, P. H., Pruitt, P., Sharma, M., Radwan, J., White, R., & Diwadkar, V. A. (2012) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2012.01.003 · Cited by 191 · see citing works
Nunes, P. M., Wenzel, A., Borges, K. T., Porto, C. R., Caminha, R. M., & de Oliveira, I. R. (2009) · Journal of Personality Disorders · doi:10.1521/pedi.2009.23.4.333 · Cited by 183 · see citing works
Reduced size and abnormal asymmetry of parietal cortex in women with borderline personality disorder
Irle, E., Lange, C., & Sachsse, U. (2005) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2004.10.004 · Cited by 182 · see citing works
Korzekwa, M., Dell, P. F., Links, P. S., Thabane, L., & Webb, S. P. (2008) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2008.01.007 · Cited by 181 · see citing works
A voxel-based morphometric MRI study in female patients with borderline personality disorder
Rüsch, N., van Elst, L. T., Ludäscher, P., Wilke, M., Huppertz, H., Thiel, T., Schmahl, C. G., Bohus, M., Lieb, K., Heßlinger, B., et al. (2003) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/s1053-8119(03)00297-0 · Cited by 178 · see citing works
Self-citationStructural brain abnormalities in borderline personality disorder: a voxel-based morphometry study
Soloff, P., Nutche, J., Goradia, D., & Diwadkar, V. (2008) · Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.pscychresns.2008.02.003 · Cited by 177 · see citing works
Dissociative symptoms are positively related to stress in borderline personality disorder
Stiglmayr, C. E., Ebner‐Priemer, U. W., Bretz, J., Behm, R., Mohse, M., Lammers, C. ‐., Anghelescu, I. ‐., Schmahl, C., Schlotz, W., Kleindienst, N., et al. (2008) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.2007.01126.x · Cited by 177 · see citing works
Self-citationAnatomical MRI study of borderline personality disorder patients
Brambilla, P., Soloff, P. H., Sala, M., Nicoletti, M., Keshavan, M. S., & Soares, J. C. (2004) · Psychiatry Research Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.pscychresns.2004.04.003 · Cited by 173 · see citing works
Brunner, R. M., Henze, R., Parzer, P., Kramer, J., Feigl, N., Lutz, K., Essig, M., Resch, F., & Stieltjes, B. (2009) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.07.070 · Cited by 157 · see citing works
A brain MRI study in subjects with borderline personality disorder
Lyoo, I. K., Han, M. H., & Cho, D. Y. (1998) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/s0165-0327(98)00104-9 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
Freyberger, H. J., Spitzer, C., Rd, S., Kuhn, G., Magdeburg, N., & Carlson, E. B. (1998) · PubMed · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Amygdala volume and depressive symptoms in patients with borderline personality disorder.
Zetzsche, T., Frodl, T., Preuss, U., Schmitt, G., Seifert, D., Leinsinger, G., Born, C., Reiser, M., Möller, H., & Meisenzahl, E. (2006) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.11.020 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Sala, M., Caverzasi, E., Lazzaretti, M., Morandotti, N., Vidovich, G. Z. D., Marraffini, E., Gambini, F., Isola, M., Bona, M. D., Rambaldelli, G., et al. (2011) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2010.11.036 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Auditory hallucinations and brain structure in schizophrenia: voxel-based morphometric study
Nenadić, I., Smesny, S., Schlösser, R. G. M., et al. (2010) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.109.070441 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Risk Factors Associated with the Dissociative Experiences of Borderline Patients
ZANARINI, M. C., RUSER, T. F., FRANKENBURG, F. R., HENNEN, J., & GUNDERSON, J. G. (2000) · The Journal of Nervous & Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/00005053-200001000-00005 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Kluetsch, R. C., Schmahl, C., Niedtfeld, I., Densmore, M., Calhoun, V. D., Daniels, J., Kraus, A., Ludaescher, P., Bohus, M., & Lanius, R. A. (2012) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2012.476 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Self-citationSchmahl, C. G., Berne, K., Krause-Utz, A., Kleindienst, N., Valerius, G., Vermetten, E. H. G. J. M., & Bohus, M. (2009) · Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience · doi:10.1139/jpn.0938 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Self-citationBrain structure and function in borderline personality disorder
O’Neill, A., & Frodl, T. (2012) · Brain Structure and Function · doi:10.1007/s00429-012-0379-4 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Kuhlmann, A., Bertsch, K., Schmidinger, I., Thomann, P. A., & Herpertz, S. C. (2013) · Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience · doi:10.1503/jpn.120039 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Guitart‐Masip, M., Pascual, J. C., Carmona, S., Hoekzema, E. A., Bergé, D., Pérez, V., Soler, J., Soliva, J. C., Rovira, M., Bulbena, A., et al. (2009) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2009.08.022 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Rodrigues, E. P., Wenzel, A., Ribeiro, M. P., Quarantini, L. C., Miranda-Scippa, Â. M. D. A., de Sena, E. P., & de Oliveira, I. R. (2010) · European Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.eurpsy.2010.07.005 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Vӧllm, B., Zhao, L., Richardson, P., Clark, L., Deakin, J. F. W., Williams, S. R., & Dolan, M. (2009) · Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health · doi:10.1002/cbm.716 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- [23]Schmahl C, Berne J, Krause A, Kleindienst N, Valerius G, et al (2009) Hippocampal and amygdala volumes in borderline personality disorder with and without posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience 34: 289– 295. 19568480 PMC2702446
- [24]Krause-Utz A, Schmahl C (2010) Neurobiological Differentiation Between Borderline Patients With and Without Post-traumatic Stress Disorder. European Psychiatric Review 3: 63– 68.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
The Latest Neuroimaging Findings in Borderline Personality Disorder
Krause-Utz, A., Winter, D., Niedtfeld, I., & Schmahl, C. (2014) · Current Psychiatry Reports · doi:10.1007/s11920-014-0438-z · Cited by 235 · see citing works
Self-citationComplex PTSD and borderline personality disorder
Ford, J. D., & Courtois, C. A. (2021) · Borderline Personality Disorder and Emotion Dysregulation · doi:10.1186/s40479-021-00155-9 · Cited by 209 · see citing works
“, increased gray matter volume) in prefrontal cortex areas involved in cognitive control [128] and alterations in endocannabinoids potentially associated with reduced distress tolerance [147].”
BackgroundComplex PTSD, affect dysregulation, and borderline personality disorder
Ford, J. D., & Courtois, C. A. (2014) · Borderline Personality Disorder and Emotion Dysregulation · doi:10.1186/2051-6673-1-9 · Cited by 182 · see citing works
Schmahl, C., Herpertz, S. C., Bertsch, K., Ende, G., Flor, H., Kirsch, P., Lis, S., Meyer-Lindenberg, A., Rietschel, M., Schneider, M., et al. (2014) · Borderline Personality Disorder and Emotion Dysregulation · doi:10.1186/2051-6673-1-12 · Cited by 168 · see citing works
Self-citationKrause-Utz, A., Frost, R., Winter, D., & Elzinga, B. M. (2017) · Current Psychiatry Reports · doi:10.1007/s11920-017-0757-y · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Self-citationBiomarkers of Pathological Dissociation: A Systematic Review
Roydeva, M. I., & Reinders, A. A. T. S. (2021) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.11.019 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Comorbidity between Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder and Borderline Personality Disorder: A Review
Frías, Á., & Palma, C. (2015) · Psychopathology · doi:10.1159/000363145 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Dysfunction of Empathy and Related Processes in Borderline Personality Disorder: A Systematic Review
Salgado, R. M., Pedrosa, R., & Bastos-Leite, A. J. (2020) · Harvard Review of Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/hrp.0000000000000260 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Krause-Utz, A., Winter, D., Schriner, F., Chiu, C.-D., Lis, S., Spinhoven, P., Bohus, M., Schmahl, C., & Elzinga, B. M. (2018) · European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.1007/s00406-017-0806-x · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Self-citationJowett, S., Karatzias, T., & Albert, I. (2020) · Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice · doi:10.1111/papt.12248 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Lischke, A., Domin, M., Freyberger, H. J., Grabe, H. J., Mentel, R., Bernheim, D., & Lotze, M. (2017) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2017.00196 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
del Río-Casanova, L., González, A., Páramo, M., Van Dijke, A., & Brenlla, J. (2016) · Reviews in the Neurosciences · doi:10.1515/revneuro-2015-0045 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
- Authors
- Niedtfeld I, I., Schulze, L., Krause-Utz, A., Demirakca, T., Bohus, M., & Schmahl, C.
- Affiliations
- Freie Universität Berlin (DE)
- Heidelberg University (DE)
- Venue
- PLoS ONE
- Publisher
- Public Library of Science (PLoS)
- Published
- 2013-06-12
- Volume
- 8
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- e65824
- ISSN
- 1932-6203 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3680473
- OpenAlex
- W2055342953
- Cited by
- 84
- References
- 53
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 13 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 9 · 2013: 1
- FWCI
- 11.12
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- PLoS ONE (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (SCHM 1526/8-1)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Disorders and Psychopathology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychopathy, Forensic Psychiatry, Sexual Offending
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Bipolar Disorder and Treatment
- Keywords
- borderline personality disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, comorbidities, gray matter volume, amygdala, hippocampus, limbic system, dissociation, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, superior temporal gyrus, middle temporal gyrus, fusiform gyrus, cingulate gyrus, symptom severity, cognitive control
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Borderline Personality Disorder, Brain, Female, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Organ Size, Regression Analysis, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, Cohort Studies, Comorbidity
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
