Attenuated Tonic and Enhanced Phasic Release of Dopamine in Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Open accessAbstract
It is unclear whether attention deficit hyperactive disorder (ADHD) is a hypodopaminergic or hyperdopaminergic condition. Different sets of data suggest either hyperactive or hypoactive dopamine system. Since indirect methods used in earlier studies have arrived at contradictory conclusions, we directly measured the tonic and phasic release of dopamine in ADHD volunteers. The tonic release in ADHD and healthy control volunteers was measured and compared using dynamic molecular imaging technique. The phasic release during performance of Eriksen's flanker task was measured in the two groups using single scan dynamic molecular imaging technique. In these experiments volunteers were positioned in a positron emission tomography (PET) camera and administered a dopamine receptor ligand (11)C-raclopride intravenously. After the injection PET data were acquired dynamically while volunteers either stayed still (tonic release experiments) or performed the flanker task (phasic release experiments). PET data were analyzed to measure dynamic changes in ligand binding potential (BP) and other receptor kinetic parameters. The analysis revealed that at rest the ligand BP was significantly higher in the right caudate of ADHD volunteers suggesting reduced tonic release. During task performance significantly lower ligand BP was observed in the same area, indicating increased phasic release. In ADHD tonic release of dopamine is attenuated and the phasic release is enhanced in the right caudate. By characterizing the nature of dysregulated dopamine neurotransmission in ADHD, the results explain earlier findings of reduced or increased dopaminergic activity.
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ADHD patients have difficulty executing reinforcement learning, particularly error processing and reward anticipation.
“This dysregulation leads to ADHD patients having difficulty in executing reinforcement learning, particularly when it comes to error processing and reward anticipation.”
From The Impact of Social Media & Technology on Child and Adolescent Mental Health (2025) · cites this paper as [17]
The Discussion (page unavailable) reports dysregulated dopamine release in ADHD and relates it to impairments in executive inhibition and attention. It does not establish that this dysregulation causes difficulty with reinforcement learning, error processing, or reward anticipation; the Results (page unavailable) report similar performance by ADHD and control volunteers on the task studied. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredADHD is associated with both attenuated tonic dopamine release and enhanced phasic dopamine release in the right caudate nucleus.
“Badgaiyan et al. most recently demonstrated that ADHD is associated with both the attenuated tonic dopamine release and enhanced phasic dopamine release in the right caudate nucleus [17].”
From The Impact of Social Media & Technology on Child and Adolescent Mental Health (2025) · cites this paper as [17]
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- Authors
- Badgaiyan, R. D., Sinha, S., Sajjad, M., & Wack, D. S.
- Affiliations
- University of Minnesota (US)
- University at Buffalo, State University of New York (US)
- Corresponding author
- Badgaiyan, Rajendra D.
- Venue
- PLOS ONE
- Publisher
- Public Library of Science (PLoS)
- Published
- 2015-09-30
- Volume
- 10
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- e0137326
- ISSN
- 1932-6203 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4589406
- OpenAlex
- W2335928261
- Cited by
- 84
- References
- 50
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 12 · 2015: 1
- FWCI
- 6.23
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- PLoS ONE (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute of Mental Health (R21MH073624)
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (R01NS073884)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Keywords
- attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, dopamine release, tonic dopamine release, phasic dopamine release, caudate nucleus, [11C]raclopride, dynamic PET imaging, flanker task, dopamine signaling
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Corpus Striatum, Dopamine, Female, Humans, Ligands, Male, Protein Binding, Psychomotor Performance, Receptors, Dopamine, Case-Control Studies, Positron-Emission Tomography, Young Adult, Molecular Imaging
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