Structural brain abnormalities in borderline personality disorder: a voxel-based morphometry study
Open accessAbstract
Imaging studies using region-of-interest morphometry and positron emission tomography have contributed to our understanding of structural and functional abnormalities in borderline personality disorder (BPD); however, both methods have practical limitations to their usefulness for exploratory studies of brain-behavior relationships. We used voxel-based morphometry (VBM) in 34 subjects with BPD and 30 healthy control (HC) subjects to study effects of diagnosis, gender, childhood sexual abuse, depressed mood, impulsivity and aggression on group differences. VBM is a computer-based method for whole brain analysis that combines the advantages of a functional study with a structural method. The BPD subjects, diagnosed with the Diagnostic Interview for Borderline Patients and the International Personality Disorders Examination, were compared with 30 HC subjects, with age and gender covaried. Analyses were repeated separately by gender and, in women, by histories of childhood sexual abuse. Depressed mood, impulsivity, and aggression were covaried in separate analyses. Compared with HC, BPD subjects had significant bilateral reductions in gray matter concentrations in ventral cingulate gyrus and several regions of the medial temporal lobe, including the hippocampus, amygdala, parahippocampal gyrus, and uncus. BPD women (and abused BPD women), but not BPD men, had significant reductions in medial temporal lobe, including the amygdala. BPD men, but not BPD women, showed diminished gray matter concentrations in the anterior cingulate gyrus compared with findings in HC subjects. Covarying for depressed mood rendered group differences non-significant in the ventral cingulate but had little effect on differences in medial temporal cortex. Covarying for aggression (LHA) had relatively little effect on group differences, while covarying for impulsivity, as determined by the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale, rendered all previously noted voxel-level group differences non-significant. Diminished gray matter in the prefrontal cortex and the medial temporal cortex may mediate the dysregulation of impulse and affect in BPD. Group differences varied greatly by gender, levels of depression, and impulsivity. VBM is an efficient method for exploratory study of brain-behavior relationships.
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Two relatively well-powered volumetric studies of BPD found smaller gray matter volume in rACC and lOFC.
“Nevertheless, two relatively well-powered volumetric studies of BPD (Soloff et al., 2008, 2012) found smaller gray matter volume in rACC and lOFC (Figures 8A,B).”
From Top-Down Dysregulation—From ADHD to Emotional Instability (2016) · cites this paper as Soloff et al., 2008
The Results (§3.1 and §3.3; page numbers unavailable) report reduced gray matter concentration in the anterior cingulate, including on the right, though the male-only finding did not extend to women. The Discussion (§4) explicitly says this study found no structural abnormalities in the orbitofrontal cortex, so it does not support attributing a smaller left orbitofrontal volume to Soloff et al. (2008). (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredWell-powered studies of BPD showed smaller gray matter volumes in rACC and lOFC.
“By contrast, well-powered studies of BPD (Soloff et al., 2008, 2012) showed smaller gray matter volumes in rACC and lOFC.”
From Top-Down Dysregulation—From ADHD to Emotional Instability (2016) · cites this paper as Soloff et al., 2008
The Discussion (page unavailable) reports reduced anterior-cingulate gray matter concentration in BPD men, but not women; it does not establish a general reduction in rACC volume. It explicitly says the study found no structural abnormalities in orbital frontal cortex, so the lOFC finding is not supported by this paper. (LLM, conf=0.88)
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“Nevertheless, two relatively well-powered volumetric studies of BPD (Soloff et al., 2008, 2012) found smaller gray matter volume in rACC and lOFC (Figures 8A,B).”
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- Authors
- Soloff, P., Nutche, J., Goradia, D., & Diwadkar, V.
- Affiliations
- University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (US)
- Wayne State University (US)
- ORCID
- Diwadkar, Vaibhav
- Venue
- Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2008-12
- Volume
- 164
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 223-236
- ISSN
- 0925-4927 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3286221
- OpenAlex
- W2027259302
- Cited by
- 177
- References
- 70
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 15 · 2014: 17 · 2013: 17 · 2012: 14
- FWCI
- 8.18
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Psychiatry Research Neuroimaging (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (MH068680, K01MH068680, MH-48463, R01MH048463)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Disorders and Psychopathology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychopathy, Forensic Psychiatry, Sexual Offending
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Keywords
- borderline personality disorder, gray matter reduction, anterior cingulate cortex, medial temporal lobe, hippocampus, amygdala, child sexual abuse, gender differences, impulsivity, aggression, depressive mood, brain-behavior relationship
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aggression, Borderline Personality Disorder, Brain, Female, Gyrus Cinguli, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Suicide, Attempted
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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