The DOI matches its Crossref record; 72 of the 73 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 33 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
Supported employment: Meta-analysis and review of randomized controlled trials of individual placement and support
Open accessAbstract
Supported employment is a treatment whereby those with severe mental illness (or other disabilities) receive aid searching for competitive employment and mental health (or other) treatments concurrently. The most popular implementation of supported employment is individual placement and support (IPS). We conducted meta-analytic analyses of the randomized controlled trials of IPS. We found that subjects in IPS, compared to usual treatment conditions, had better vocational outcomes (obtained any competitive employment: RR = 1.63, 95%CI = [1.46, 1.82]; job tenure: d = 0.55, 95%CI = [0.33, 0.79]; job length: d = 0.46, 95%CI = [0.35, 0.57]; income: d = 0.48, 95%CI = [0.36, 0.59]) Non-vocational outcomes estimates, while favoring IPS, included the null (quality of life: d = 0.30, 95%CI = [-0.07, 0.67]; global functioning: d = 0.09, 95%CI = [-0.09, 0.27]; mental health: d = 0.03, 95%CI = [-0.15, 0.21]). Analysis of the expected proportion of studies with a true effect on non-vocational outcomes with d>0.2 showed some reason to expect a possible improvement for quality of life for at least some settings (Prop = 0.57, 95%CI = [0.30, 0.84]).
Overview
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Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
This meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials found that individual placement and support (IPS) supported employment reliably improves vocational outcomes compared with usual treatment, while non-vocational outcomes were smaller and mostly included the null. A novel proportion-of-settings analysis suggested possible quality-of-life benefits in some settings.
Key findings
- IPS increased any competitive employment (RR = 1.63, 95% CI [1.46, 1.82]) and end-of-study competitive employment (reported as 1.8x more likely; log(RR) = 0.58, 95% CI [0.42, 0.74]), and shortened time to first competitive employment (d = -0.31, 95% CI [-0.46, -0.15]).
- Secondary vocational outcomes favored IPS: job tenure d = 0.55, 95% CI [0.33, 0.79]; job length d = 0.46, 95% CI [0.35, 0.57]; income d = 0.48, 95% CI [0.36, 0.59].
- Non-vocational pooled estimates favored IPS but all confidence intervals included the null: quality of life d = 0.30, 95% CI [-0.07, 0.67]; global functioning d = 0.09, 95% CI [-0.09, 0.27]; mental health d = 0.03, 95% CI [-0.15, 0.21].
- The estimated proportion of settings with a true quality-of-life effect d > 0.2 was 0.57, 95% CI [0.30, 0.84], suggesting possible benefit in some settings.
Methods
- Searched PsycINFO; the primary query “supported employment AND randomized controlled trial” returned 111 results, a broader search returned 313, and after de-duplication 368 unique publications were screened. The final analysis included 30 articles: 25 original RCTs, 2 follow-up studies, and 3 secondary analyses comparing IPS with treatment as usual.
- Random-effects meta-analyses were run in R using the metafor package; binary outcomes used log relative risk and continuous outcomes used standardized mean differences, with intent-to-treat analyses using randomized Ns.
- The authors also estimated the proportion of settings with scientifically meaningful effects (RR > 1.2 or < 0.8; d > 0.2 or < -0.2) using the EValue library for samples with five or more articles.
Limitations
- The paper states that included articles varied greatly in quality, that some non-significant results were reported without estimates and could not be included, and that sample sizes were often powered only for the main outcome, limiting secondary outcomes.
- The paper reports substantial heterogeneity for some outcomes (e.g., quality of life I² = 94.90%; job tenure I² = 68.68%; mental health I² = 64.55%), and some analyses had few studies (job tenure k = 5; global functioning k = 5; mental health k = 6), making estimates imprecise.
- Evident from the text: the search and data extraction were done by the first author alone, and the discussion notes that cost-benefit evidence for SE/IPS is mixed and that SE/IPS is “not a panacea.”
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We estimated that scientific meaningful effects that we expect to be observed with d>0.2 was 0.90 (95%CI = [0.68, 1])”
§ Supported employment: Meta-analysis and review of randomized controlled trials of individual placement and support > Results > Job tenure & length of competitive employment
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“and the proportion with d<-0.2 to be essentially zero (Prop = <0.001, 95%CI = [0, <0.001]).”
§ Supported employment: Meta-analysis and review of randomized controlled trials of individual placement and support > Results > Job tenure & length of competitive employment
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Our estimates showed that there was significant heterogeneity in the underlying study populations.”
§ Supported employment: Meta-analysis and review of randomized controlled trials of individual placement and support > Results > Competitive employment status
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In the paper
“We estimated that those in IPS conditions would have significantly more income (Fig 5, k = 12; d = 0.48, SE = 0.06, Z = 8.31, p<0.0001, 95%CI = [0.36, 0.59], τ2 (SE) = 0.0004(0.02), I2 = 0.90%, H2 = 1.01, Q(11) = 8.3404, p = 0.6825).”
- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
“and higher total income (d = 0.48, 95%CI = [0.36, 0.59], Fig 5).”
§ Supported employment: Meta-analysis and review of randomized controlled trials of individual placement and support > Results > Income from competitive employment
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Length was not a significant moderator (Length = -0.004, 95%CI = [-0.01, 0.005]).”
§ Supported employment: Meta-analysis and review of randomized controlled trials of individual placement and support > Results > Income from competitive employment
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For finding CE during any part of a study, the proportion of studies with true RR>1.2 is estimated to be >0.99 (95%CI = [0.95, 1])”
§ Supported employment: Meta-analysis and review of randomized controlled trials of individual placement and support > Results > Competitive employment status
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In the paper
“RR<0.8, Proportion = <0.001, 95%CI = [0, <0.01]”
§ Supported employment: Meta-analysis and review of randomized controlled trials of individual placement and support > Results > Competitive employment status
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“job length: d = 0.46, 95%CI = [0.35, 0.57]”
§ Supported employment: Meta-analysis and review of randomized controlled trials of individual placement and support > Abstract
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For total time worked in CE, we estimated that those in the IPS condition worked significantly more than controls (Fig 4B, k = 17, d = 0.46, SE = 0.06, Z = 8.23, p<0.0001, 95%CI = [0.35, 0.57], τ2 (SE) = 0.02(0.02), I2 = 31.03%, H2 = 1.45).”
- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
“longer durations of work (d = 0.46, 95%CI = [0.35, 0.57], Fig 4B)”
§ Supported employment: Meta-analysis and review of randomized controlled trials of individual placement and support > Results > Job tenure & length of competitive employment
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“with the proportion of studies with true RR<0.8 expected to be <0.001 (95%CI = [0, <0.01])”
§ Supported employment: Meta-analysis and review of randomized controlled trials of individual placement and support > Results > Competitive employment status
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- It may state two separate claims as one. 15
- Probably not a substantial claim. 24
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“global functioning: d = 0.09, 95%CI = [-0.09, 0.27]”
§ Supported employment: Meta-analysis and review of randomized controlled trials of individual placement and support > Abstract
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“mental health: d = 0.03, 95%CI = [-0.15, 0.21]”
§ Supported employment: Meta-analysis and review of randomized controlled trials of individual placement and support > Abstract
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Because of this, we were unable to include all outcomes that researchers said that they had measured.”
§ Supported employment: Meta-analysis and review of randomized controlled trials of individual placement and support > Discussion > Methodological interpretation and critique
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We estimated that those in IPS had a slightly higher global functioning, but that the confidence intervals of the estimate include the null (Fig 7A, k = 5, d = 0.09, SE = 0.09, Z = 0.9957, p = 0.3194, 95%CI = [-0.0891, 0.2731]).”
§ Supported employment: Meta-analysis and review of randomized controlled trials of individual placement and support > Results > Global functioning
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We estimated that those in IPS conditions had a higher levels of QOL, but that the confidence intervals for the estimate included the null (Fig 6, k = 9, d = 0.30, SE = 0.19, Z = 1.60, p = 0.11, 95%CI = [-0.07 0.67], τ2 (SE) = 0.2955(0.1602), I2 = 94.90%, H2 = 19.59, Q(8) = 62.1751, p<0.0001).”
§ Supported employment: Meta-analysis and review of randomized controlled trials of individual placement and support > Results > Quality of life
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We estimated a very small effect and that the confidence intervals of the estimate include the null (Fig 7B, k = 6, d = 0.03, SE = 0.09, Z = 0.3320, p = 0.7399, 95%CI-0.15, 0.21], τ2 (SE) = 0.03(0.03), I2 = 64.55%, H2 = 2.82, Q(5) = 15.67, p = 0.0078).”
§ Supported employment: Meta-analysis and review of randomized controlled trials of individual placement and support > Results > General mental health
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Given the heterogeneity and the different scales used, we also tested to see if scale was a significant moderator and we estimated that it may be with the Personal Wellbeing Index having the highest estimate (Table 11).”
§ Supported employment: Meta-analysis and review of randomized controlled trials of individual placement and support > Results > Quality of life
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“or mental health symptoms (d = -0.20, 95%CI = [-0.62, 0.23]).”
§ Supported employment: Meta-analysis and review of randomized controlled trials of individual placement and support > Results > Literature search results and data extraction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [53] RM van Rijn, 2016, Work as treatment? The effectiveness of re-employment programmes for unemployed persons with severe mental health problems on health and quality of life: a systematic review and meta-analysis, Occupational and Environmental Medicine source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“and of finding any employment by 3.24-fold (RR = 3.24 95%CI = [2.17, 4.82]) [15].”
§ Supported employment: Meta-analysis and review of randomized controlled trials of individual placement and support > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [15] Y Kinoshita, 2013, Supported employment for adults with severe mental illness, The Cochrane database of systematic reviews
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For reproducibility, we saved the relevant data as R data files and have included them as supplemental materials along with the needed R script file (S2 and S3 Files, respectively).”
§ Supported employment: Meta-analysis and review of randomized controlled trials of individual placement and support > Methods > Statistical methods
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What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“All articles reported the results of randomized controlled trials (RCT) that focused on comparing supported employment (SE) as implemented via individual placement and support (IPS) to a control condition, which was usually the locally available best usual practice.”
§ Supported employment: Meta-analysis and review of randomized controlled trials of individual placement and support > Results > Literature search results and data extraction
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“but no significant effects on global functioning (d = -0.01, 95%CI = [-0.13, -0.11])”
§ Supported employment: Meta-analysis and review of randomized controlled trials of individual placement and support > Results > Literature search results and data extraction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [53] RM van Rijn, 2016, Work as treatment? The effectiveness of re-employment programmes for unemployed persons with severe mental health problems on health and quality of life: a systematic review and meta-analysis, Occupational and Environmental Medicine source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“The researchers found a significant effect on quality of life with those in IPS having a higher level (d = 0.28, 95%CI = [0.04, 0.52])”
§ Supported employment: Meta-analysis and review of randomized controlled trials of individual placement and support > Results > Literature search results and data extraction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [53] RM van Rijn, 2016, Work as treatment? The effectiveness of re-employment programmes for unemployed persons with severe mental health problems on health and quality of life: a systematic review and meta-analysis, Occupational and Environmental Medicine source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Articles also varied by whether or not they reported measures of fidelity to the study protocol.”
§ Supported employment: Meta-analysis and review of randomized controlled trials of individual placement and support > Results > Literature search results and data extraction
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“If a study reported both intent-to-treat and conditional statistics, we selected to use the intent-to-treat values.”
§ Supported employment: Meta-analysis and review of randomized controlled trials of individual placement and support > Results > Secondary vocational outcomes
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What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We only performed meta-analysis from papers that only used competitive employment for these statistics. We omit from analysis statistics that combined all types of employment (i.e., competitive and not).”
§ Supported employment: Meta-analysis and review of randomized controlled trials of individual placement and support > Results > Secondary vocational outcomes
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In that study, Nordt et al. estimated that one in five suicides might be attributable to unemployment for the period of 2000–2011 within sixty-three countries sampled [8].”
§ Supported employment: Meta-analysis and review of randomized controlled trials of individual placement and support > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [8] C Nordt, 2015, Modelling suicide and unemployment: a longitudinal analysis covering 63 countries, 2000–11, The Lancet Psychiatry source
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Researchers measured the same outcome variable in a number of ways. For example, competitive employment was often measured as having had any competitive employment during the study period and/or as having been employed at the end of the study.”
§ Supported employment: Meta-analysis and review of randomized controlled trials of individual placement and support > Results > Literature search results and data extraction
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Past meta-analyses have estimated that supported employment increases the likelihood of achieving competitive employment by 2.4-fold (RR = 2.40 95%CI = [1.99, 2.90]) [14]”
§ Supported employment: Meta-analysis and review of randomized controlled trials of individual placement and support > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [14] M Modini, 2016, Supported employment for people with severe mental illness: Systematic review and meta-analysis of the international evidence, Br J Psychiatry source
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“In general, research articles varied greatly in quality, as has been previously reported [15].”
§ Supported employment: Meta-analysis and review of randomized controlled trials of individual placement and support > Results > Literature search results and data extraction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [15] Y Kinoshita, 2013, Supported employment for adults with severe mental illness, The Cochrane database of systematic reviews
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Finally, given that we had access to the total number of subjects randomized, we performed the analyses following the intent-to-treat paradigm.”
§ Supported employment: Meta-analysis and review of randomized controlled trials of individual placement and support > Results > Competitive employment status
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Employment may be associated with positive outcomes such as increased physical and mental health [11–13].”
§ Supported employment: Meta-analysis and review of randomized controlled trials of individual placement and support > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [11] RE Lucas, 2004, Unemployment Alters the Set Point for Life Satisfaction, Psychological Science source
- Not checked yetcites [12] 2012, Association of Returning to Work With Better Health in Working-Aged Adults: A Systematic Review, Am J Public Health source
- Not checked yetcites [13] 2006, Is Work Good for your Health and Well-being?
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Unemployment may be associated with negative outcomes [9, 10], such as suicide, in the most extreme.”
§ Supported employment: Meta-analysis and review of randomized controlled trials of individual placement and support > Introduction
What the sources say
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“A recent study using mediation analysis suggest improvement in quality of life may be fully mediated via competitive employment [54].”
§ Supported employment: Meta-analysis and review of randomized controlled trials of individual placement and support > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [54] D Jäckel, 2017, Effects of Sustained Competitive Employment on Psychiatric Hospitalizations and Quality of Life, Psychiatric Services
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Furthermore, there is some evidence that IPS may also improve quality of life and maybe global functioning, but more research with larger sample sizes are needed to know for sure.”
§ Supported employment: Meta-analysis and review of randomized controlled trials of individual placement and support > Discussion
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“They found that while the test group increased their knowledge of fundamental concepts of the workplace (e.g., job performance), they did not differ from controls on a host of other outcomes.”
§ Supported employment: Meta-analysis and review of randomized controlled trials of individual placement and support > Discussion > Can we make supportive employment more effective?
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [66] KT Mueser, 2005, The effectiveness of skills training for improving outcomes in supported employment, Psychiatric services (Washington, DC) source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The answer appears to be “yes” that, in the limit, IPS could be provided to everyone.”
§ Supported employment: Meta-analysis and review of randomized controlled trials of individual placement and support > Discussion > Can we expand supportive employment to more groups?
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“If this is a true effect, a possible route of causation for increased quality of life and other non-vocational outcomes could be via the competitive employment.”
§ Supported employment: Meta-analysis and review of randomized controlled trials of individual placement and support > Discussion
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Given the effectiveness of IPS, are there additional groups that could benefit. The answer appears to be a ‘yes’ from our above results and past literature.”
§ Supported employment: Meta-analysis and review of randomized controlled trials of individual placement and support > Discussion > Can we expand supportive employment to more groups?
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: SE and IPS were originally developed for and used with populations that had severe mental illness.
In the paper
“They found that while the test group increased their knowledge of fundamental concepts of the workplace (e.g., job performance), they did not differ from controls on a host of other outcomes.”
§ Supported employment: Meta-analysis and review of randomized controlled trials of individual placement and support > Discussion > Can we make supportive employment more effective?
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [66] KT Mueser, 2005, The effectiveness of skills training for improving outcomes in supported employment, Psychiatric services (Washington, DC) source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Previous research reported that for populations with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder, IPS proved more effective than TAU as measured by subjects finding competitive employment (57% vs. 29%)[44].”
§ Supported employment: Meta-analysis and review of randomized controlled trials of individual placement and support > Discussion > Can we expand supportive employment to more groups?
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [44] EW Twamley, 2012, The efficacy of supported employment for middle-aged and older people with schizophrenia, Schizophrenia research source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For the following analyses, as above, we used only values that were derived from competitive employment (i.e., if the reported statistic was from income of competitive and non-competitive employment sources, we did not use it).”
§ Supported employment: Meta-analysis and review of randomized controlled trials of individual placement and support > Results > Income from competitive employment
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Most recently, they found that for those that didn’t respond to IPS, the individual receiving cognitive enhancement treatments (the “Thinking Skills for Work Program”) had higher employment (60% vs. 36%), worked longer (23.9 vs. 9.2 weeks), and earned more ($3,421 vs. $1,728) than the control group that had an enhanced version of SE [65].”
§ Supported employment: Meta-analysis and review of randomized controlled trials of individual placement and support > Discussion > Can we make supportive employment more effective?
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [65] SR McGurk, 2015, Cognitive Enhancement Treatment for People With Mental Illness Who Do Not Respond to Supported Employment: A Randomized Controlled Trial, The American journal of psychiatry source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This latter result is suggestive that there may be a significant effect of IPS on these outcomes, but that the effect is sensitive to the setting.”
§ Supported employment: Meta-analysis and review of randomized controlled trials of individual placement and support > Discussion
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“For example, there may be a difference in the structural (white matter) between bipolar and unipolar depression [63].”
§ Supported employment: Meta-analysis and review of randomized controlled trials of individual placement and support > Discussion > Can we expand supportive employment to more groups?
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [63] G Serafini, 2014, Brain changes in early-onset bipolar and unipolar depressive disorders: a systematic review in children and adolescents, Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry source
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Given the heterogeneity and the different scales used, we also tested to see if scale was a significant moderator”
§ Supported employment: Meta-analysis and review of randomized controlled trials of individual placement and support > Results > Quality of life
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper relies on this without support.
Working is better than not working.
“In our society, it is generally thought that working is better than not working.”
The paper relies on this without support.
SE and IPS were originally developed for and used with populations that had severe mental illness.
“SE and IPS were originally developed for and used with populations that had severe mental illness.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Subjects still work below full time and still suffer from their underlying disorder.
“Subjects still work below full time and still suffer from their underlying disorder.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Meta-analytic studies confirm that standard IPS is superior to all non IPS interventions [6–9].”
From An enhanced individual placement and support (iPS) intervention based on the model of human occupation (MOHO); a prospective cohort study (2020) · cites this paper as [7]
Statistics that don’t add up
Each reported p-value recomputed from its test statistic and degrees of freedom.
Inconsistent p-value: Q(22) = 29.64, p = .1277
MinorThe paper reports p = .1277 here; recomputing from the test statistic and its degrees of freedom gives p = .127. The check cannot tell whether the statistic or the p-value is the misprint.
Reported p = .1277 · recomputed p = .127
“Q(22) = 29.64, p = 0.1277”
Statistics recomputed
Every reported test result, recomputed from its test statistic and degrees of freedom. A result shows as not adding up only once an independent check has confirmed it.
- Doesn’t add upQ(22) = 29.64reported p = .1277 · recomputed p = .127
“Q(22) = 29.64, p = .1277”
- Consistentz = 8.7reported p < .0001 · recomputed p < .001
“Z = 8.70, p < .0001”
- Consistentz = 7.23reported p < .0001 · recomputed p < .001
“Z = 7.23, p < .0001”
- ConsistentQ(12) = 14.93reported p = .2451 · recomputed p = .245
“Q(12) = 14.93, p = .2451”
- Consistentz = -3.93reported p < .0001 · recomputed p < .001
“Z = -3.93, p < .0001”
- ConsistentQ(8) = 5.8994reported p = .6585 · recomputed p = .658
“Q(8) = 5.8994, p = .6585”
- Consistentz = 1.42reported p = .16 · recomputed p = .156
“Z = 1.42, p = .16”
- Consistentz = 4.72reported p < .0001 · recomputed p < .001
“Z = 4.72, p < .0001”
- ConsistentQ(7) = 21.477reported p = .0031 · recomputed p = .003
“Q(7) = 21.4770, p = .0031”
- Consistentz = 8.23reported p < .0001 · recomputed p < .001
“Z = 8.23, p < .0001”
- Consistentz = 8.31reported p < .0001 · recomputed p < .001
“Z = 8.31, p < .0001”
- ConsistentQ(11) = 8.3404reported p = .6825 · recomputed p = .683
“Q(11) = 8.3404, p = .6825”
- Consistentz = 1.6reported p = .11 · recomputed p = .110
“Z = 1.60, p = .11”
- ConsistentQ(8) = 62.1751reported p < .0001 · recomputed p < .001
“Q(8) = 62.1751, p < .0001”
- Consistentz = 0.9957reported p = .3194 · recomputed p = .319
“Z = 0.9957, p = .3194”
- Consistentz = 0.332reported p = .7399 · recomputed p = .740
“Z = 0.3320, p = .7399”
- ConsistentQ(5) = 15.67reported p = .0078 · recomputed p = .008
“Q(5) = 15.67, p = .0078”
- Consistentz = 1.46reported p = .14 · recomputed p = .144
“Z = 1.46, p = .14”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Drake 1996 employment count exceeds the randomized group
MajorTable 5 reports 526 IPS participants obtaining competitive employment in Drake 1996, but Table 2 says only 74 participants were randomized to IPS in that study.
“| Drake et al. 1996 | 526 | 47 | 347 | 31 | 281 | 25 | 158 | 14 |”
“| Drake et al. 1996 | 18 | Group Skills Training | 74 | 69 |”
Quoted prior-study confidence interval contradicts its significance description
MinorThe text describes the prior global-functioning result as nonsignificant, but the quoted 95% confidence interval lies entirely below zero. The quoted point estimate also falls outside that interval.
“but no significant effects on global functioning”
“(d = -0.01, 95%CI = [-0.13, -0.11])”
Full-text exclusion totals disagree
MinorThe flow-chart description says 24 articles were excluded after full-text review, whereas the accompanying account says 26 were removed at that stage.
“We excluded 24 articles for these reasons.”
“We then read the papers to ensure that they had the needed outcome measures and were in fact RCT studies between IPS and a treatment as usual control group. We removed 26 articles.”
Job-tenure study count disagrees with the heterogeneity degrees of freedom
MinorThe job-tenure analysis reports five studies, but its Q statistic has seven degrees of freedom, corresponding to eight studies in the stated meta-analysis. Table 7 also lists eight studies.
“For job tenure, we estimated that persons in IPS held a CE job longer than those in control conditions (Fig 4A, k = 5, d = 0.56”
“Q(7) = 21.4770, p = 0.0031”
Citations
Cites
Conducting Meta-Analyses in R with the metafor Package
Viechtbauer, W. (2010) · Journal of Statistical Software · doi:10.18637/jss.v036.i03 · Cited by 20,464
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Self-citationAn Evidence-Based Model of Work Engagement
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Bond, G. R. (2004) · Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal · doi:10.2975/27.2004.345.359 · Cited by 636
Burns, T., Catty, J., Becker, T., Drake, R. E., Fioritti, A., Knapp, M., Lauber, C., Rössler, W., Tomov, T., van Busschbach, J., et al. (2007) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(07)61516-5 · Cited by 613 · cited 1×
“Article IPS TAU Mean SD N Mean SD N Bond 2007 a 27.51 33.11 92 11.06 23.94 95 Burns 2007 b 213.6 159.42 83 108.4 111.95 39 Hoffman 2014a,c 104.8 102.7 46 35.5 68.8 54 Latimer 2006 a 5.8 10.9 75 2.8 8.4 74 Mueser 2004 a 25.54 31.05 68 5.3 14.89 69 Tsang 2009 a 12.34 16.02 56 1.05 4.5 55 Viering 2015…”
Influential
Flagged first, then by citations
1 of the 73 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- GR Bond, 1997, A fidelity scale for the Individual Placement and Support model of supported employment, Rehabilitation Counseling Bulletin, 40, 265
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 101–200 of 217
Kwan, A., Berinstein, S., Morris, J., & Barbic, S. P. (2023) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-023-05395-3 · Cited by 3
“There is currently a large body of literature demonstrating that IPS produces better employment outcomes compared to traditional vocational services [4–7], with 55% of people with severe mental illness finding employment [8].”
Backgroundde Graaf-Zijl, M., Spijkerman, M., & Zwinkels, W. (2020) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3708634 · Cited by 3
“These results were obtained from 1 In addition, a few paper study the effect of ALMP for sicklisted workers: Frölich et al. (2004), Markussen et al. (2018), Holm et al. (2017), Kools and Koning (2019), Rehwald et al. (2016).”
BackgroundBejerholm, U., Håkansson, A., Knutagård, M., & Hillborg, H. (2024) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-024-08007-x · Cited by 2
“According to Marsden et al. [28], using a DELTA 2 guidance based a meta-analysis from 2019 [18], 302 participants were deemed to be a sufficient sample size (95% CI).”
BackgroundMethodTeo, P. F., Koh, E. B. Y., & Chong, S. C. (2024) · Malaysian Journal of Medical Sciences · doi:10.21315/mjms2024.31.6.14 · Cited by 2
Juvonen-Posti, P., & Vuorento, M. (2025) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-025-21464-6 · Cited by 3
“The duration of employment is longer than that of other vocational rehabilitation services, although there is less research on long-term job retention after employment [19].”
InfluentialLiegert, A. P., Hussenoeder, F. S., Koschig, M., Alberti, M., Bieler, L., Rohde, C., Stengler, K., Riedel-Heller, S. G., & Conrad, I. (2025) · Quality of Life Research · doi:10.1007/s11136-025-04051-5 · Cited by 2
“Cognitive behavioral therapies [16], physical activity [49], work-related measures (such as Individual Placement and Support) [50, 51] are supported by evidence.”
Performance in Practice: Practice Assessment Tool for the Care of Patients With Schizophrenia
Fochtmann, L. J., Medicus, J., & Hong, S.-H. (2020) · FOCUS The Journal of Lifelong Learning in Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.focus.20200034 · Cited by 3
Jordan, N., Stroupe, K. T., Richman, J., Pogoda, T. K., Cao, L., Kertesz, S. G., Kyriakides, T. C., Bond, G. R., & Davis, L. L. (2022) · Psychiatric Services · doi:10.1176/appi.ps.202100197 · Cited by 3
Kukla, M., Faith, L. A., Lysaker, P. H., Wiesepape, C. N., Corbière, M., & Lecomte, T. (2022) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/nmd.0000000000001554 · Cited by 2
Psychosocial Recovery-Oriented Interventions in Schizophrenia
Barlati, S., Regina, V., Deste, G., Galluzzo, A., Turrina, C., Valsecchi, P., & Vita, A. (2022) · Comprehensive approach to psychiatry · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-98301-7_6 · Cited by 2
Bergdolt, J., Hubert, S., Schreiter, J., Jenderny, S., Beblo, T., Drießen, M., Steinhart, I., & Dehn, L. B. (2024) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2024.07.084 · Cited by 2
York, J., & Jochmaring, J. (2024) · Frontiers in Rehabilitation Sciences · doi:10.3389/fresc.2024.1436003 · Cited by 2
“Evaluations of the instrument con fi rm its effectiveness in enabling participation in the general labor market and increasing opportunities for long-term employment (14, 50).”
BackgroundTelford, N. R., Albrecht, S., Wilkin, A., Watts, C., & Rickwood, D. (2024) · Journal of Primary Care & Community Health · doi:10.1177/21501319241296786 · Cited by 2
“21”
BackgroundInfluentialBridging the Research-to-Practice Gap: The Individual Placement and Support Model
Mascayano, F., Florence, A. C., & Drake, R. E. (2024) · Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research · doi:10.1007/s10488-024-01425-8 · Cited by 2
“IPS is now spreading to more diverse populations and settings, becoming one of the most successful evidence-based prac - tices in mental health from both effectiveness and imple - mentation perspectives (Frederick & VanderWeele, 2019 ).”
Bergdolt, J., Hubert, S., Schreiter, J., Jenderny, S., Beblo, T., Drießen, M., Steinhart, I., & Dehn, L. B. (2025) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-025-06826-z · Cited by 2
“In accordance with established SE outcome measures [62], we used re-entering competitive employment (i.e. returning to work from sick leave or starting a new job) as a grouping variable.”
McGurk, S. R., Mueser, K. T., Xie, H., Bloch, P. P., DeTore, N. R., Pashka, N. J., Guarino, S., Ruiz, A., Elliot, C., Gagnon, H., et al. (2025) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291725100986 · Cited by 3
“The Individual Placement and Support model of supported employment (Becker & Drake, 2003) has been shown to improve work outcomes in this population in numerous controlled studies (Bond et al., 2023; Bond, Drake, & Becker, 2020; Frederick & VanderWeele, 2019).”
Robson, E., Sly, K. A., Lewin, T. J., Turrell, M., & Swamy, A. (2025) · Community Mental Health Journal · doi:10.1007/s10597-025-01538-w · Cited by 2
Midin, M. (2019) · Medicine & health · doi:10.17576/mh.2019.1402.17 · Cited by 2
Greenberg, N. L., Tarn, M., & Tracy, D. K. (2022) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.2022.49 · Cited by 2
Haywood, C., Havlicek, J. R., Klodnick, V. V., & Bilaver, L. (2022) · Journal of Public Child Welfare · doi:10.1080/15548732.2022.2064032 · Cited by 2
“However, IPS is the most common approach for VR supported employment services nationally (Frederick & VanderWeele, 2019).”
BackgroundMethodFacilitating a Warm Handoff in State Vocational Rehabilitation Service Delivery
Peterson, S. (2022) · Journal of Applied Rehabilitation Counseling · doi:10.1891/jarc-2021-0019 · Cited by 2
Finne, J., & Holt, K. (2023) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-023-04568-4 · Cited by 2
“Studies on IPS have demonstrated that subjects in IPS, compared to usual treatment conditions, have better vocational outcomes, job tenure, job length, global functioning, improved mental health and an increased reason to expect a possible improvement for quality of life for at least some settings [11].”
BackgroundCompton, M. T., Frimpong, E. Y., Ehntholt, A., Zhu, H., Chaudhry, S., Ferdousi, W., Rowan‐Szal, G. A., Radigan, M., Smith, T. E., & Rotter, M. (2023) · Community Mental Health Journal · doi:10.1007/s10597-023-01165-3 · Cited by 2
“In the clinical setting, evidence-based practices such as supported employment (Frederick & VanderWeele, 2019; Bond et al., 2023) and supported education (Bellamy & Mow-bray, 1998; Mowbray et al., 2005) should be more broadly implemented.”
RUEDA, N. M., Atutxa, G. Y., Barandica, I. A., et al. (2019) · ZERBITZUAN · doi:10.5569/1134-7147.69.04 · Cited by 2
Johnson, R. P., LaPelusa, B., Mayhue, A., Schneider, A., Crowe, A. N., Diggins, T., Brown, A., Spencer, E., Cohen, D. A., & Klodnick, V. V. (2024) · Community Mental Health Journal · doi:10.1007/s10597-024-01431-y · Cited by 1
Ishay, G. H., Goldzweig, G., Hasson‐Ohayon, I., Gelkopf, M., Shadmi, E., & Roe, D. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1533227 · Cited by 1
Matthews, L. R., McLennan, V., Jessup, G. M., Pebdani, R. N., & Bloom, J. (2025) · Rehabilitation Counseling Bulletin · doi:10.1177/00343552251320949 · Cited by 1
“…practices (Norcross & Lambert, 2011; Wampold & Imel, 2015) and supported employment (SE) interventions for people with disabilities (Frederick & VanderWeele, 2019), both of which are significant components of rehabilitation counseling practice (P. Chan et al., 2016; Matthews et…”
Alfieri, E., Giaquinto, V., Belluzzo, M., & Amodeo, A. L. (2025) · Journal of Vocational Rehabilitation · doi:10.1177/10522263251394320 · Cited by 1
“We found that interventions such as Individual Placement Support (IPS) and Supported Employment (SE) are well-documented and are increasingly implemented in the context of different disabling mental issues (Frederick & VanderWeele, 2019; Heffernan & Pilkington, 2011).”
Promoting Employment Participation for People With Mental Health Challenges: Photovoice and Advocacy
Wu, C., Gray, A., Paleo, J., Dziuk, M., Ruiz-Sandoval, J., & Pavitt, L. N. (2025) · OTJR Occupational Therapy Journal of Research · doi:10.1177/15394492251388031 · Cited by 1
“…reviews have confirmed efficacy and effectiveness of the IPS, showing favorable employment-related outcomes such as finding jobs faster, working longer hours, earning more money, and achieving longer job tenure (Drake et al., 2012, 2022; Frederick & VanderWeele, 2019; Modini et al., 2016).”
Blajeski, S. M., Bornheimer, L. A., Wojtalik, J. A., Studer, L. M., Ben‐David, S., Turner, P. R., Flores, A. T., Smith, M. J., Jones, N., & DeVylder, J. (2025) · Social Work in Mental Health · doi:10.1080/15332985.2025.2596115 · Cited by 1
“More than 28 RCTs validated IPS’s effectiveness at helping adults with SMI obtain short-term, mostly part-time jobs (Frederick & VanderWeele, 2019), which does not address the poverty experienced by people with schizophrenia-spectrum conditions (Rosenheck et al., 2016).”
Update on Individual Placement and Support for New Populations: A Meta-Analytic Review
Bond, G. R., Drake, R. E., & Becker, D. R. (2025) · Journal of Occupational Rehabilitation · doi:10.1007/s10926-025-10347-7 · Cited by 4
Florence, A. C., Keleher, J., Al‐Abdulmunem, M., Ressler, D. R., & Bond, G. R. (2025) · Psychiatric Services · doi:10.1176/appi.ps.20240491 · Cited by 1
Pulido, F. R., Pérez, D. O., Hernández, G. H., Dávila, E. G., & Caballero-Estebaranz, N. (2025) · International Journal of Public Health · doi:10.3389/ijph.2025.1608796 · Cited by 1
Hillörn, M., Bergmark, M., Lövgren, V., Hillborg, H., Bond, G. R., & Rosenberg, D. (2026) · Social Work in Mental Health · doi:10.1080/15332985.2026.2623880 · Cited by 1
“Research has shown IPS to be more effective than traditional vocational rehabilitation, leading to higher employment rates (Bond et al., 2022; Frederick & VanderWeele, 2019).”
Sturesson, S. J., Bejerholm, U., Knutagård, M., Denvall, V., & Stylianides, K. C. (2026) · Implementation Science Communications · doi:10.1186/s43058-026-00875-5 · Cited by 1
“Research evidence for the effectiveness of Individual Placement and Support (IPS), for people with severe mental illness seeking competitive employment is explicit, with an employment rate around 55% among 28 randomised controlled trials [4–8].”
Effective Strategies for Enhancing Employment Outcomes
Kayyali, M. (2026) · IGI Global eBooks · doi:10.4018/979-8-3693-9541-7.ch002 · Cited by 1
Cockett, J., Dorsett, R., Gould, M., & Gray, H. (2026) · European Economic Review · doi:10.1016/j.euroecorev.2026.105308 · Cited by 1
Jiménez-Solomon, O., & López‐Aybar, L. (2026) · Harvard Review of Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/hrp.0000000000000466 · Cited by 1
Şizofreni Hastalarında Destekli İşe Yerleştirim: Üç Yıllık İzlem Sonucunun Değerlendirmesi
İncedere, A., & Yıldız, M. (2021) · Kocaeli Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi · doi:10.30934/kusbed.901262 · Cited by 1
Sell, L., Lund, H. L., & Johansen, K. S. (2022) · Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine · doi:10.1097/jom.0000000000002633 · Cited by 1
“Especially those interventions applying IPS taking place in the United States have been successful.(21,22)”
BackgroundImportance of occupational support for NHS patients with mental illness
Kamau, C., & Lopes, B. (2023) · Occupational Medicine · doi:10.1093/occmed/kqad115 · Cited by 1
Slanzi, C. M., MacDonald, G. A., MacDonald‐Wilson, K. L., & Salzer, M. S. (2024) · Journal of Psychosocial Rehabilitation and Mental Health · doi:10.1007/s40737-023-00383-y · Cited by 1
“…of individuals with SMI in rural areas, the solutions provided in published research have mostly focused on anti-stigma programs (Thornicroft et al., 2022), supported employment (Frederick & VanderWeele, 2019) and education (Ringeisen et al., 2017), and transportation (e.g., Samuel et al., 2013).”
Adult Services and Employment for Adults with Autism: Options, Challenges, and Hope
Gerhardt, P. F., Bahry, S. N., Driscoll, N. M., & Cauchi, J. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-46463-8_6 · Cited by 1
de Pass, T., Dada, O. O., John, J., et al. (2024) · Youth · doi:10.3390/youth4020059 · Cited by 1
“Such work might also benefit from connecting with the best practice literature in areas such as supported employment and education [33,34].”
BackgroundBreaking Barriers San Diego: Improving Employment Among Individuals with Disabilities
Freedman, L., Millenky, M., & Michalopoulos, C. (2025) · Journal of Vocational Rehabilitation · doi:10.1177/10522263251337580 · Cited by 1
“IPS is a model that was originally designed for people with serious mental illness, where it has had striking and consistent effects on competitive employment (Frederick & VanderWeele, 2019).”
Madigan, D. M., Johnson, T. P., Forst, L. S., et al. (2019) · Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine · doi:10.1097/jom.0000000000001794 · Cited by 1
“Newer reemployment programs employing supportive employment and individual placement and support models have shown positive results in subgroups of the population, such as the severely mentally ill and disabled, that would likely be replicated in the general population.(20) Questions remain related to feasibility and…”
BackgroundLimited Conclusions Can Be Reached From Danish Randomized Clinical Trial of Supported Employment
Mueser, K. T., & McGurk, S. R. (2019) · JAMA Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2019.4177 · Cited by 1
Returning to work is seen as a milestone in recovery
Rinaldi, M. (2020) · Mental Health Practice · doi:10.7748/mhp.23.1.14.s9 · Cited by 1
Labour market integration of adults with alcohol and substance use problems in the Nordic countries
Sadeghi, T., Syrstad Høydal, Ø., Bjerge, B., Strandholdt Bach, J., Suomela, M., Salmi, E., Niclasen, B. V., Árnadóttir, D. G., Guðjónsdóttir, E., Hilmarsdóttir, G. J., et al. (2024) · doi:10.52746/lyvh9866 · Cited by 1
Reid, C. A., Avellone, L., Iwanaga, K., et al. (2025) · Journal of Life Care Planning · doi:10.70385/001c.128041 · Cited by 1
Empfohlene psychosoziale Therapien bei schweren psychischen Erkrankungen
Gühne, U., Weinmann, S., Becker, T. M., & Riedel-Heller, S. G. (2020) · InFo Neurologie + Psychiatrie · doi:10.1007/s15005-020-1327-0
“Es gibt zahlreiche wissenschaftliche Befunde aus RCT und Metaanalysen von RCT, die eine signifikante Überlegenheit von SE hinsichtlich der Beschäftigungsraten, der Jobhaltedauer und anderer arbeitsbezogener Zielgrößen aufzeigen [27, 28, 29].”
BackgroundChiner, E., Gómez‐Puerta, M., & Moltó, M. C. C. (2021) · Psychological applications and trends · doi:10.36315/2021inpact067
Psychosoziale Therapien bei schwer psychisch kranken Menschen
Gühne, U., & Riedel-Heller, S. G. (2021) · NeuroTransmitter · doi:10.1007/s15016-021-9194-6
Contextualising Transition to Work for Youth and Adults with Special Needs
Ghuzal, N. K., & Ali, M. M. (2021) · International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences · doi:10.6007/ijarbss/v11-i12/11758
Hernæs, Ø. (2022) · Stat & Styring · doi:10.18261/stat.32.2.13
Hasbollah, N. N., Bakar, A. K. A., Shuib, N., Jamil, A. T., Razali, S., & Som, S. M. (2022) · Journal of Vocational Rehabilitation · doi:10.3233/jvr-221205
Campion, J. (2022) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/med/9780198861478.003.0051
IPS supported employment and peer support for young adults: Next steps
Bond, G. R. (2023) · Early Intervention in Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/eip.13402
“A total of 30 randomized controlled trials (RCTs) show that competitive employment outcomes for IPS greatly exceed those for other vocational models (Frederick & VanderWeele, 2019).”
BackgroundHaworth, C., Cyrs, G., & Shea, C. (2023) · The Open Journal of Occupational Therapy · doi:10.15453/2168-6408.2013
“It should be noted that subsequent academic consultation later shifted the goal to drop the concept of “readiness,” as best practice suggests all people who want to work are ready (Frederick & VanderWeele, 2019).”
Backgroundvan Rensburg, A. J., & Brooke‐Sumner, C. (2023) · Cambridge Prisms Global Mental Health · doi:10.1017/gmh.2023.10.pr13
van Rensburg, A. J., & Brooke‐Sumner, C. (2023) · Cambridge Prisms Global Mental Health · doi:10.1017/gmh.2023.10.pr14
van Rensburg, A. J., & Brooke‐Sumner, C. (2023) · Cambridge Prisms Global Mental Health · doi:10.1017/gmh.2023.10.pr10
van Rensburg, A. J. (2022) · Cambridge Prisms Global Mental Health · doi:10.1017/gmh.2023.10.pr7
van Rensburg, A. J., & Brooke‐Sumner, C. (2022) · Cambridge Prisms Global Mental Health · doi:10.1017/gmh.2023.10.pr4
van Rensburg, A. J. (2022) · Cambridge Prisms Global Mental Health · doi:10.1017/gmh.2023.10.pr1
van Rensburg, A. J., & Brooke‐Sumner, C. (2022) · Cambridge Prisms Global Mental Health · doi:10.1017/gmh.2023.10.pr6
van Rensburg, A. J., & Brooke‐Sumner, C. (2022) · Cambridge Prisms Global Mental Health · doi:10.1017/gmh.2023.10.pr8
van Rensburg, A. J. (2023) · Cambridge Prisms Global Mental Health · doi:10.1017/gmh.2023.10.pr12
van Rensburg, A. J., & Brooke‐Sumner, C. (2022) · Cambridge Prisms Global Mental Health · doi:10.1017/gmh.2023.10.pr3
van Rensburg, A. J., & Brooke‐Sumner, C. (2023) · Cambridge Prisms Global Mental Health · doi:10.1017/gmh.2023.10.pr11
van Rensburg, A. J., & Brooke‐Sumner, C. (2023) · Cambridge Prisms Global Mental Health · doi:10.1017/gmh.2023.10.pr9
van Rensburg, A. J., & Brooke‐Sumner, C. (2022) · Cambridge Prisms Global Mental Health · doi:10.1017/gmh.2023.10.pr2
van Rensburg, A. J., & Brooke‐Sumner, C. (2022) · Cambridge Prisms Global Mental Health · doi:10.1017/gmh.2023.10.pr5
Clus, J., Yakimova, S., Pithon, G., Jourjon, A., Guilbert, L., & Broc, G. (2023) · Le travail humain · doi:10.3917/th.863.0243
Working with a disease or disability
Siegrist, J., & Li, J. (2024) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780192887924.003.0008
Mirsepassi, Z., Tabatabaee, M., Panahi, M., et al. (2024) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-4153043/v1
Kinn, L. G., Davidson, L., Oedegaard, K. J., & Langeland, E. (2024) · Journal of Occupational Rehabilitation · doi:10.1007/s10926-024-10206-x
“Although IPS has been documented as the most efficient work integration model for people with SMI [16, 28, 29], IPS clients’ job success remains limited.”
Dagtilbud, en vei til deltakelse i ordinært arbeidsliv for personer med utviklingshemming?
Barøy, L., Witsø, A. E., Berge, K., et al. (2024) · Nordisk välfärdsforskning | Nordic Welfare Research · doi:10.18261/nwr.9.3.2
Wei, J., Feng, W., Xiong, J., & He, X. (2024) · doi:10.1145/3696952.3696989
“The most popular implementation of supported employment is Individual Placement and Support (IPS)[19-20].”
Danielson, E. C., Saturday, M., Leonard, S., Levit, A., Graham, A. K., Marquez, M., Alperin, K., Shankman, S. A., & Griffith, J. W. (2024) · JMIR Research Protocols · doi:10.2196/62715 · Cited by 1
“Similarly, individual placement services appear to increase competitive employment but may not meaningfully improve emotional distress [24,25].”
Charette-Dussault, É., & Corbière, M. (2024) · Journal of Vocational Rehabilitation · doi:10.1177/10522263241286333
“Supported employment (SE) programmes are recognized as evidence-based practices facilitating the work integration – job acquisition and job tenure – of individuals with SMI (de Winter et al., 2022; Frederick & VanderWeele, 2019; Suijkerbuijk et al., 2017).”
Individual placement and support
Becker, D. R., Bond, G. R., & Drake, R. E. (2025) · doi:10.1093/med/9780198898818.003.0020
Dunand, N., Golay, P., Bonsack, C., Spagnoli, D., & Pomini, V. (2025) · Annales Médico-psychologiques revue psychiatrique · doi:10.1016/j.amp.2025.03.007
Mirsepassi, Z., Tabatabaee, M., Panahi, M., et al. (2025) · Discover Mental Health · doi:10.1007/s44192-025-00174-w
Pogue, J. A., Lipton, N., Chiang, I.-C., Scannevin, G., Hameed, T., Thorning, H., & Margolies, P. J. (2025) · Psychiatric Services · doi:10.1176/appi.ps.20240221
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Bushra, A., Dragović, M., Chalmers, M., Ayres, H., & John, A. P. (2025) · Australasian Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/10398562251370880
Bejerholm, U., Håkansson, A., Knutagård, M., & Hillborg, H. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26698538
van Ommen, F., Duijts, S. F. A., Coenen, P., Dalton, S. O., Kliffen, A., van Hummel, R., de Boer, A. G. E. M., & Greidanus, M. A. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26974396
Capon, W., Hickie, I. B., Varidel, M., Prodan, A., Crouse, J. J., Carpenter, J. S., Cross, S. P., Nichles, A., Zmicerevska, N., Guastella, A. J., et al. (2023) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.22607938
van Ommen, F., Duijts, S. F. A., Coenen, P., Dalton, S. O., Kliffen, A., van Hummel, R., de Boer, A. G. E. M., & Greidanus, M. A. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26974399
van Ommen, F., Duijts, S. F. A., Coenen, P., Dalton, S. O., Kliffen, A., van Hummel, R., de Boer, A. G. E. M., & Greidanus, M. A. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26974393
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Lange, M., Koutsouleris, N., Carter, B., & Twumasi, R. (2026) · Healthcare Technology Letters · doi:10.1049/htl2.70058
“Systematic reviews and meta-analyses consistently show IPS enabling approximately 50%–65% of participants to obtain competitive employment, compared to 15%–25% in control groups receiving standard vocational services [ 23, 30, 31 ].”
Estimating Return on Investment From Implementation of Individual Placement and Support
Park, A. L., McDaid, D., Rinaldi, M., et al. (2026) · Psychiatric Services · doi:10.1176/appi.ps.20250017
Metadata
- Authors
- Frederick, D. E., & VanderWeele, T. J.
- Affiliations
- Harvard University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Frederick, Donald E.
- Venue
- PLOS ONE
- Publisher
- Public Library of Science (PLoS)
- Published
- 2019-02-20
- Volume
- 14
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- e0212208
- ISSN
- 1932-6203 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC6382127
- OpenAlex
- W2915389400
- Semantic Scholar
- f71bf620a9a024e38e5b0ada1aa81d168778204b
- Cited by
- 219
- References
- 73
- Citations by year
- 2026: 26 · 2025: 31 · 2024: 41 · 2023: 32 · 2022: 39 · 2021: 25 · 2020: 18 · 2019: 6
- FWCI
- 5.78
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- PLoS ONE (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Education › Disability Education and Employment
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Schizophrenia research and treatment
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Employment and Welfare Studies
- Keywords
- supported employment, Individual Placement and Support, severe mental illness, competitive employment, career outcomes, job tenure, income, quality of life, global functioning, mental health, randomized controlled trials
- MeSH terms
- Mental Disorders, Female, Humans, Income, Male, Mental Health, Quality of Life, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Employment, Supported
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