Supported employment for people with severe mental illness: Systematic review and meta-analysis of the international evidence
Open accessAbstract
Background: Individual placement and support (IPS) is a vocational rehabilitation programme that was developed in the USA to improve employment outcomes for people with severe mental illness. Its ability to be generalised to other countries and its effectiveness in varying economic conditions remains to be ascertained. Aims: To investigate whether IPS is effective across international settings and in different economic conditions. Method: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials comparing IPS with traditional vocational services was undertaken; 17 studies, as well as 2 follow-up studies, were included. Meta-regressions were carried out to examine whether IPS effectiveness varied according to geographic location, unemployment rates or gross domestic product (GDP) growth. Results: The overall pooled risk ratio for competitive employment using IPS compared with traditional vocational rehabilitation was 2.40 (95% CI 1.99–2.90). Meta-regressions indicated that neither geographic area nor unemployment rates affected the overall effectiveness of IPS. Even when a country's GDP growth was less than 2% IPS was significantly more effective than traditional vocational training, and its benefits remained evident over 2 years. Conclusions: Individual placement and support is an effective intervention across a variety of settings and economic conditions and is more than twice as likely to lead to competitive employment when compared with traditional vocational rehabilitation.
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Standard IPS is superior to all non-IPS interventions.
“Meta-analytic studies confirm that standard IPS is superior to all non IPS interventions [6–9].”
From An enhanced individual placement and support (iPS) intervention based on the model of human occupation (MOHO); a prospective cohort study (2020) · cites this paper as [6]
Past meta-analyses estimated that supported employment increases the likelihood of achieving competitive employment by 2.4-fold (RR = 2.40, 95% CI [1.99, 2.90]).
“Past meta-analyses have estimated that supported employment increases the likelihood of achieving competitive employment by 2.4-fold (RR = 2.40 95%CI = [1.99, 2.90]) [14]”
From Supported employment: Meta-analysis and review of randomized controlled trials of individual placement and support (2019) · cites this paper as [14]
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- Authors
- Modini, M., Tan, L., Brinchmann, B., Wang, M.-J., Killackey, E., Glozier, N., Mykletun, A., & Harvey, S. B.
- Affiliations
- The University of Sydney (AU)
- Corresponding author
- Harvey, Samuel B.
- ORCID
- Venue
- British Journal of Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Royal College of Psychiatrists
- Published
- 2016-07
- Volume
- 209
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 14-22
- ISSN
- 0007-1250 (ISSN-L)
- 1472-1465
- OpenAlex
- W2338814622
- Cited by
- 422
- References
- 53
- Citations by year
- 2026: 31 · 2025: 33 · 2024: 41 · 2023: 30 · 2022: 47 · 2021: 66 · 2020: 55 · 2019: 45 · 2018: 49 · 2017: 18 · 2016: 6
- FWCI
- 12.73
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- The British Journal of Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- NSW Ministry of Health
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Safety Research › Disability Education and Employment
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Schizophrenia research and treatment
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Employment and Welfare Studies
- Keywords
- Individual Placement and Support, supported employment, severe mental illness, vocational rehabilitation, competitive employment, economic conditions, unemployment rate, gross domestic product
- MeSH terms
- Mental Disorders, Humans, Employment, Supported, Persons with Psychiatric Disorders
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