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Self-esteem and subjective well-being revisited: The roles of personal, relational, and collective self-esteem
Open accessAbstract
Previous studies have shown that self-esteem is an important predictor of subjective well-being. However, the majority of research has focused on self-esteem at the individual and the collective level, but has mostly ignored self-esteem at the relational level. According to social identity theory, individuals can maintain and enhance self-esteem through personal traits (personal self-esteem, PSE), relationships with significant others (relational self-esteem, RSE), and relationships with larger groups (collective self-esteem, CSE). The current research investigated whether RSE and CSE can predict subjective well-being beyond PSE among Chinese college students. With four cross-sectional studies and one longitudinal study (N = 847), we found that, when controlling for PSE, RSE was associated with greater life satisfaction, positive affect, meaning in life, happiness, and subjective vitality (Studies 1-5), but CSE was not (Studies 2-5). Implications are discussed.
Overview
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Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
Across five studies with Chinese college students, relational self-esteem (RSE) predicted greater subjective well-being beyond personal self-esteem (PSE), whereas collective self-esteem (CSE) generally did not. The authors conclude that RSE is especially salient for well-being in this collectivist context.
Key findings
- With four cross-sectional studies and one 1-month longitudinal study (reported total N = 847), RSE was associated with greater life satisfaction, positive affect, meaning in life, happiness, and subjective vitality when controlling for PSE (Studies 1–5); CSE was not a significant predictor in Studies 2–5, except a marginal association with meaning in life in Study 2 (β = .14, p = .08).
- In Study 1, after entering PSE, RSE predicted life satisfaction (β = .40, p < .001), positive affect (β = .34, p < .001), and meaning in life (β = .27, p < .001); PSE was no longer significant for life satisfaction (β = .13) and acted as a suppressor for positive affect (β = −.21, p < .05).
- In Study 2, RSE predicted subjective vitality (β = .36, p < .001) and meaning in life (β = .26, p < .01), while CSE was nonsignificant for vitality (β = .10) and marginal for meaning (β = .14, p = .08).
- In Study 5, T2 RSE marginally predicted T2 life satisfaction after controlling for T1 life satisfaction (β = .20, p = .057), while T2 PSE (β = .03) and T2 CSE (β = .08) were not significant; T1 RSE showed a negative suppression effect (β = −.30, p ≤ .05).
Methods
- Design: four cross-sectional surveys (Studies 1–4) and one 1-month longitudinal survey (Study 5), all with college students in Macau, China; Study 5 final Time 2 sample was 74 participants.
- Measures: PSE via Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale; RSE via Relational Self-Esteem Scale; CSE via Collective Self-Esteem Scale adapted to Macau-resident identity (Studies 2–3, 5) or Chinese identity (Study 4); outcomes included life satisfaction, positive affect, meaning in life, subjective vitality, and happiness.
- Analysis: hierarchical regressions testing incremental variance from RSE and CSE after PSE, with independent/interdependent self-construal as covariates in Studies 3–4; Study 5 controlled for Time 1 life satisfaction. Tolerance statistics were > .28 across all five studies, indicating no multicollinearity problem.
Limitations
- The paper states the data are correlational and cannot establish causal relations; reverse causality remains possible, and future longitudinal and experimental work is needed.
- The paper states reliance on college students’ self-reports of RSE and CSE; future research should gather information from close others, classmates, and teachers.
- The paper states that multiple well-being indicators were correlated, so prediction of one indicator may partly reflect shared variance with another; future studies should control for shared variance (e.g., using structural equation modeling). Evident from the text: samples were Chinese college students in Macau, limiting generalizability, and CSE was operationalized only as Macau-resident or Chinese identity.
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Claims the paper makes
43 Own result · 38 Not checked yet · 24 Own interpretation · 11 Own method
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“RSE was also a significant predictor of positive affect and meaning in life, suggesting that people with high RSE experienced more positive affect and purpose in life.”
§ Self-esteem and subjective well-being revisited: The roles of personal, relational, and collective self-esteem > Study 1 > Results and discussion
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“RSE was also positively associated with both life satisfaction and happiness.”
- Also stated in: § Results and discussion · hedged
“Results of Study 3 indicated that people with high PSE and RSE reported more life satisfaction, but this effect was not observed for CSE.”
§ Self-esteem and subjective well-being revisited: The roles of personal, relational, and collective self-esteem > Study 3 > Results and discussion
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Results and discussion · hedged
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In contrast, CSE showed only a marginally significant association with meaning in life and no significant association with subjective vitality.”
§ Self-esteem and subjective well-being revisited: The roles of personal, relational, and collective self-esteem > Study 2 > Results and discussion
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In addition, we also observed that T1 RSE became a significant predictor of T2 life satisfaction.”
§ Self-esteem and subjective well-being revisited: The roles of personal, relational, and collective self-esteem > Study 5 > Results and discussion
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“First, we found that PSE was associated with both life satisfaction and positive affect.”
§ Self-esteem and subjective well-being revisited: The roles of personal, relational, and collective self-esteem > Study 4 > Results and discussion
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In addition, the predictions of PSE and RSE held even when controlling for independent and interdependent self-construals.”
§ Self-esteem and subjective well-being revisited: The roles of personal, relational, and collective self-esteem > Study 3 > Results and discussion
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“When RSE was entered in the regression, PSE was not a significant predictor of life satisfaction anymore.”
§ Self-esteem and subjective well-being revisited: The roles of personal, relational, and collective self-esteem > Study 1 > Results and discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In contrast, CSE was not a significant predictor of either life satisfaction or positive affect.”
§ Self-esteem and subjective well-being revisited: The roles of personal, relational, and collective self-esteem > Study 4 > Results and discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“RSE was also a significant predictor for both life satisfaction and positive affect.”
§ Self-esteem and subjective well-being revisited: The roles of personal, relational, and collective self-esteem > Study 4 > Results and discussion
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As shown in Step 1, the T1 variables predicted T2 life satisfaction, although only T1 life satisfaction was a significant predictor.”
§ Self-esteem and subjective well-being revisited: The roles of personal, relational, and collective self-esteem > Study 5 > Results and discussion
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- The quote only partly states this claim. 2
- It may state two separate claims as one. 24
- Probably not a substantial claim. 26
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As shown in Step 1, the T1 variables predicted T2 life satisfaction, although only T1 life satisfaction was a significant predictor.”
§ Self-esteem and subjective well-being revisited: The roles of personal, relational, and collective self-esteem > Study 5 > Results and discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As can be seen in Table 6, PSE was positively associated with both life satisfaction and happiness, and these effects were still significant when RSE and CSE were introduced in the regression model.”
§ Self-esteem and subjective well-being revisited: The roles of personal, relational, and collective self-esteem > Study 3 > Results and discussion
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Specifically, when controlling for PSE, RSE was positively associated with life satisfaction (Studies 1, 3 and 4), positive affect (Studies 1 and 4), meaning in life (Studies 1 and 2), and happiness (Study 3).”
§ Self-esteem and subjective well-being revisited: The roles of personal, relational, and collective self-esteem > General discussion
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“PSE was still a significant predictor after RSE and CSE were introduced in the regression.”
§ Self-esteem and subjective well-being revisited: The roles of personal, relational, and collective self-esteem > Study 4 > Results and discussion
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As can be seen in Table 6, PSE was positively associated with both life satisfaction and happiness, and these effects were still significant when RSE and CSE were introduced in the regression model.”
§ Self-esteem and subjective well-being revisited: The roles of personal, relational, and collective self-esteem > Study 3 > Results and discussion
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Interestingly, in our study, PSE was not associated with life satisfaction when controlling for RSE and CSE; instead, RSE emerged as a stronger predictor (Studies 1, 2, and 5).”
§ Self-esteem and subjective well-being revisited: The roles of personal, relational, and collective self-esteem > General discussion
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In contrast to PSE and RSE, CSE was not associated with subjective well-being across the four studies (perhaps an exception is that CSE was marginally associated with meaning in life in Study 2).”
§ Self-esteem and subjective well-being revisited: The roles of personal, relational, and collective self-esteem > General discussion
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“According to social identity theory [28], the collective is an essential aspect of the self, and therefore evaluation of the collective self would contribute to subjective well-being.”
§ Self-esteem and subjective well-being revisited: The roles of personal, relational, and collective self-esteem > Introduction > Self-esteem and subjective well-being
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [28] H Tajfel, 2010, I6. Instrumentality, identity and social comparisons, Social identity and intergroup relations
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Numerous studies have also shown that individuals who have a secure attachment with their parents had higher levels of psychological well-being [36, 37].”
§ Self-esteem and subjective well-being revisited: The roles of personal, relational, and collective self-esteem > Introduction > Self-esteem and subjective well-being
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [36] S Madigan, 2013, Attachment and internalizing behavior in early childhood: A meta-analysis, Developmental Psychology source
- Not checked yetcites [37] S Pallini, 2014, Early child–parent attachment and peer relations: A meta-analysis of recent research, Journal of Family Psychology source
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“According to social identity theory, self-esteem can be derived from both the personal self and the social self [16].”
§ Self-esteem and subjective well-being revisited: The roles of personal, relational, and collective self-esteem > Introduction > Three types of self-esteem
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [16] H Tajfel, 1982, Social psychology of intergroup relations, Annu Rev Psychol source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“RSE pertains to self-worth derived from one's relationships with significant others such as family and friends [19, 20].”
§ Self-esteem and subjective well-being revisited: The roles of personal, relational, and collective self-esteem > Introduction > Three types of self-esteem
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [19] S Harter, 1998, Relational self-worth: Differences in perceived worth as a person across interpersonal contexts among adolescents, Child Development source
- Not checked yetcites [20] H Du, 2012, The development and validation of the Relational Self-esteem Scale, Scandinavian Journal of Psychology source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Self-esteem was also found to be associated with other indicators of subjective well-being, such as positive and negative affect [13], meaning in life [14], and subjective vitality [15].”
§ Self-esteem and subjective well-being revisited: The roles of personal, relational, and collective self-esteem > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [14] MF Steger, 2006, The meaning in life questionnaire: Assessing the presence of and search for meaning in life, Journal of Counseling Psychology source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Self-esteem was also found to be associated with other indicators of subjective well-being, such as positive and negative affect [13], meaning in life [14], and subjective vitality [15].”
§ Self-esteem and subjective well-being revisited: The roles of personal, relational, and collective self-esteem > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [15] RM Ryan, 1997, On energy, personality, and health: Subjective vitality as a dynamic reflection of well‐being, Journal of personality source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Bettencourt and Dorr [29] showed that CSE mediated the relation between allocentrism (defined as individual differences in collectivism) and subjective well-being among U.S. college students.”
§ Self-esteem and subjective well-being revisited: The roles of personal, relational, and collective self-esteem > Introduction > Self-esteem and subjective well-being
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [29] BA Bettencourt, 1997, Collective self-esteem as a mediator of the relationship between allocentrism and subjective well-being, Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Based on social identity theory [28], if the relational self is an important aspect of one’s selfhood, then one’s evaluation of therelational self should be related to subjective well-being.”
§ Self-esteem and subjective well-being revisited: The roles of personal, relational, and collective self-esteem > Introduction > Self-esteem and subjective well-being
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [28] H Tajfel, 2010, I6. Instrumentality, identity and social comparisons, Social identity and intergroup relations
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“PSE is implicated when people derive their sense of self worth from their personal attributes such as their abilities and talents [1].”
§ Self-esteem and subjective well-being revisited: The roles of personal, relational, and collective self-esteem > Introduction > Three types of self-esteem
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [1] M Rosenberg, 1965
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Researchers have found that self-esteem—defined as a person's sense of self-worth—is closely associated with well-being and a number of other adaptive outcomes.”
§ Self-esteem and subjective well-being revisited: The roles of personal, relational, and collective self-esteem > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [1] M Rosenberg, 1965
- Not checked yetcites [2] MR Leary, 2000, Advances in Experimental Social Psychology
- Not checked yetcites [3] T Pyszczynski, 2004, Why do people need self-esteem: A theoretical and empirical review, Psychological Bulletin source
- Not checked yetcites [4] J Crocker, 2004, The Costly Pursuit of Self-Esteem, Psychological Bulletin source
- Not checked yetcites [5] AG Greenwald, 1995, Implicit social cognition: Attitudes, self-esteem, and stereotypes, Psychol Rev source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“Indeed, they found that CSE was positively associated with well-being among White, Black, and Asian college students in the United States; however, when controlling for PSE, the relationship of CSE with well-being became nonsignificant for Whites, small for Blacks, and moderate to strong for Asians [27].”
§ Self-esteem and subjective well-being revisited: The roles of personal, relational, and collective self-esteem > Introduction > Self-esteem and subjective well-being
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [27] J Crocker, 1994, Collective self-esteem and psychological well-being among White, Black, and Asian college students, Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Under the social self, we can further differentiate between the relational and the collective self [17, 18].”
§ Self-esteem and subjective well-being revisited: The roles of personal, relational, and collective self-esteem > Introduction > Three types of self-esteem
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [17] MB Brewer, 1996, Who is this" We"? Levels of collective identity and self representations, J Pers Soc Psychol source
- Not checked yetcites [18] C Sedikides, 2001, Individual Self, Relational Self and Collective Self
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“Indeed, they found that CSE was positively associated with well-being among White, Black, and Asian college students in the United States; however, when controlling for PSE, the relationship of CSE with well-being became nonsignificant for Whites, small for Blacks, and moderate to strong for Asians [27].”
§ Self-esteem and subjective well-being revisited: The roles of personal, relational, and collective self-esteem > Introduction > Self-esteem and subjective well-being
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [27] J Crocker, 1994, Collective self-esteem and psychological well-being among White, Black, and Asian college students, Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Numerous studies have shown that these three types of self-concept are empirically distinguishable from each other and have distinct effects on a wide range of psychological phenomena [8, 18].”
§ Self-esteem and subjective well-being revisited: The roles of personal, relational, and collective self-esteem > Introduction > Three types of self-esteem
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [8] C Sedikides, 2013, A three-tier hierarchy of self-potency: Individual self, relational self, collective self, Advances in experimental social psychology source
- Not checked yetcites [18] C Sedikides, 2001, Individual Self, Relational Self and Collective Self
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“CSE pertains to self-worth derived from membership in larger social groups [21, 22].”
§ Self-esteem and subjective well-being revisited: The roles of personal, relational, and collective self-esteem > Introduction > Three types of self-esteem
What the sources say
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These findings suggest that CSE is predictive of subjective well-being, but the prediction is rather weak when controlling for PSE among both Westerners and Asians.”
§ Self-esteem and subjective well-being revisited: The roles of personal, relational, and collective self-esteem > Introduction > Self-esteem and subjective well-being
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“To minimize the impact of identification on the relationship between CSE and subjective well-being, we excluded 6 participants with low identification (i.e., participants who indicated that they didn’t identify themselves as Macau residents; identification values < 3).”
§ Self-esteem and subjective well-being revisited: The roles of personal, relational, and collective self-esteem > Study 2 > Results and discussion
plainn = 6- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Therefore, in this study we also controlled for the effects of Time 1 well-being on Time 2 well-being.”
§ Self-esteem and subjective well-being revisited: The roles of personal, relational, and collective self-esteem > Study 5
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“One of the few studies that directly examined RSE found that RSE was correlated with multiple indicators of well-being (e.g., positive affect, meaning in life, depression) and these associations held even when controlling for PSE [39].”
§ Self-esteem and subjective well-being revisited: The roles of personal, relational, and collective self-esteem > Introduction > Self-esteem and subjective well-being
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [39] H Du, 2014, Relational self-esteem, psychological well-being, and social support in children affected by HIV, Journal of Health Psychology
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“Nationality is one of the most common group identities identified in previous research [21].”
§ Self-esteem and subjective well-being revisited: The roles of personal, relational, and collective self-esteem > Study 4
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [21] J Crocker, 1990, Collective self-esteem and ingroup bias, J Pers Soc Psychol source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The positive association of PSE with subjective well-being is in line with previous findings [9, 13–15, 54] showing that people high in self-esteem tend to report stronger life satisfaction, positive affect, meaning in life, and subjective vitality.”
§ Self-esteem and subjective well-being revisited: The roles of personal, relational, and collective self-esteem > General discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [9] E Diener, 1995, Cross-Cultural Correlates of Life Satisfaction and Self-Esteem, J Pers Soc Psychol source
- Not checked yetcites [13] RW Robins, 2001, Measuring global self-esteem: Construct validation of a single-item measure and the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin source
- Not checked yetcites [14] MF Steger, 2006, The meaning in life questionnaire: Assessing the presence of and search for meaning in life, Journal of Counseling Psychology source
- Not checked yetcites [15] RM Ryan, 1997, On energy, personality, and health: Subjective vitality as a dynamic reflection of well‐being, Journal of personality source
- Not checked yetcites [54] H Cai, 2009, Is self-esteem a universal need? Evidence from The People's Republic of China, Asian Journal of Social Psychology source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“RSE was found to be positively associated with different aspects of subjective well-being, suggesting that the pursuit of self-worth through one's relationships with significant others might make people feel more positive and happy and be more satisfied with their lives.”
§ Self-esteem and subjective well-being revisited: The roles of personal, relational, and collective self-esteem > General discussion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“When the prior level of an outcome (e.g., well-being) is not statistically accounted for, the evidence of prospective effects can be confounded by the concurrent relations between the constructs. Estimates of prospective effects might be somewhat misleading [52].”
§ Self-esteem and subjective well-being revisited: The roles of personal, relational, and collective self-esteem > Study 5
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [52] SE Finkel, 1995
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Overall, the findings of Study 5 replicated what we found in Studies 1–4: participants high in RSE reported greater life satisfaction, whereas CSE was a nonsignificant predictor of life satisfaction.”
§ Self-esteem and subjective well-being revisited: The roles of personal, relational, and collective self-esteem > Study 5 > Results and discussion
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“All the measures showed acceptable reliabilities with Cronbach’s alphas > .74, as shown in Table 9.”
§ Self-esteem and subjective well-being revisited: The roles of personal, relational, and collective self-esteem > Study 5 > Method
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Hence, the final sample was 74 participants at the Time 2 point.”
§ Self-esteem and subjective well-being revisited: The roles of personal, relational, and collective self-esteem > Study 5 > Method
plainn = 74- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Third, Study 5 adopted a longitudinal design, which addressed the methodological limitations of previous cross-sectional studies.”
§ Self-esteem and subjective well-being revisited: The roles of personal, relational, and collective self-esteem > General discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Kwan and her colleagues [38] found that PSE and relationship harmony had an additive effect on predicting life satisfaction.”
§ Self-esteem and subjective well-being revisited: The roles of personal, relational, and collective self-esteem > Introduction > Self-esteem and subjective well-being
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [38] VSY Kwan, 1997, Pancultural explanations for life satisfaction: Adding relationship harmony to self-esteem, J Pers Soc Psychol source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These findings conceptually replicated and extended the findings of Studies 1–3: Participants with high RSE reported greater life satisfaction and more positive affect.”
§ Self-esteem and subjective well-being revisited: The roles of personal, relational, and collective self-esteem > Study 4 > Results and discussion
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Both PSE and RSE are positive predictors of subjective well-being, and it seems that RSE is more salient compared to PSE at least in the collectivist Chinese context.”
§ Self-esteem and subjective well-being revisited: The roles of personal, relational, and collective self-esteem > General discussion
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, a shortcoming of this study was that it was conducted with a sample of vulnerable children (i.e., children affected by parental HIV) so that the findings may not necessarily be generalizable to other populations.”
§ Self-esteem and subjective well-being revisited: The roles of personal, relational, and collective self-esteem > Introduction > Self-esteem and subjective well-being
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In spite of these limitations, the five studies presented here consistently demonstrated that self-esteem at the relational level (but not the collective level) is robustly related to subjective well-being.”
§ Self-esteem and subjective well-being revisited: The roles of personal, relational, and collective self-esteem > General discussion
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The Chinese/Macau context is collectivist, or more collectivist than Western contexts.
In the paper
“The findings of the current study with regard to the primacy of RSE also corroborate previous experimental research which showed that East Asians mainly relied on RSE (but not PSE) to buffer death-related anxiety, but Westerners mainly counted on PSE (but not RSE) to reduce anxiety [40].”
§ Self-esteem and subjective well-being revisited: The roles of personal, relational, and collective self-esteem > General discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [40] H Du, 2013, Cultural influences on terror management: Independent and interdependent self-esteem as anxiety buffers, Journal of Experimental Social Psychology source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Recently, researchers have found that both the individual self and the relational self have greater motivational primacy compared to the collective self [7].”
§ Self-esteem and subjective well-being revisited: The roles of personal, relational, and collective self-esteem > General discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [7] L Gaertner, 2012, A motivational hierarchy within: Primacy of the individual self, relational self, or collective self?, Journal of Experimental Social Psychology source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These findings contribute substantially to current theorizing on self-esteem and may be useful in developing interventions aimed at optimizing individuals' well-being.”
§ Self-esteem and subjective well-being revisited: The roles of personal, relational, and collective self-esteem > General discussion
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“While it is plausible that RSE contributes to subjective well-being, we cannot rule out that subjective well-being leads to better self-esteem.”
§ Self-esteem and subjective well-being revisited: The roles of personal, relational, and collective self-esteem > General discussion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“These findings were consistent with the cross-cultural literature which shows that among East Asians, interdependent self-construal is more salient compared to the independent self-construal [26] as well as previous research [38] showing that the predictive effect of PSE on well-being among East Asians was not as strong as the effect among Westerners.”
§ Self-esteem and subjective well-being revisited: The roles of personal, relational, and collective self-esteem > General discussion
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“This result appears surprising because previous findings showed that CSE contributed to subjective well-being, even after controlling for PSE [27, 31].”
§ Self-esteem and subjective well-being revisited: The roles of personal, relational, and collective self-esteem > General discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [27] J Crocker, 1994, Collective self-esteem and psychological well-being among White, Black, and Asian college students, Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin source
- Not checked yetcites [31] OF Simsek, 2013, Structural Relations of Personal and Collective Self-Esteem to Subjective Well-Being: Attachment as Moderator, Social Indicators Research
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Last, multiple indicators of well-being adopted in each study were correlated with each other so that the prediction of self-esteem on one indicator (e.g., life satisfaction) may be partially due to the association of self-esteem with another indicator of well-being (e.g., happiness).”
§ Self-esteem and subjective well-being revisited: The roles of personal, relational, and collective self-esteem > General discussion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although we observed a consistent pattern with RSE across five studies including a longitudinal survey, the conclusions should be interpreted with caution because our data were correlational and do not indicate causal relations.”
§ Self-esteem and subjective well-being revisited: The roles of personal, relational, and collective self-esteem > General discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In addition, our studies exclusively relied on college students’ self-reports of RSE and CSE.”
§ Self-esteem and subjective well-being revisited: The roles of personal, relational, and collective self-esteem > General discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper relies on this without support.
There is a lack of research on self-esteem at the relational level.
“However, there is a lack of research on self-esteem at the relational level (relational self-esteem, RSE).”
The paper relies on this without support.
Not much is known about how the three types of self-esteem predict key outcomes especially when juxtaposed against each other.
“By focusing mostly on PSE and to a lesser extent on CSE, not much is known about how the three types of self-esteem predict key outcomes especially when juxtaposed against each other.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Fewer studies have examined the association between RSE and subjective well-being compared to PSE and CSE.
“Compared to the more extensive research on PSE and CSE, fewer studies examined the association between RSE and subjective well-being.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Most existing evidence on RSE and subjective well-being is indirect at best.
“Unfortunately, most of the existing evidence is indirect at best.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The Chinese/Macau context is collectivist, or more collectivist than Western contexts.
“at least in the collectivist Chinese context”
“among more collectivist East Asians at least”
The paper relies on this without support.
A 1-month interval is sufficient to detect prospective effects of self-esteem on life satisfaction.
“we conducted a 1-month longitudinal study and surveyed students’ self-esteem and well-being at two time points”
“The Time 2 survey (N = 82) was collected 1 month later.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The cited source doesn’t support the claim as written.
In the citing paper
“In Asian women college students, longitudinal research indicated that collective self-esteem is a predictor of later life satisfaction, suggesting that clinicians can target the improvement of collective self-esteem to improve the psychological outcomes of their clients [72,73,74,75].”
From Internalized Racism and Mental Health: The Moderating Role of Collective Racial Self-Esteem (2024) · cites this paper as [73]
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated major: it would touch a result — a value a result rests on, reported and recomputed p-values on opposite sides of the significance level, two passages that conflict with no sign which is right, or a cited work retracted before this paper was published.
In the paper
§ Self-esteem and subjective well-being revisited: The roles of personal, relational, and collective self-esteem > Study 1 > Results and discussion
“| Personal Self-Esteem | 0.34*** | 0.17 | 0.13 | 0.19 | | Relational Self-Esteem | | | 0.40*** | 0.18 | | R2Δ | 0.12*** | | 0.21*** | |”
§ Self-esteem and subjective well-being revisited: The roles of personal, relational, and collective self-esteem > Study 1 > Results and discussion
“| 1. Personal Self-Esteem | 2.77 | 0.39 | 1 | .54*** | .34*** | -.03 | .37*** | | 2. Relational Self-Esteem | 3.01 | 0.40 | | 1 | .47*** | .23** | .39*** |”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Self-esteem and subjective well-being revisited: The roles of personal, relational, and collective self-esteem > General discussion
“PSE was not associated with life satisfaction when controlling for RSE and CSE; instead, RSE emerged as a stronger predictor (Studies 1, 2, and 5).”
§ Self-esteem and subjective well-being revisited: The roles of personal, relational, and collective self-esteem > Introduction > Overview of the present studies
“Study 2 tested CSE in addition to PSE and RSE as predictors for two indicators of subjective well-being (i.e., meaning in life, subjective vitality).”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Self-esteem and subjective well-being revisited: The roles of personal, relational, and collective self-esteem > Study 5 > Results and discussion
“Considering the positive bivariate correlation between T1 RSE and T2 life satisfaction (r = .54)”
§ Self-esteem and subjective well-being revisited: The roles of personal, relational, and collective self-esteem > Study 5 > Method
“| T1 RSE | 2.99 | 0.39 | 0.85 | | 1 | .29** | .67*** | .60*** | .70*** | 0.18 | .52*** |”
Citations
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Metadata
- Authors
- Du, H., King, R. B., & Chi, P.
- Affiliations
- Guangzhou University (CN)
- Education University of Hong Kong (HK)
- University of Macau (MO)
- Corresponding author
- Du, Hongfei
- Venue
- PLOS ONE
- Publisher
- Public Library of Science (PLoS)
- Published
- 2017-08-25
- Volume
- 12
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- e0183958
- ISSN
- 1932-6203 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC5571946
- OpenAlex
- W2748362049
- Semantic Scholar
- a09f0c9d7fdc01fac2949c5cd996af962876e2b3
- Cited by
- 238
- References
- 57
- Citations by year
- 2026: 15 · 2025: 40 · 2024: 42 · 2023: 42 · 2022: 26 · 2021: 26 · 2020: 24 · 2019: 18 · 2018: 5
- FWCI
- 18.40
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- PLoS ONE (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- University of Macau (MYRG2016- 00243-FSS)
- National Natural Science Foundation of China (31600911)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Psychological Well-being and Life Satisfaction
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Traits and Psychology
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
- Keywords
- self-esteem, subjective well-being, collective self-esteem, social identity theory, life satisfaction, positive affect, meaning in life, happiness, subjective vitality, university students, Chinese students
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, China, Cross-Sectional Studies, Female, Happiness, Humans, Interpersonal Relations, Male, Self Concept, Young Adult
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