The Effectiveness of Mindfulness-Based Interventions on Maternal Perinatal Mental Health Outcomes: a Systematic Review
Open accessAbstract
Presenting with common mental health difficulties, particularly depression and anxiety, there is also preliminary evidence that mindfulness-based interventions (MBIs) including mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT), mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) and integrated mindfulness yoga practices may also be effective in reducing common mental health difficulties during pregnancy. We systematically reviewed and synthesized the current literature on the effectiveness of MBIs in reducing severity of perinatal anxiety and depression. Databases including PubMed, Cochrane Library, IndMED and PsychoInfo were searched for relevant studies. Manual searches were conducted in relevant articles and Google Scholar. Seventeen cohorts representing 18 studies were included. Pre-post effect sizes were reported for both treatment and control groups. Seven randomized controlled trials (RCTs), two non-randomized controlled trials and nine treatment evaluations were included. Maternal participation in an MBI was associated with reductions in perinatal anxiety of moderate to large magnitude. Results for the effect of MBIs on depression were less consistent, with pre-post treatment reductions of moderate magnitude, but no significant differences in depression scores when MBI was compared with a control group. There was some evidence that MBIs were associated with increased mindfulness. Risk of bias in studies was variable. Our review offers preliminary evidence for the effectiveness of MBIs in reducing perinatal anxiety, with more equivocal findings with regard to perinatal depressive symptoms. Further methodologically rigorous evaluation using RCTs and longer follow-up periods are recommended.
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Systematic reviews and meta-analyses point towards a trend in favor of mindfulness-based interventions but state that shortcomings in study designs limit the conclusions.
“Systematic reviews and meta-analyses point towards a trend in favor of mindfulness-based interventions but state that shortcomings in study designs limit the conclusions.”
From Mindfulness-based stress reduction adapted to pregnant women with psychosocial vulnerabilities—a protocol for a randomized feasibility study in a Danish hospital-based outpatient setting (2021) · cites this paper as [3]
The Discussion reports promising but mixed effects of mindfulness-based interventions on perinatal mental health and says variation in study design and methodological quality restricted comparisons. This paper is a systematic review, not a meta-analysis; although it mentions a separate meta-analysis, it does not report that analysis’s conclusions, so it cannot substantiate the claim about meta-analyses. (LLM, conf=0.83)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredMindfulness-based interventions are an acceptable intervention for pregnant women.
“Moreover, it is an acceptable intervention for pregnant women [3].”
From Mindfulness-based stress reduction adapted to pregnant women with psychosocial vulnerabilities—a protocol for a randomized feasibility study in a Danish hospital-based outpatient setting (2021) · cites this paper as [3]
The Discussion concludes that mindfulness-based interventions are “likely to be acceptable to women in pregnancy.” The citing sentence presents acceptability as established rather than as the review’s qualified conclusion. (LLM, conf=0.83)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe majority of studies of mindfulness-based interventions in pregnancy are pilot and feasibility trials that are not adequately powered to demonstrate effectiveness.
“The majority of studies are pilot and feasibility trials that are not adequately powered to demonstrate the effectiveness [3, 18, 19].”
From Mindfulness-based stress reduction adapted to pregnant women with psychosocial vulnerabilities—a protocol for a randomized feasibility study in a Danish hospital-based outpatient setting (2021) · cites this paper as [3]
The Discussion (page unavailable) says under-powering due to small sample size was an issue in several studies and calls for more rigorous trials. The Results (page unavailable) list nine non-controlled trials among 18 cohorts, but the review does not establish that a majority were pilot or feasibility trials, or that a majority were underpowered. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredMindfulness-based interventions offer preliminary evidence for effectiveness in reducing anxiety in maternal perinatal mental health.
“Similarly, a systematic review of the effectiveness of MBIs on maternal perinatal mental health outcomes offered preliminary evidence for the effectiveness of the interventions in reducing anxiety [26].”
From HAPPY MAMA Project (Part 2)—Maternal Distress and Self-Efficacy: A Pilot Randomized Controlled Field Trial (2022) · cites this paper as [26]
More research is needed to explore the possible benefits of mindfulness-based interventions on mental health in pregnancy, particularly in psychosocially vulnerable groups.
“However, more research is needed to explore the possible benefits of mindfulness-based interventions on mental health in pregnancy, and in particular in psychosocially vulnerable groups [3, 19].”
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- Authors
- Shi, Z., & MacBeth, A.
- Affiliations
- University of Edinburgh (GB)
- Corresponding author
- MacBeth, Angus
- ORCID
- MacBeth, Angus
- Venue
- Mindfulness
- Published
- 2017-01-19
- Volume
- 8
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 823-847
- ISSN
- 1868-8527 (ISSN-L)
- 1868-8535
- PMC
- PMC5506176
- OpenAlex
- W2571740036
- Cited by
- 148
- References
- 77
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 23 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 30 · 2022: 22 · 2021: 24 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 12 · 2018: 6
- FWCI
- 1.29
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Locations
- Mindfulness (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Edinburgh Research Explorer (University of Edinburgh) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- University of Edinburgh
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Maternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and Postpartum
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Mindfulness and Compassion Interventions
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Digital Mental Health Interventions
- Keywords
- mindfulness-based interventions, perinatal anxiety, perinatal depression, maternal mental health, mindfulness-based cognitive therapy, mindfulness-based stress reduction, mindfulness yoga, pregnancy
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