Around the world, adolescence is a time of heightened sensation seeking and immature self-regulation.

May combine two claims.

Sensation seeking increased between preadolescence and late adolescence, peaked at age 19, and declined thereafter.

“Consistent with the dual systems model, sensation seeking increased between preadolescence and late adolescence, peaked at age 19, and declined thereafter, whereas self-regulation increased steadily from preadolescence into young adulthood, reaching a plateau between ages 23 and 26.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

In the present sample, the three sensation-seeking measures were weakly intercorrelated (rs = .03-.07).

“In the present sample, intercorrelations among the measures of sensation seeking were as follows: IGT reward approach and self-reported sensation seeking, r = .03, p < .05; IGT reward approach and Stoplight, r = .04, p < .01; and self-reported sensation seeking and Stoplight, r = .07, p < .001.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

In some locales, there were small differences between age groups in average levels of parental education, often with relatively lower average parental education reported by older participants.

“In some locales, there were small differences between age groups in average levels of parental education, often with relatively lower average parental education reported by the older participants, whose parents had grown up at a time when postsecondary enrollment was less common, especially among women.”

May combine two claims.

In China, Italy, the Philippines, and the US, self-regulation increased during adolescence and plateaued in early adulthood.

“In China, Italy, the Philippines, and the US, self-regulation increased during adolescence and plateaued in early adulthood.”

May combine two claims.

Self-regulation tended to increase linearly in Jordan (b = −0.97, SE = 0.58, p = .09), but no age-related differences were found in India (b = 0.77, SE = 0.52, p = .14).

“Self-regulation tended to increase linearly in Jordan (b = −0.97, SE = 0.58, p = .09), but we did not find age-related differences in India (b = 0.77, SE = 0.52, p = .14).”

May combine two claims.

Although the composite measure of sensation seeking peaked at 19, sensation seeking as indexed by risky driving on the Stoplight game peaked earlier, whereas sensation seeking as indexed by approach behavior on the Iowa Gambling Task peaked later.

“Similarly, although the peak in the composite measure was observed at 19, sensation seeking as indexed by risky driving on the Stoplight game peaked earlier than this, whereas sensation seeking as indexed by approach behavior on the Iowa Gambling Task peaked later.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

In the present sample, Stroop and Tower of London were correlated at r = .07, p < .001.

“Stroop and Tower of London, r = .07, p < .001”

May combine two claims.

With regard to self-regulation, the age patterns of China, India, Italy, Jordan, Sweden, and the US each differed from the aggregate of the other countries.

“With regard to self-regulation, the age patterns of China, India, Italy, Jordan, Sweden, and the US each differed from the aggregate of the other countries”

May combine two claims.

Age trends in self-regulation varied as a function of how it was measured; the young adult plateau was most obvious for impulse control on the Tower of London, whereas self-reported planning continued to improve during the late 20s.

“As with sensation seeking, age trends in self-regulation also varied as a function of how it was measured. The young adult plateau was most obvious with respect to impulse control as indexed by performance on the Tower of London, whereas scores on the measure of self-reported planning continued to improve during the late 20s.”

May combine two claims.

Self-regulation peaked at age 24, but did not change significantly after age 25, remaining at the same level until age 30 (N = 802; bage = −0.77, SE = 1.40, p = .59).

“In contrast, self-regulation peaked at age 24, but did not change significantly after age 25, remaining at the same level until age 30 (N = 802; bage = −0.77, SE = 1.40, p = .59).”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Cross-sectional age differences in the sample reflect developmental change with age.

May combine two claims.

Self-regulation increased across adolescence and plateaued in China, Italy, and the US, as it did in general, but the rate of increase and the age at which it plateaued varied among these countries.

“Self-regulation increased across adolescence and plateaued in China, Italy, and the US, as it did in general, but the rate at which self-regulation increased and the age at which it plateaued varied among these countries.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

In the present sample, self-reported planning and Tower of London were correlated at r = .08, p < .001.

“self-reported planning and Tower of London, r = .08, p < .001”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

In the present sample, Stroop and self-reported planning were correlated at r = .04, p < .01.

“Stroop and self-reported planning, r = .04, p < .01”

May combine two claims.

Although scores on the self-regulation composite did not change significantly with age in India, self-regulation as measured by the two behavioral tasks did show modest improvements with age; none of the self-regulation measures evinced age-related change in Jordan.

“However, we do note that, although scores on the self-regulation composite did not change significantly with age in India, self-regulation as measured by the two behavioral tasks did show modest improvements with age (none of the self-regulation measures evinced age-related change in Jordan).”

May combine two claims.

In many non-Western cultures, especially those in Asia, self-regulation is demanded from children at an early age and adolescence is not a time of exploration, self-indulgence, and novelty seeking, but of buckling down to prepare for adult life.

“In many non-Western cultures, especially those in Asia, self-regulation is demanded from children at an early age and adolescence is not a time of exploration, self-indulgence, and novelty seeking, but of buckling down to prepare for adult life (Chaudhary & Sharma, 2012; Chen, Cen, Li, & He, 2005; Weisz, Chaiyasit, Weiss, Eastman, & Jackson, 1995).”

• cites Chaudhary & Sharma, 2012Not checked yet

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• cites Chen, Cen, Li, & He, 2005Not checked yet

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• cites Weisz, Chaiyasit, Weiss, Eastman, & Jackson, 1995Not checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Across countries, participants came from households with comparable levels of parent education, which averaged some college.

“Across countries, participants came from households with comparable levels of parent education, which averaged some college.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

A small number of assessments (3.2%, N=172) were rated as unusable and dropped from the sample.

“A small number of assessments (3.2%, N=172) were rated as unusable (e.g., the participant did not appear to understand the questions or tasks, did not pay attention to instructions, or was obviously disengaged); these cases were dropped from the sample.”

May combine two claims.

Reliability for the whole sample on the 6-item self-reported sensation seeking scale was α = .63, with reliabilities for separate countries ranging from .49 (Kenya) to .78 (India).

“Reliability for the whole sample on this 6-item scale was α= .63 with reliabilities for separate countries ranging from .49 (Kenya) to .78 (India).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

We were able to use WASI scores to control for any age group differences in general intellectual functioning that might influence task performance.

“Nevertheless, we were able to use these scores to control for any age group differences in general intellectual functioning that might influence task performance.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

We controlled for parental education in all analyses.

“Accordingly, we controlled for parental education in all analyses.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Changes in reward processing are thought to be caused by changes in dopaminergic activity as a consequence of the impact of pubertal hormones on the brain's reward-processing system.

“This is especially true with respect to changes in reward processing, which are thought to be caused by changes in dopaminergic activity as a consequence of the impact of pubertal hormones on the brain’s reward-processing system (Luciana et al., 2012).”

• cites Luciana et al., 2012Not checked yet

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Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Measures were administered in the predominant language at each site, following forward- and back-translation and meetings to resolve item-by-item ambiguities.

“Measures were administered in the predominant language at each site, following forward- and back-translation and meetings to resolve any item-by-item ambiguities in linguistic or semantic content (Erkut, 2010; Maxwell, 1996).”

• cites Erkut, 2010Not checked yet

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• cites Maxwell, 1996Not checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Reliability for the whole sample on the 6-item self-reported planning scale was α = .63, with reliabilities for individual countries ranging from .47 (Colombia) to .73 (India).

“Reliability for the whole sample on this 6-item scale was α = .63, with reliabilities for individual countries ranging from .47 (Colombia) to .73 (India).”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Changes in cognitive control systems have been posited to be relatively more subject to environmental experience.

“Changes in cognitive control systems, in contrast, have been posited to be relatively more subject to environmental experience (see Smith et al., 2013).”

• cites Smith et al., 2013Not checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Because of the recruitment method, we cannot determine whether those who responded to recruitment ads differed from those who did not.

“Because of this recruitment method, we cannot determine whether those who responded to recruitment ads differed from those who did not.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Research staff in all countries underwent identical training procedures.

“Research staff in all countries underwent identical training procedures.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Participants' WASI scores, because they were obtained via computer administration, may not be comparable to scores from traditionally administered WASIs.

“Participants’ WASI scores, because they were obtained via computer administration, may not be comparable to scores from traditionally administered WASIs.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The final analytic sample comprised 5,105 participants.

“Of the final analytic sample of 5,105 participants”

May combine two claims.

Although correlations between the three components of each composite are modest, all three indicators of sensation seeking follow a curvilinear age pattern with a peak in adolescence, whereas all three indicators of self-regulation show a gradual increase between preadolescence and young adulthood.

“Moreover, although the correlations between the three components of each composite are modest, as we expected them to be, all three indicators of sensation seeking follow a curvilinear age pattern with a peak in adolescence, whereas all three indicators of self-regulation show a gradual increase between preadolescence and young adulthood.”

May combine two claims.

Although the composite measure of sensation seeking in the sample as a whole peaked at age 19, the peak occurred somewhat earlier in some countries (e.g., Italy) and later in others (e.g., Kenya).

“Thus, although scores on the composite measure of sensation seeking in the sample as a whole peaked at age 19, the peak occurred somewhat earlier than this in some countries (e.g., Italy) and later in others (e.g., Kenya).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Because some variables were skewed, bootstrapped standard errors (3,000 resamples) were used in assessing statistical significance and computing confidence intervals.

“Because some variables were negatively skewed (i.e., latency to first move on the Tower of London) or positively skewed (i.e., self-reported planning and accuracy on Stroop), we used bootstrapped standard errors (3,000 resamples) in assessing statistical significance and computing confidence intervals.”

May combine two claims.

Some observed differences between countries in the age pattern of self-regulation reflected differences in the intensity with which self-regulation increased with age, whereas other differences reflected a distinctly different age-related pattern or no age-related pattern at all.

“Thus, some of the observed differences between countries in the age pattern of self-regulation reflected differences in the intensity with which self-regulation increased with age (e.g., in both China and Thailand, self-regulation increased and then plateaued, but the increase was relatively steeper in China), whereas other differences between countries reflected a distinctly different age-related”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Full-information maximum likelihood (FIML) within Mplus was used to reduce bias due to missing data on the outcome variables.

“Full-information maximum likelihood (FIML) within Mplus was used to reduce bias due to missing data on these variables.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Approximate measurement invariance can be assumed if fewer than 25% of the parameters are non-invariant for a given measure.

“Per the guidelines provided by Muthén and Asparouhov (2014), approximate measurement invariance can be assumed if fewer than 25% of the parameters are non-invariant for a given measure.”

• cites Muthén and Asparouhov (2014)Not checked yet

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Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Analyses were not conducted separately by gender because previous research indicates that developmental trajectories of sensation seeking and self-regulation are quite similar among males and females.

“Owing to space considerations, and in light of previous research indicating that developmental trajectories of sensation seeking and self-regulation are quite similar among males and females (Shulman, Harden, Chein, & Steinberg, 2015), we elected not to conduct analyses separately by gender.”

• cites Shulman, Harden, Chein, & Steinberg, 2015Not checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

A small number of assessments (3.18%, N = 172) were rated as unusable by the interviewer and excluded from analyses.

“As noted earlier small number of assessments (3.18%, N=172) were rated as unusable by the interviewer and excluded from analyses.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

All analyses controlled for parent education and WASI t-score.

“All analyses controlled for parent education and WASI t-score.”

May combine two claims.

Although the composite measure of self-regulation in the sample as a whole plateaued during the mid-twenties, this pattern was observed in some countries (e.g., China) but not in others, where self-regulation continued to develop beyond this age (e.g., Colombia).

“Thus, although scores on the composite measure of self-regulation in the sample as a whole plateaued during the mid-twenties, this pattern was observed in some countries (e.g., China), but not in others, where self-regulation continued to develop beyond this age (e.g., Colombia).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Scores on any outcome variable greater than 3.5 standard deviations from the mean were recoded as missing to minimize bias due to outliers.

“To minimize bias due to outliers, scores on any outcome variable that were greater than 3.5 standard deviations from the mean were recoded as missing”

May combine two claims.

Generally, self-regulation develops linearly and gradually over adolescence, reaching a plateau during the mid-20s, whereas reward seeking follows a ∩-shaped pattern, increasing between preadolescence and late adolescence, peaking around age 19, and then declining into the twenties.

“Generally speaking, self-regulation develops linearly and gradually over the course of adolescence, reaching a plateau somewhere during the mid-20s, whereas reward seeking follows a ∩-shaped pattern, increasing between preadolescence and late adolescence, peaking around age 19, and then declining as individuals move into and through their twenties.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Cross-sectional age differences in the sample reflect developmental change with age.

May combine two claims.

Given that actual rates of adolescents' risky behavior vary considerably around the world, while certain aspects of psychological development in adolescence may be universal (and perhaps dictated by biology), their downstream effects are not.

“But given that actual rates of adolescents’ risky behavior vary considerably around the world, it is clear that while certain aspects of psychological development in adolescence may be universal (and perhaps dictated by biology), their downstream effects are not.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The eleven countries studied are sufficiently representative of the world's cultural and economic diversity to support global conclusions about adolescence.

May combine two claims.

The results of this study are consistent with portrayals of adolescence as a time of heightened sensation seeking in the face of still developing self-regulation, a combination linked to greater prevalence in risk taking during adolescence than before or after.

“Overall, the results of this study are consistent with portrayals of adolescence as a time of heightened sensation seeking in the face of still developing self-regulation, a combination that has been linked to the greater prevalence in risk taking during adolescence than before or after (Quinn & Harden, 2013; Steinberg, 2008).”

• cites Quinn & Harden, 2013Not checked yet

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• cites Steinberg, 2008Not checked yet

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May combine two claims.

Around the world, adolescence is a time when individuals are inclined to pursue exciting and novel experiences but have not yet fully developed the capacity to keep impulsive behavior in check.

“Around the world, adolescence is a time when individuals are inclined to pursue exciting and novel experiences but have not yet fully developed the capacity to keep impulsive behavior in check.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Cross-sectional age differences in the sample reflect developmental change with age.
• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The eleven countries studied are sufficiently representative of the world's cultural and economic diversity to support global conclusions about adolescence.

May combine two claims.

The results provide strong support for the dual systems model view that sensation seeking peaks during adolescence and self-regulation continues to mature over the same period.

“We believe that the results presented here provide strong support for this view, a conclusion that is consistent with that of a recent comprehensive review of the neuroscientific and psychological literatures (Shulman et al., 2016).”

• cites Shulman et al., 2016Not checked yet

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