Neuropsychological Impact of West Nile Virus Infection: An Extensive Neuropsychiatric Assessment of 49 Cases in Canada
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: West Nile virus emerged as an important human pathogen in North America and continues to pose a risk to public health. It can cause a highly variable range of clinical manifestations ranging from asymptomatic to severe illness. Neuroinvasive disease due to West Nile virus can lead to long-term neurological deficits and psychological impairment. However, these deficits have not been well described. The objective of this study was to characterize the neuropsychological manifestations of West Nile virus infection with a focus on neuroinvasive status and time since infection. METHODS: Patients from Ontario Canada with a diagnosis of neuroinvasive disease (meningitis, encephalitis, or acute flaccid paralysis) and non-neuroinvasive disease who had participated in a cohort study were enrolled. Clinical and laboratory were collected, as well as demographics and medical history. Cognitive functioning was assessed using a comprehensive battery of neuropsychological tests. RESULTS: Data from 49 individuals (32 with West Nile fever and 17 with West Nile neuroinvasive disease) were included in the present cross-sectional analysis. Patterns of neuropsychological impairment were comparable across participants with both neuroinvasive and non-neuroinvasive West Nile virus infection on all cognitive measures. Neuropsychiatric impairment was also observed more frequently at two to four years post-infection compared to earlier stages of illness. CONCLUSIONS: Our data provide objective evidence for cognitive difficulties among patients who were infected with West Nile virus; these deficits appear to manifest regardless of severity of West Nile virus infection (West Nile fever vs. West Nile neuroinvasive disease), and are more prevalent with increasing illness duration (2-4 years vs. 1 month). Data from this study will help inform patients and healthcare providers about the expected course of recovery, as well as the need to implement effective treatment strategies that include neuropsychological interventions.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Patients recovering from viral encephalitis often show severe neurological sequelae, including deficits in memory, visuospatial and verbal learning, and motor and executive functions.
“Patients recovering from viral encephalitis often show severe neurological sequelae, including deficits in memory, visuospatial and verbal learning, and motor and executive functions [111, 209, 272, 329, 340].”
From Microglia and monocytes in inflammatory CNS disease: integrating phenotype and function (2022) · cites this paper as [272]
The Results report impairments in memory, verbal and visual learning, motor function, and executive function among patients with West Nile virus infection. But the sample included both West Nile fever and neuroinvasive disease, not only patients recovering from encephalitis. Visuospatial impairment was reported in 3%–6%, so the paper does not establish that severe sequelae across these domains are common after viral encephalitis generally. Page numbers were not supplied in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredMovement disorders persist for months to years in WNE patients.
“Movement disorders persist for months to years [83, 87–91].”
From Cognitive decline following acute viral infections: literature review and projections for post-COVID-19 (2022) · cites this paper as [89]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
von Elm, E., Altman, D. G., Egger, M., Pocock, S. J., Gøtzsche, P. C., Vandenbroucke, J. P., & Initiative, F. T. S. (2007) · PLoS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.0040296 · Cited by 23,020 · see citing works
von Elm, E., Altman, D. G., Egger, M., Pocock, S. J., Gøtzsche, P. C., & Vandenbroucke, J. P. (2007) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(07)61602-x · Cited by 21,320 · see citing works
von Elm, E., Altman, D. G., Egger, M., Pocock, S. J., Gøtzsche, P. C., Vandenbroucke, J. P., & Initiative, F. T. S. (2007) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-147-8-200710160-00010 · Cited by 17,796 · see citing works
Krupp, L. B. (1989) · Archives of Neurology · doi:10.1001/archneur.1989.00520460115022 · Cited by 6,172 · see citing works
A compendium of neuropsychological tests: administration, norms, and commentary
(1991) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.29-2400 · Cited by 6,117 · see citing works
Half a century of research on the Stroop effect: An integrative review.
MacLeod, C. M. (1991) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.109.2.163 · Cited by 5,500 · see citing works
A Compendium of Neuropsychological Tests: Administration, Norms, and Commentary
Levin, H. S. (1993) · Archives of Neurology · doi:10.1001/archneur.1993.00540050007005 · Cited by 4,793 · see citing works
The Neuropsychological Assessment
Ogden, J. A. (2005) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780195171358.003.0002 · Cited by 4,382 · see citing works
Psychometric properties of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS) in clinical samples
Brown, T. A., Chorpita, B. F., Korotitsch, W., & Barlow, D. H. (1997) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7967(96)00068-x · Cited by 1,860 · see citing works
Lezak, M. D., Howieson, D. B., Bigler, E. D., & Tranel, D. (1995) · Cited by 1,840 · see citing works
Crawford, J. R., & Henry, J. D. (2003) · British Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1348/014466503321903544 · Cited by 1,756 · see citing works
Benedict, R. H. B., Schretlen, D., Groninger, L., & Brandt, J. (1998) · The Clinical Neuropsychologist · doi:10.1076/clin.12.1.43.1726 · Cited by 1,597 · see citing works
Strauss, E., & Spreen, O. (2009) · Cited by 1,441 · see citing works
The Outbreak of West Nile Virus Infection in the New York City Area in 1999
Nash, D., Mostashari, F., Fine, A. D., Miller, J. R., O’Leary, D. E., Murray, K. O., Huang, A., Rosenberg, A., Greenberg, A. J., Sherman, M., et al. (2001) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm200106143442401 · Cited by 1,360 · see citing works
The Arboviruses: Epidemiology and Ecology
Monath, T. P. C. (2019) · CRC Press eBooks · doi:10.1201/9780429289170 · Cited by 1,247 · see citing works
Contributions to Neuropsychological Assessment
Sarazin, F. (1996) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 1,151 · see citing works
A Neurotropic Virus Isolated from the Blood of a Native of Uganda
Smithburn, K. C., Hughes, T. P., Burke, A. W., & Paul, J. (1940) · The American journal of tropical medicine. · doi:10.4269/ajtmh.1940.s1-20.471 · Cited by 1,113 · see citing works
Contributions to Neuropsychological Assessment
Greene, J. (1995) · Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery & Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/jnnp.59.3.346 · Cited by 829 · see citing works
West Nile encephalitis epidemic in southeastern Romania
Tsai, T. F., Popovici, F., Cernescu, C. E., Campbell, G., & Nedelcu, N. I. (1998) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(98)03538-7 · Cited by 753 · see citing works
Mostashari, F., Bunning, M. L., Kitsutani, P. T., Singer, D. A., Nash, D., Cooper, M. J., Katz, N., Liljebjelke, K. A., Biggerstaff, B. J., Fine, A. D., et al. (2001) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(01)05480-0 · Cited by 657 · see citing works
Neurologic Manifestations and Outcome of West Nile Virus Infection
Sejvar, J. J. (2003) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.290.4.511 · Cited by 648 · see citing works
West Nile Virus: A Primer for the Clinician
Petersen, L. R., & Marfin, A. A. (2002) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-137-3-200208060-00009 · Cited by 632 · see citing works
Benton controlled oral word association test: Reliability and updated norms
Ruff, R. M., Light, R. H., Parker, S. B., & Levin, H. S. (1996) · Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology · doi:10.1093/arclin/11.4.329 · Cited by 618 · see citing works
Cunningham, C., Campion, S., Lunnon, K., Murray, C. L., Woods, J. F. C., Deacon, R. M. J., Rawlins, J. N. P., & Perry, V. H. (2009) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2008.07.024 · Cited by 584 · see citing works
Tombaugh, T. N. (1997) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/1040-3590.9.3.260 · Cited by 582 · see citing works
Construct and Concurrent Validity of the Hopkins Verbal Learning Test – Revised
Shapiro, A. M., Benedict, R. H. B., Schretlen, D. J., & Brandt, J. (1999) · The Clinical Neuropsychologist · doi:10.1076/clin.13.3.348.1749 · Cited by 517 · see citing works
Contributions to Neuropsychological Assessment
Adams, N. L. (1995) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.45.8.1637-a · Cited by 496 · see citing works
Buchanan, R. W. (2005) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbi020 · Cited by 438 · see citing works
Attentional deficits following closed-head injury
Ponsford, J. L., & Kinsella, G. (1992) · Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/01688639208402865 · Cited by 392 · see citing works
A compendium of neuropsychological tests administration, norms, and commentary
Strauss, E., Sherman, E. M. S., & Spreen, O. (2006) · Cited by 389 · see citing works
Evidence for specific cognitive deficits in preclinical Huntington's disease
Lawrence, A. D. (1998) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/121.7.1329 · Cited by 384 · see citing works
Planning and spatial working memory in Parkinson's disease.
Morris, R. G., Downes, J. J., Sahakian, B. J., Evenden, J. L., HEALD, A., & Robbins, T. W. (1988) · Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery & Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/jnnp.51.6.757 · Cited by 359 · see citing works
Xiao, S.-Y., Guzmán, H., Zhang, H., da Rosa, A. P. A. T., & Tesh, R. B. (2001) · Emerging infectious diseases · doi:10.3201/eid0704.010420 · Cited by 267 · see citing works
DE JAGER, C. A., HOGERVORST, E., COMBRINCK, M., & BUDGE, M. M. (2003) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291703008031 · Cited by 259 · see citing works
Hayes, C. G., & Monath, T. P. C. (1989) · Cited by 253 · see citing works
Lateralized automatic auditory processing of phonetic versus musical information: A PET study
Tervaniemi, M. H., Medvedev, S. V., Alho, K., Pakhomov, S. V., Roudas, M. S., van Zuijen, T. L., & nen, R. N. T. (2000) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/(sici)1097-0193(200006)10:2 · Cited by 238 · see citing works
Clinical Characteristics and Functional Outcomes of West Nile Fever
Watson, J. T., Pertel, P. E., Jones, R. C., Siston, A. M., Paul, W. S., Austin, C. C., & Gerber, S. I. (2004) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-141-5-200409070-00010 · Cited by 212 · see citing works
Long-Term Prognosis for Clinical West Nile Virus Infection
Klee, A. L., Maldin, B., Edwin, B., Poshni, I., Mostashari, F., Fine, A., Layton, M., & Nash, D. (2004) · Emerging Infectious Diseases · doi:10.3201/eid1008.030879 · Cited by 207 · see citing works
Detecting malingering: a survey of experts? practices
Slick, D. J. (2003) · Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology · doi:10.1016/j.acn.2003.04.001 · Cited by 196 · see citing works
Petersen, L. R. (2003) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.290.4.524 · Cited by 191 · see citing works
Long-Term Clinical and Neuropsychological Outcomes of West Nile Virus Infection
Carson, P. J., Konewko, P., Wold, K. S., Mariani, P., Goli, S., Bergloff, P., & Crosby, R. D. (2006) · Clinical Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1086/506939 · Cited by 189 · see citing works
West Nile Virus Activity in the United States, 2001
Bernard, K. A., & Kramer, L. D. (2001) · Viral Immunology · doi:10.1089/08828240152716574 · Cited by 188 · see citing works
Initial Validation of a Screening Battery for the Detection of HIV-Associated Cognitive Impairment
Carey, C. L., Woods, S. P., Rippeth, J. D., González, R., Moore, D. J., Marcotte, T. D., Igor Grant, A., Heaton, R., & HNRC Group (2004) · The Clinical Neuropsychologist · doi:10.1080/13854040490501448 · Cited by 184 · see citing works
Hughes, C. H., Plumet, M., & Leboyer, M. (1999) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/1469-7610.00487 · Cited by 164 · see citing works
Neural basis of the Stroop interference task: Response competition or selective attention?
Mead, L. A., Mayer, A. R., Bobholz, J. A., Woodley, S. J., Cunningham, J. M., Hammeke, T. A., & Rao, S. M. (2002) · Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society · doi:10.1017/s1355617702860015 · Cited by 153 · see citing works
Depression and the Test of Memory Malingering
Rees, L. M., Tombaugh, T. N., & Boulay, L. J. (2001) · Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology · doi:10.1093/arclin/16.5.501 · Cited by 153 · see citing works
Benedict, R. H. B. (2005) · Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society · doi:10.1017/s1355617705050782 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
the NIAID Collaborative Antiviral Study Group West Nile Virus 210 Protocol Team, Hart, J., Tillman, G. D., Kraut, M. A., Chiang, H., Strain, J. F., Li, Y., Agrawal, A. G., Jester, P., Gnann, J. W., et al. (2014) · BMC Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1186/1471-2334-14-248 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
The Role of Pathology in an Investigation of an Outbreak of West Nile Encephalitis in New York, 1999
Shieh, W., Guarner, J., Layton, M., Fine, A., Miller, J., Nash, D., Campbell, G. L., Roehrig, J. T., Gubler, D. J., & Zaki, S. R. (2000) · Emerging infectious diseases · doi:10.3201/eid0604.000407 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
Sampson, B. A., & Armbrustmacher, V. W. (2001) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2001.tb02695.x · Cited by 103 · see citing works
West Nile Virus–associated Flaccid Paralysis Outcome
Sejvar, J. J., Bode, A. V., Marfin, A. A., Campbell, G. L., Pape, J., Biggerstaff, B. J., & Petersen, L. R. (2006) · Emerging infectious diseases · doi:10.3201/eid1203.050643 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
A Prospective Evaluation of the Charlson Comorbidity Index for Use in Long‐Term Care Patients
Bravo, G., Dubois, M., Hébert, R., Wals, P. D., & Messier, L. (2002) · Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · doi:10.1046/j.1532-5415.2002.50172.x · Cited by 91 · see citing works
West, R., & Bell, M. A. (1997) · Neuropsychology · doi:10.1037//0894-4105.11.3.421 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Etherton, J. L., Bianchini, K. J., Greve, K. W., & Ciota, M. A. (2004) · Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology · doi:10.1016/j.acn.2004.09.007 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Serosurveys for West Nile Virus Infection--New York and Connecticut Counties, 2000
(2001) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.285.6.727 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Depression after Infection with West Nile Virus1
Murray, K. O., Resnick, M., & Miller, V. E. (2007) · Emerging infectious diseases · doi:10.3201/eid1303.060602 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Persistent neuropsychological impairment associated with West Nile virus infection
Sadek, J. R., Pergam, S. A., Harrington, J. A., Echevarria, L. A., Davis, L. E., Goade, D., Harnar, J., Nofchissey, R. A., Sewell, C. M., Ettestad, P., et al. (2009) · Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/13803390902881918 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
A comparison of fatigue measures in Parkinson's disease
Grace, J., Mendelsohn, A. I., & Friedman, J. H. (2006) · Parkinsonism & Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.parkreldis.2006.09.001 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Follow-up of 2003 Human West Nile Virus Infections, Denver, Colorado
Patnaik, J. L., Harmon, H., & Vogt, R. L. (2006) · Emerging Infectious Diseases · doi:10.3201/eid1207.051399 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Morey, C. E., Cilo, M., Berry, J., & Cusick, C. (2003) · Brain Injury · doi:10.1080/0269905031000088586 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Prognosis after West Nile Virus Infection
Loeb, M. B., Hanna, S., Nicolle, L. E., Eyles, J. D., Elliott, S. J., Rathbone, M. P., DREBOT, M. A., Neupane, B., Fearon, M. A., & Mahony, J. B. (2008) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-149-4-200808190-00004 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Self-citationDetermination of Effort Level, Exaggeration, and Malingering in Neurocognitive Assessment
Lynch, W. J. (2004) · Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation · doi:10.1097/00001199-200405000-00008 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Paralysis of street rabies virus-infected mice is dependent on T lymphocytes
Sugamata, M., Miyazawa, M., Mori, S., Spangrude, G. J., Ewalt, L. C., & Lodmell, D. L. (1992) · Journal of Virology · doi:10.1128/jvi.66.2.1252-1260.1992 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Outcome of West Nile Fever in Older Adults
Berner, Y., Lang, R., & Chowers, M. (2002) · Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · doi:10.1046/j.1532-5415.2002.505402.x · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Mental Status after West Nile Virus Infection
Haaland, K. Y., Sadek, J. R., Pergam, S. A., Echevarria, L. A., Davis, L. E., Goade, D., Harnar, J., Nofchissey, R. A., Sewel, C. M., & Ettestad, P. (2006) · Emerging infectious diseases · doi:10.3201/eid1708.060097 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Exploratory factor analysis of the WAIS-III in a mixed patient sample
Ryan, J. J., & Paolo, A. M. (2001) · Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology · doi:10.1093/arclin/16.2.151 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Clinical Description and Follow-up Investigation of Human West Nile Virus Cases
Gottfried, K. L., Quinn, R., & Jones, T. (2005) · Southern Medical Journal · doi:10.1097/01.smj.0000155633.43244.ac · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Follow-up study of Greek patients with West Nile virus neuroinvasive disease
Anastasiadou, A., Kakoulidis, I., Butel, D., Kehagia, E., & Papa, A. (2013) · International Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2012.12.006 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Findings of Long‐Term Depression up to 8 Years Post Infection From West Nile Virus
Nolan, M. S., Hause, A. M., & Murray, K. O. (2012) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.21871 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
An ex vivo murine model to study poliovirus-induced apoptosis in nerve cells
Couderc, T., Guivel‐Benhassine, F., Calaora, V., Grenet, A.-S. G., & Blondel, B. (2002) · Journal of General Virology · doi:10.1099/0022-1317-83-8-1925 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
One-year sequelae in patients with West Nile Virus encephalitis and meningitis in Louisiana.
Ou, A. C., & Ratard, R. C. (2005) · PubMed · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Einarsson, U., Gottberg, K., Fredrikson, S., Bergendal, G., von Koch, L., & Holmqvist, L. W. (2003) · Clinical Rehabilitation · doi:10.1191/0269215503cr611oa · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Immunohistochemical demonstration of viral antigens in Japanese encephalitis
Iwasaki, Y., Zhao, J. X., Yamamoto, T., & Konno, H. (1986) · Acta Neuropathologica · doi:10.1007/bf00689518 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
An investigation of depression and fatigue post West Nile virus infection.
Berg, P., Smallfield, S., & Svien, L. R. (2010) · PubMed · Cited by 24 · see citing works
West Nile virus encephalitis in the United States
Johnson, R. T., & Irani, D. N. (2002) · Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports · doi:10.1007/s11910-002-0035-0 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
West Nile virus activity--United States, August 7-13, 2003.
(2003) · PubMed · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
2 of the 79 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Research works printed but not linked: 5
- [4]West Nile Virus Activity—United States, 2003. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 12924429
- [44]Benedict R, Schretlen D, Brandt J, Groninger L: Revision of the Hopkins verbal learning test: reliability and normative data. Clin Neuropsychol 1998, 12: 43– 55.
- [51]Culbertson W, Zilmer E: Tower of London-DX 2nd Edition (TOL-DX 2nd Edition) Technical Manual. In. North Tonawanda, NY: Multi-Health Systems; 2004.
- [57]DesRosiers G, Kavanagh D: Cognitive assessment in closed head injury: Stability, validity and parallel forms for two neuropsychological measures of recovery. International Journal of Clinical Neuropsychology 1987.
- [65]Groth-Marnat G, Gallagher R, Hale J, Kaplan E: Wescsler Intelligence Scales In: Neuropsychological assessmeent in clinical practice. edn. Edited by Groth-Marnat G. New York: Wiley; 2000: 129– 194.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Unexplained post-acute infection syndromes
Choutka, J., Jansari, V., Hornig, M., & Iwasaki, A. (2022) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41591-022-01810-6 · Cited by 604 · see citing works
Microglia and monocytes in inflammatory CNS disease: integrating phenotype and function
Spiteri, A. G., Wishart, C. L., Pamphlett, R., Locatelli, G., & King, N. J. C. (2022) · Acta Neuropathologica · doi:10.1007/s00401-021-02384-2 · Cited by 216 · see citing works
“1 3 fatality rate, with survivors experiencing severe neurological sequelae and memory deficits that may worsen over time [111, 209, 272, 329, 340].”
BackgroundNeuroinflammation During RNA Viral Infections
Klein, R. S., Garber, C., Funk, K. E., Salimi, H., Soung, A., Kanmogne, M., Manivasagam, S., Agner, S., & Cain, M. (2019) · Annual Review of Immunology · doi:10.1146/annurev-immunol-042718-041417 · Cited by 160 · see citing works
CSF1R antagonism limits local restimulation of antiviral CD8+ T cells during viral encephalitis
Funk, K. E., & Klein, R. S. (2019) · Journal of Neuroinflammation · doi:10.1186/s12974-019-1397-4 · Cited by 156 · see citing works
Damiano, R. F., Guedes, B. F., de Rocca, C. C., de Pádua Serafim, A., Castro, L. H. M., Munhoz, C. D., Nitrini, R., Filho, G. B., Miguel, E. C., Lucchetti, G., et al. (2022) · European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.1007/s00406-021-01286-4 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Zhang, J. S., Lan, Y., & Sanyal, S. (2017) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2017.02286 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Neurocognitive impacts of arbovirus infections
Clé, M., Eldin, P., Briant, L., Lannuzel, A., Simonin, Y., Van de Perre, P., Cabié, A., & Salinas, S. (2020) · Journal of Neuroinflammation · doi:10.1186/s12974-020-01904-3 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Long-term, West Nile virus-induced neurological changes: A comparison of patients and rodent models
Fulton, C. M., Beasley, D. W. C., Bente, D. A., & Dineley, K. T. (2020) · Brain Behavior & Immunity - Health · doi:10.1016/j.bbih.2020.100105 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Emerging Viral Infections and Their Impact on the Global Burden of Neurological Disease
Munoz-Arcos, L. S., García‐Dominguez, M. A., Gordon‐Lipkin, E. M., Parra, B., & Pardo, C. A. (2018) · Seminars in Neurology · doi:10.1055/s-0038-1647247 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
West Nile Virus-Induced Neurologic Sequelae—Relationship to Neurodegenerative Cascades and Dementias
Vittor, A. Y., Long, M. T., Chakrabarty, P., Aycock, L., Kollu, V., & DeKosky, S. T. (2020) · Current Tropical Medicine Reports · doi:10.1007/s40475-020-00200-7 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Carrera, J., Pittí, Y., Molares-Martínez, J. C., Casal, E., Pereyra‐Elías, R., Sáenz, L., Guerrero, I., Galué, J., Rodríguez-Álvarez, F., Jackman, C., et al. (2020) · Open Forum Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/ofid/ofaa359 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Spiteri, A. G., Wishart, C. L., Ni, D., Viengkhou, B., Macia, L., Hofer, M. J., & King, N. J. C. (2023) · Acta Neuropathologica Communications · doi:10.1186/s40478-023-01547-4 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
West Nile Disease Symptoms and Comorbidities: A Systematic Review and Analysis of Cases
Bampali, M., Konstantinidis, K., Kellis, E. E., Pouni, T., Mitroulis, I., Kottaridi, C., Mathioudakis, A. G., Beloukas, A. I., & Karakasiliοtis, I. (2022) · Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease · doi:10.3390/tropicalmed7090236 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Differential In Vitro Infection of Neural Cells by Astroviruses
Janowski, A. B., Klein, R., & Wang, D. (2019) · mBio · doi:10.1128/mbio.01455-19 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Recent advances in understanding West Nile virus host immunity and viral pathogenesis
Luo, H., & Wang, T. (2018) · F1000Research · doi:10.12688/f1000research.13362.1 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Funk, K. E., Arutyunov, A., Desai, P., White, J. P., Soung, A., Rosen, S. F., Diamond, M., & Klein, R. S. (2021) · Aging Cell · doi:10.1111/acel.13412 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
West Nile virus: an overview of current information
Chianese, A., Stelitano, D., Astorri, R., Serretiello, E., Rocca, M. T. D., Melardo, C., Vitiello, M., Galdiero, M., & Franci, G. (2019) · Translational Medicine Reports · doi:10.4081/tmr.8145 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
The Temporal Role of Cytokines in Flavivirus Protection and Pathogenesis
Hassert, M., Brien, J. D., & Pinto, A. K. (2018) · Current Clinical Microbiology Reports · doi:10.1007/s40588-018-0106-x · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Emerging Viral Infections in Sub-Saharan Africa and the Developing Nervous System: A Mini Review
Kakooza‐Mwesige, A., Mohammed, A. H. S., Kristensson, K., Juliano, S. L., & Lutwama, J. J. (2018) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2018.00082 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Viruses have multiple paths to central nervous system pathology
Agner, S. C., & Klein, R. S. (2018) · Current Opinion in Neurology · doi:10.1097/wco.0000000000000556 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
CRISPR–Cas system to discover host-virus interactions in Flaviviridae
Ramezannia, Z., Shamekh, A., & Baghi, H. B. (2023) · Virology Journal · doi:10.1186/s12985-023-02216-7 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Sheppard, D. P., Woods, S. P., Hasbun, R., Salazar, L., Nolan, M. S., & Murray, K. O. (2018) · Journal of NeuroVirology · doi:10.1007/s13365-018-0641-5 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Risk of cognitive decline among patients with dengue virus infection: a systematic review
Thangavelu, L. P., Abdelwahab, S. İ., Farasani, A. M., Ballal, S., Bansal, P., Nathiya, D., Kaur, K., Kumar, M., Sinha, A., AlRasheed, H. A., et al. (2024) · The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1093/ijnp/pyae053 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Yeung, M. W., TOMLINSON, G. A., Loeb, M. B., & Sander, B. (2017) · Health and Quality of Life Outcomes · doi:10.1186/s12955-017-0787-5 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Self-citationHaidar-El-Atrache, S., Wolf, M., Fabie, N. A. V., & Sahai, S. (2018) · Pediatric Annals · doi:10.3928/19382359-20180918-02 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Rehabilitation approaches in West Nile Virus survivors: a systematic review
Maccarone, M. C., Coraci, D., Ragazzo, L., Munari, M., Piccione, F., & Masiero, S. (2023) · European Journal of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine · doi:10.23736/s1973-9087.23.07880-2 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Kumar, S., Sreelekshmi, P. R., Godke, Y. S., & Sudeep, A. B. (2023) · VirusDisease · doi:10.1007/s13337-023-00808-z · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Siafakas, N., Anastassopoulou, C. G., Pournaras, S., Tsakris, A., Alevizakis, E., Kympouropoulos, S. P., Spandidos, D. A., & Rizos, E. N. (2024) · Molecular Medicine Reports · doi:10.3892/mmr.2024.13426 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
O’Niel, A., Parkins, C. J., Pederson, A., Saltonstall, E., Bunnell, E., Aggarwal, R., Sandholm, P., Kessler, K., Harrison, H. F., Smith, J. R., et al. (2025) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2025.1600119 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Haase, E., Augustinavicius, J., & Hayes, K. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-42825-9_1-1 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Aspects of the immune response in West Nile virus infection
Александрович, И. А., Krasnorutskaya, O. N., Bezlepkin, A. S., Shevtsova, V. I., & Георгиевич, С. Г. (2025) · Medical alphabet · doi:10.33667/2078-5631-2025-16-64-67 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Physical Therapy Intervention in a Patient with West Nile Meningitis: A Case Approach
Gunnufson, K. (2018) · UND Scholarly Commons (University of North Dakota)
Sutinen, J. (2020) · uO Research (University of Ottawa) · doi:10.20381/ruor-24872
West Nile Virus and Toll-like Receptors
Krishnan, J. (2023) · BENTHAM SCIENCE PUBLISHERS eBooks · doi:10.2174/9789815124545123010010
Haase, E., Augustinavicius, J., & Hayes, K. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-51366-5_1
Exploring the mental health impact of chikungunya fever: a scoping review
D’Souza, P. R., Shetty, S. B., Satish, R., & Thomas, L. (2026) · Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1080/23744235.2026.2647095
Etude du neurotropisme de deux arbovirus émergents : les virus Zika et Usutu
Clé, M. (2020) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/efbddf1cz1416z4c8fzab5ez8b28a309cc06
Horowitz, R. (2026) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease Reports · doi:10.1177/25424823261445434
Clinical and epidemiological characteristics, adverse consequences of West Nile fever
Krasnorutskaya, O. N., Рассохин, В. В., Shevtsova, V. I., Александрович, И. А., Александровна, Н. Н., Zaudenkova, E. M., & Alferova, V. P. (2026) · HIV Infection and Immunosuppressive Disorders · doi:10.22328/2077-9828-2026-18-2-7-20
Olajiga, O. M., MacLean, A. G., & Beddingfield, B. (2026) · Journal of Neurovirology · doi:10.1007/s13365-026-01328-4
Bunnell, E., Saltonstall, E., Shanava, E., O’Niel, A., Pederson, A., Marla, S., Llamas, M. L. S., Garg, I., Chaudhari, M., Vodapally, S., et al. (2026) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2026.1899626
- Authors
- Samaan, Z., McDermid Vaz, S., Bawor, M., Potter, T. H., Eskandarian, S., & Loeb, M.
- Affiliations
- McMaster University (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Loeb, Mark
- Venue
- PLOS ONE
- Publisher
- Public Library of Science (PLoS)
- Published
- 2016-06-28
- Volume
- 11
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- e0158364
- ISSN
- 1932-6203 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4924871
- OpenAlex
- W2465915302
- Cited by
- 42
- References
- 79
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 2
- FWCI
- 4.63
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- PLoS ONE (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Mosquito-borne diseases and control
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › Infectious Encephalopathies and Encephalitis
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Neurology › Long-Term Effects of COVID-19
- Keywords
- West Nile virus, neuroinvasive disease, neuropsychological deficits, cognitive impairment, West Nile fever, meningitis, encephalitis, acute flaccid paralysis, long-term neurological sequelae, neuropsychological assessment
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aged, Cognition Disorders, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Ontario, West Nile Fever
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
