Assessing self-criticism and self-reassurance: Examining psychometric properties and clinical usefulness of the Short-Form of the Forms of Self-Criticizing/Attacking & Self-Reassuring Scale (FSCRS-SF) in Spanish sample
Open accessAbstract
The Forms of Self-Criticizing/Attacking and Self-Reassuring Scale (FSCRS) was designed to measure self-criticism (SC) through Inadequate Self (IS) and Hated Self (HS) factors, as well as self-reassurance (RS). However, its long and short forms have yet to be validated in the Spanish Population. The present study examines the psychometric properties of the short form (FSCRS-SF) and its clinical usefulness in a sample of 576 adult individuals, 77 with psychiatric disorders and 499 without. Non-clinical participants were split according to their previous experience with meditation (active meditators, n = 133; non-active meditators, n = 41; and non-meditators, n = 325) and differences between these subgroups were explored. Additionally, a subsample of 20 non-clinical participants took part in a mindfulness- and compassion- based intervention (MCBI) to assess the usefulness of the scale as an outcome measure. Results confirmed the original three-factorial structure, good internal consistency, acceptable test-retest reliability, and a pattern of correlations consistent with previous literature. Regarding differences between groups, the clinical subsample showed significant higher SC and lower RS levels than non-clinical participants and active meditators had significant lower IS and higher RS levels than non-meditators. Participants who participated in the MCBI showed significant RS improvement and a decrease in IS and HS levels. Moreover, a hierarchical multiple regression showed that RS made a significant predictive contribution to distress at three months’ time. In conclusion, results show that the Spanish version of the FSCRS-SF is a reliable and valid measure of SC and RS in non-clinical populations and an adequate instrument to detect changes after MCBIs.
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Psychometric properties of FSCRS-SF were evaluated and found to be good.
“Psychometric properties were evaluated and found to be good [19, 55, 65].”
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“Along these lines, RS has been associated with high levels of selfcompassion [76], dispositional optimism [44], weight-related positive affect, and overall mental well-being [77].”
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“In fact, meditation experience (time of regular practice) was associated with lower levels of repetitive negative thinking, a similar psychological process to SC, being this association mediated by both self-compassion and mindfulness [88].”
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“It underlies the development and maintenance of depressive [7–11], anxiety [12,13], and psychotic symptoms [14], eating disorders [15–18], non-suicidal self-injury [19], and suicidality [20,21].”
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“A range of disorders, which include BPD and ED, are associated with high SC and low RS [69], though further studies are needed to describe mechanisms through which SC works in these pathologies [6].”
BackgroundNeural and Self-Report Markers of Reassurance: A Generalized Additive Modelling Approach
Kim, J. J., Henderson, T., Best, T., Cunnington, R., & Kirby, J. N. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2020.566141 · Cited by 16 · cited 1× · see citing works
“In addition, selfreassurance seems to be an independent factor, instead of the opposite end of a SC dimension, according to several factor-analytic and fMRI studies [19,26,27].”
ResultDuarte, C., Stubbs, R. J., Gilbert, P., Stalker, C., Catarino, F., Basran, J. K., Horgan, G. W., & Morris, L. (2018) · Psychology and Psychotherapy Theory Research and Practice · doi:10.1111/papt.12196 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Leboeuf, I., Mahanga, J., Rusinek, S., Delamillieure, P., Gheysen, F., Andreotti, E., & Antoine, P. (2019) · Stress and Health · doi:10.1002/smi.2909 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
The central role of self-reassurance to explain body and eating attitudes
Mendes, A. L., Ferreira, C., & Trindade, I. A. (2018) · Eating and Weight Disorders - Studies on Anorexia Bulimia and Obesity · doi:10.1007/s40519-018-0568-0 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Eye-tracking of Facial Emotions in Relation to Self-criticism and Self-reassurance
Strnádelová, B., Halamová, J., & Kanovský, M. (2019) · Applied Artificial Intelligence · doi:10.1080/08839514.2019.1646004 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Duarte, C., & Pinto-Gouveia, J. (2016) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-016-0624-1
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
Martínez-Sanchis, M., Navarrete, J., Cebolla, A., Molinari, G., Vara, M. D., Baños, R., & Herrero, R. (2021) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2021.111115 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Self-citationNavarrete, J., Fontana-McNally, M., Colomer-Carbonell, A., Sanabria-Mazo, J. P., Pinazo, D., Silvestre-López, A.-J., Lau, M. A., Tanay, G., García-Campayo, J., Demarzo, M., et al. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1212036 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Self-citationCheli, S., Cavalletti, V., & Hopwood, C. J. (2023) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/nmd.0000000000001726 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Casellas‐Pujol, E., Soler, J., Schmidt, C., Soria-Madrid, A., Elices, M., & Pascual, J. C. (2024) · Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science · doi:10.1016/j.jcbs.2024.100846 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Self-citationVidal, J., Ciudad-Fernández, V., Navarrete, J., Soler, J., Schmidt, C., Molinari, G., & Cebolla, A. (2024) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-024-06325-6 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“Self-criticism refers to a self-evaluative process whereby individuals judge themselves negatively through hostile inner dialogues when they face failures or difficulties (Navarrete et al., 2021 ).”
Self-citationAn empirical study: self-criticism, rumination response style and alexithymia traits in young adults
Sethi, S. (2023) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-023-05132-9 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“Navarrete et al. (2021) proposed that self-criticism increases vulnerability to psychopathology through repetitive negative thoughts and intrusions.”
Tönis, K. J. M., Drossaert, C. H. C., ten Klooster, P. M., Schaer, M., Bourgeron, T., Buitelaar, J. K., Sadaka, Y., Freitag, C. M., Lapidus, K. M., Chiocchetti, A. G., et al. (2024) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-024-08256-w · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“Psychometric properties were evaluated and found to be good [19, 55, 65].”
BackgroundKishimoto, K., Asano, K., Colman, R. D., Kameo, Y., Aledeh, M., Barnes, K., & Kotera, Y. (2024) · Mental Health, Religion & Culture · doi:10.1080/13674676.2024.2313462
“Clinical populations, in which self-criticism is higher and self-reassurance lower (Navarrete et al., 2021), have also been shown in a recent systematic review of Craig et al. (2020) to benefit from Compassion Focused Therapy (Gilbert, 2014), in which self-reassurance is cultivated to counter the…”
Exploring Compassion-Based Positive Psychology for Cardiac Recovery: A Mixed Methods Case Study
Tönis, K. J. M., Kraiss, J. T., Toivonen, H. K., Linssen, G. C. M., & Bohlmeijer, E. T. (2025) · International Journal of Applied Positive Psychology · doi:10.1007/s41042-025-00247-9 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Serier, K. N., Zelkowitz, R. L., Knutson, E. K., Vogt, D. S., Smith, B. N., & Mitchell, K. S. (2025) · Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment · doi:10.1007/s10862-025-10192-1 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“The FSCRS has shown very good internal consistency and test-retest reliability (e.g., Gilbert et al., 2004; Kupeli et al., 2013), while findings have been mixed regarding the reliability of the FSCRS-SF (e.g., Sommers-Spijkerman et al., 2018; Navarrete et al., 2021).”
Bernal, M., Acuña-Rojas, D. C., Márquez-Barraquer, V., Palacios, J., Naismith, I., & Muñoz-Martínez, A. (2025) · Journal of Aggression Maltreatment & Trauma · doi:10.1080/10926771.2025.2453595
Tönis, K. J. M., Drossaert, C. H. C., ten Klooster, P. M., Schaer, M., Bourgeron, T., Buitelaar, J. K., Sadaka, Y., Freitag, C. M., Lapidus, K. M., Chiocchetti, A. G., et al. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26739486
Shekarchi, R., & Saladino, V. (2026) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2026.113971
- Authors
- Navarrete, J., Herrero, R., Soler, J., Domínguez-Clavé, E., Baños, R., & Cebolla, A.
- Affiliations
- Universitat de València (ES)
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (ES)
- Corresponding author
- Cebolla, Ausiàs
- Venue
- PLOS ONE
- Publisher
- Public Library of Science (PLoS)
- Published
- 2021-05-24
- Volume
- 16
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- e0252089
- ISSN
- 1932-6203 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC8143420
- OpenAlex
- W3165447391
- Cited by
- 13
- References
- 90
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 3 · 2021: 1
- FWCI
- 1.53
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- PLoS ONE (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Dipòsit Digital de Documents de la UAB (Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (AMABLE-VR (RTI2018-097835-A-I00))
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Mindfulness and Compassion Interventions
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
- Keywords
- self-criticism, self-reassurance, Spanish adaptation, psychometric validation, meditation, mental illness, outcome measures
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Empathy, Factor Analysis, Statistical, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Psychometrics, Self-Assessment, Young Adult
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