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The Effectiveness of Mindfulness-Based Interventions in the Perinatal Period: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Open accessAbstract
Perinatal mental health difficulties are associated with adverse consequences for parents and infants. However, the potential risks associated with the use of psychotropic medication for pregnant and breastfeeding women and the preferences expressed by women for non-pharmacological interventions mean it is important to ensure that effective psychological interventions are available. It has been argued that mindfulness-based interventions may offer a novel approach to treating perinatal mental health difficulties, but relatively little is known about their effectiveness with perinatal populations. This paper therefore presents a systematic review and meta-analysis of the effectiveness of mindfulness-based interventions for reducing depression, anxiety and stress and improving mindfulness skills in the perinatal period. A systematic review identified seventeen studies of mindfulness-based interventions in the perinatal period, including both controlled trials (n = 9) and pre-post uncontrolled studies (n = 8). Eight of these studies also included qualitative data. Hedge's g was used to assess uncontrolled and controlled effect sizes in separate meta-analyses, and a narrative synthesis of qualitative data was produced. Pre- to post-analyses showed significant reductions in depression, anxiety and stress and significant increases in mindfulness skills post intervention, each with small to medium effect sizes. Completion of the mindfulness-based interventions was reasonable with around three quarters of participants meeting study-defined criteria for engagement or completion where this was recorded. Qualitative data suggested that participants viewed mindfulness interventions positively. However, between-group analyses failed to find any significant post-intervention benefits for depression, anxiety or stress of mindfulness-based interventions in comparison to control conditions: effect sizes were negligible and it was conspicuous that intervention group participants did not appear to improve significantly more than controls in their mindfulness skills. The interventions offered often deviated from traditional mindfulness-based cognitive therapy or mindfulness-based stress reduction programmes, and there was also a tendency for studies to focus on healthy rather than clinical populations, and on antenatal rather than postnatal populations. It is argued that these and other limitations with the included studies and their interventions may have been partly responsible for the lack of significant between-group effects. The implications of the findings and recommendations for future research are discussed.
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“The majority of studies are pilot and feasibility trials that are not adequately powered to demonstrate the effectiveness [3, 18, 19].”
From Mindfulness-based stress reduction adapted to pregnant women with psychosocial vulnerabilities—a protocol for a randomized feasibility study in a Danish hospital-based outpatient setting (2021) · cites this paper as [19]
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“There is evidence that women with elevated levels of depression, anxiety, or stress during this time may benefit more from MBIs than universal perinatal populations (55), suggesting a promising use in hospitalized women with obstetric risk.”
From Acceptance, experiences, and needs of hospitalized pregnant women toward an electronic mindfulness-based intervention: A pilot mixed-methods study (2022) · cites this paper as [55]
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“However, there are only few studies of pregnancy-specific eMBIs with only small samples and lacking randomized controlled approaches (43, 51, 55, 63).”
From Acceptance, experiences, and needs of hospitalized pregnant women toward an electronic mindfulness-based intervention: A pilot mixed-methods study (2022) · cites this paper as [55]
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“Systematic reviews and meta-analyses point towards a trend in favor of mindfulness-based interventions but state that shortcomings in study designs limit the conclusions.”
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“However, more research is needed to explore the possible benefits of mindfulness-based interventions on mental health in pregnancy, and in particular in psychosocially vulnerable groups [3, 19].”
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“Mindfulness has been defined as a state of mind characterized by self-regulation of attention to present experience, in an open, curious, broad and tolerant attitude directed at all phenomena manifesting in the conscious mind (Taylor, Cavanagh, and Strauss 2016).”
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“However, these results should be interpreted with caution (Taylor et al., 2016; Tercelli & Ferreira, 2019) because of the methodological limitations of the studies included in the systematic reviews (e.g., small sample size, the design of the studies).”
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Trait mindfulness during pregnancy and perception of childbirth
Hulsbosch, L. P., Boekhorst, M. G. B. M., Potharst, E. S., Pop, V. J. M., & Nyklíček, I. (2021) · Archives of Women s Mental Health · doi:10.1007/s00737-020-01062-8 · Cited by 23
Mefrouche, M. L., Siegmann, E.-M., Böhme, S., Berking, M., & Kornhuber, J. (2023) · European Journal of Investigation in Health Psychology and Education · doi:10.3390/ejihpe13090122 · Cited by 26
Townshend, K., Caltabiano, N. J., Powrie, R. M., & O’Grady, H. (2018) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-017-0978-z · Cited by 22
“CBMP results are consistent with pre-post findings from Lever Taylor et al. (2016), Matvienko-Sikar et al. (2016) and Shi and MacBeth (2017) who found that prenatal MBPs significantly reduced perinatal depression and anxiety amongst at-risk pregnant women.”
InfluentialLiu, W., Wu, X., Gao, Y., Xiao, C., Xiao, J., Fang, F., & Chen, Y. (2022) · Journal of Clinical Nursing · doi:10.1111/jocn.16338 · Cited by 23
Nyklíček, I., Truijens, S. E. M., Spek, V., & Pop, V. J. M. (2018) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2018.01.012 · Cited by 21
Promoting well-being in early adolescents through mindfulness: A cluster randomized controlled trial
Scafuto, F., Ghiroldi, S., Montecucco, N. F., De Vincenzo, F., Quinto, R. M., Presaghi, F., & Iani, L. (2024) · Journal of Adolescence · doi:10.1002/jad.12252 · Cited by 20
Fernandes, D. V., Martins, A. R., Canavarro, M. C., & Moreira, H. (2021) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-021-02175-z · Cited by 26
“…symptoms and not on promoting parenting skills and improving the quality of parent-infant interaction, as has been shown by several systematic reviews focused on the mindfulness-based interventions [MBI’s] for the perinatal period (Shi & MacBeth, 2017; Shorey et al., 2019; Taylor et al., 2016).”
MethodRoberts, L. R., & Montgomery, S. (2016) · Issues in Mental Health Nursing · doi:10.1080/01612840.2016.1236864 · Cited by 23
“We know that mindfulness-based interventions are not a panacea and cannot completely eliminate grief, however, our pilot study indicates that for our participants the MBI was effective in alleviating some of the grief and its sequelae (Taylor et al., 2016; Thieleman, Cacciatore, & Hill, 2014).”
ResultZhang, D., Tsang, K. W. K., Duncan, L. G., Yip, B. H. K., Chan, D. C. C., Lee, E. K. P., Gao, T. T., Tam, W. H., Lam, K. Y., Tong, W. H., et al. (2023) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-022-02046-8 · Cited by 17
“port (Dhillon et al., 2017; Shorey et al., 2019; Taylor et al., 2016), which might be due to small sample sizes and the relatively low quality of the study designs of previous studies (Dhillon et al.”
ResultGarfield, L., & Watson‐Singleton, N. N. (2020) · Western Journal of Nursing Research · doi:10.1177/0193945920950336 · Cited by 25
SARI, Y. P., HSU, Y.-Y., & NGUYEN, T. T. B. (2023) · Journal of Nursing Research · doi:10.1097/jnr.0000000000000586 · Cited by 18
“However, one previous systematic review and meta-analysis study by Lever Taylor et al. (2016) reported less consistent effects of MBI on stress, anxiety, and depression, with significant yet small effects on stress and anxiety and a moderate effect on depression in perinatal mothers.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialPregnant women’s use of a consumer-based meditation mobile app: A descriptive study
Green, J., Neher, T. L., Puzia, M., Laird, B., & Huberty, J. (2022) · Digital Health · doi:10.1177/20552076221089098 · Cited by 19
“Introduction In the last decade, there has been an increased interest in prenatal mindfulness-based interventions to improve mental health or pregnancy outcomes.(1,2) Mindfulness has been defined as observing the present moment, without judgment and can be cultivated through practices such as meditation.”
BackgroundFactor Structure and External Validity of the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire in Pregnancy
Kantrowitz-Gordon, I. (2018) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-017-0768-0 · Cited by 16
“Teaching mindfulness as a self-management strategy for depression has demonstrated promise in limited trials for pregnant women (Lever Taylor et al. 2016); much work remains to further validate this strategy with larger randomized controlled trials and development of strategies to incorporate…”
Sajadian, S. Z., Javadifar, N., Aslani, K., & Saki, A. (2022) · Complementary Therapies in Clinical Practice · doi:10.1016/j.ctcp.2022.101665 · Cited by 16
Zimmermann, M., Julce, C., Sarkar, P. R., McNicholas, E., Xu, W., Carr, C., Boudreaux, E. D., Lemon, S. C., & Byatt, N. (2023) · General Hospital Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2023.08.005 · Cited by 17
Lönnberg, G., Niemi, M., Salomonsson, B., Bränström, R., Nissen, E., & Jonas, W. (2021) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-021-01658-w · Cited by 18
Wang, D., Weng, X., & Gao, L. (2021) · Midwifery · doi:10.1016/j.midw.2021.103152 · Cited by 16
Quick, A. D., Tung, I., Keenan, K. E., & Hipwell, A. E. (2023) · Journal of Happiness Studies · doi:10.1007/s10902-023-00634-6 · Cited by 16
Qi, W., Zhao, F., Huang, S., Wei, Z., Yang, H., He, K., Li, C., Guo, Q., & Hu, J. (2023) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-023-02221-5 · Cited by 15
“…reviews showed that the effect of MBIs on perinatal depression was less consistent, with pre-post treatment reductions of small to medium magnitude, but no significance in depression scores when the MBI group was compared with the control group (Lever Taylor et al., 2016 ; Shi & MacBeth, 2017).”
ResultThe Relationship of Mindfulness to Body Shame, Body Responsiveness, and Health Outcomes
Lamont, J. M. (2018) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-018-1020-2 · Cited by 15
Srisopa, P., Cong, X. S., Russell, B. S., & Lucas, R. (2021) · Pain Management Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.pmn.2021.05.011 · Cited by 18
Hulsbosch, L. P., Boekhorst, M., Lodder, P., Potharst, E., Nyklíček, I., Bergink, V., Oei, S., Verhoeven, C., & Pop, V. (2022) · BJOG: an International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology · doi:10.1111/1471-0528.17273 · Cited by 13
Silverwood, V., Bullock, L., Jordan, J. L., Turner, K. M., Chew-Graham, C. A., Kingstone, T., & Dawson, S. (2023) · BJGP Open · doi:10.3399/bjgpo.2023.0022 · Cited by 16
“35,36,43,46,47,50,52 These included physical activity (PA) during pregnancy such as yoga, tai chi, Pilates, hypnotherapy, imagery, meditation, and biofeedback.”
BackgroundInfluentialPark, S., Cho, H. Y., Park, J. Y., Chung, K., & Jhung, K. (2024) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/56601 · Cited by 15
Relationship Between Mindfulness and Posttraumatic Stress in Women Who Experienced Stillbirth
Huberty, J., Green, J., Cacciatore, J., Buman, M. P., & Leiferman, J. A. (2018) · Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic & Neonatal Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.jogn.2018.09.002 · Cited by 14
Schiele, C., Goetz, M., Hassdenteufel, K., Müller, M., Graf, J., Zipfel, S., & Wallwiener, S. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.939577 · Cited by 12
A Randomized Control Trial of Meditation for Mothers Pumping Breastmilk for Preterm Infants
Massa, K., Ramireddy, S., Ficenec, S., Mank, C., Josephsen, J. B., & Babbar, S. (2022) · American Journal of Perinatology · doi:10.1055/a-1787-7576 · Cited by 12
“35,36 Although mindfulness-based interventions in peripartum women have yielded modest results in reducing stress, anxiety, and depression, 37,38 some studies have showed promise in this population.”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Lever Taylor, B., Cavanagh, K., & Strauss, C.
- Affiliations
- University of Sussex (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Strauss, Clara
- Venue
- PLOS ONE
- Publisher
- Public Library of Science (PLoS)
- Published
- 2016-05-16
- Volume
- 11
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- e0155720
- ISSN
- 1932-6203 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4868288
- OpenAlex
- W2350328130
- Cited by
- 284
- References
- 71
- Citations by year
- 2026: 16 · 2025: 26 · 2024: 20 · 2023: 41 · 2022: 22 · 2021: 43 · 2020: 73 · 2019: 18 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 2
- FWCI
- 2.12
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- PLoS ONE (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Sussex Research Online (University of Sussex) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- University of Surrey
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Maternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and Postpartum
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Mindfulness and Compassion Interventions
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Digital Mental Health Interventions
- Keywords
- mindfulness-based interventions, perinatal mental health, perinatal depression, perinatal anxiety, perinatal stress, mindfulness skills, prenatal period, postpartum period, non-pharmacological treatment, pregnant and lactating women, intervention completion
- MeSH terms
- Anxiety, Depression, Female, Health Surveys, Humans, Pregnancy, Stress, Psychological, Outcome Assessment, Health Care, Publication Bias, Perinatal Care, Early Medical Intervention, Mindfulness
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