The DOI matches its Crossref record.
The Economic Value Of Informal Caregiving: President Clinton's proposal to provide relief to family caregivers opens a long-overdue discussion of this “invisible” health care sector.
Abstract
This study explores the current market value of the care provided by unpaid family members and friends to ill and disabled adults. Using large, national data sets we estimate that the national economic value of informal caregiving was $196 billion in 1997. This figure dwarfs national spending for formal home health care ($32 billion) and nursing home care ($83 billion). Estimates for five states also are presented. This study broadens the issue of informal caregiving from the micro level, where individual caregivers attempt to cope with the stresses and responsibilities of caregiving, to the macro level of the health care system, which must find more effective ways to support family caregivers.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cited by
2016 Alzheimer's disease facts and figures
Alzheimer's Association (2016) · Alzheimer's & Dementia · doi:10.1016/j.jalz.2016.03.001 · Cited by 5,069
2019 Alzheimer’s disease facts and figures.
Alzheimer's Association (2019) · Alzheimer's & Dementia · doi:10.1016/j.jalz.2019.01.010 · Cited by 2,461
2020 Alzheimer's disease facts and figures
(2020) · Alzheimer's & Dementia · doi:10.1002/alz.12068 · Cited by 2,353
Caregiver Burden: A Clinical Review
Adelman, R. D., Tmanova, L. L., Delgado, D., Dion, S., & Lachs, M. S. (2014) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2014.304 · Cited by 2,002
2018 Alzheimer's disease facts and figures
Alzheimer's Association (2018) · Alzheimer's & Dementia · doi:10.1016/j.jalz.2018.02.001 · Cited by 1,912
Physical and mental health effects of family caregiving
Schulz, R., & Sherwood, P. R. (2008) · AJN, American Journal of Nursing · doi:10.1097/01.naj.0000336406.45248.4c · Cited by 1,375
Interventions with Family Caregivers of Cancer Patients: Meta-Analysis of Randomized Trials
Northouse, L. L., Katapodi, M. C., Song, L., Zhang, L., & Mood, D. W. (2010) · CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians · doi:10.3322/caac.20081 · Cited by 857
Family Caregiving for Older Adults
Schulz, R., Beach, S. R., Czaja, S. J., Martire, L. M., & Monin, J. K. (2020) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-010419-050754 · Cited by 754
Caregiving and risk of coronary heart disease in U.S. women
Lee, S., Colditz, G. A., Berkman, L. F., & Kawachi, I. (2003) · American Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/s0749-3797(02)00582-2 · Cited by 596
The 2030 Problem: Caring for Aging Baby Boomers
Knickman, J. R., & Snell, E. K. (2002) · Health Services Research · doi:10.1034/j.1600-0560.2002.56.x · Cited by 510
Resch, J. A., Mireles, G., Benz, M. R., Grenwelge, C., Peterson, R., & Zhang, D. (2010) · Rehabilitation Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0019473 · Cited by 369
Time costs associated with informal caregiving for cancer survivors
Yabroff, K. R., & Kim, Y. (2009) · Cancer · doi:10.1002/cncr.24588 · Cited by 303
Caregiver Burden in Parkinson Disease: A Critical Review of Recent Literature
Mosley, P. E., Moodie, R., & Dissanayaka, N. (2017) · Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry and Neurology · doi:10.1177/0891988717720302 · Cited by 292
Psychiatric Disorders and Mental Health Service Use Among Caregivers of Advanced Cancer Patients
Vanderwerker, L. C., Laff, R. E., Kadan-Lottick, N. S., McColl, S., & Prigerson, H. G. (2005) · Journal of Clinical Oncology · doi:10.1200/jco.2005.01.370 · Cited by 270
Schreiner, A. S., Morimoto, T., Arai, Y., & Zarit, S. (2006) · Aging & Mental Health · doi:10.1080/13607860500312142 · Cited by 254
Contextual Errors and Failures in Individualizing Patient Care
Weiner, S. J., Schwartz, A., Weaver, F., Goldberg, J., Yudkowsky, R., Sharma, G., Binns-Calvey, A., Preyss, B., M. Schapira, M., Persell, S. D., et al. (2010) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-153-2-201007200-00002 · Cited by 214
Factors Associated with Caregiver Burden among Caregivers of Terminally Ill Patients with Cancer
Goldstein, N. E., Concato, J., Fried, T. R., Kasl, S. V., Johnson-Hurzeler, R., & Bradley, E. H. (2004) · Journal of Palliative Care · doi:10.1177/082585970402000108 · Cited by 190
Rakoski, M. O., McCammon, R. J., Piette, J. D., Iwashyna, T. J., Marrero, J. A., Lok, A. S., Langa, K. M., & Volk, M. L. (2012) · Hepatology · doi:10.1002/hep.24616 · Cited by 190
Kroenke, C. H., Quesenberry, C., Kwan, M. L., Sweeney, C., Castillo, A., & Caan, B. J. (2013) · Breast Cancer Research and Treatment · doi:10.1007/s10549-012-2253-8 · Cited by 162
THE EXPERIENCE OF PROVIDING CARE TO RELATIVES WITH CHRONIC MENTAL ILLNESS
VELTMAN, A., CAMERON, J. I., & STEWART, D. E. (2002) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/00005053-200202000-00008 · Cited by 161
Extent and Cost of Informal Caregiving for Older Americans With Symptoms of Depression
Langa, K. M., Valenstein, M. A., Fendrick, A. M., Kabeto, M. U., & Vijan, S. (2004) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.161.5.857 · Cited by 147
Drentea, P., Clay, O. J., Roth, D. L., & Mittelman, M. S. (2006) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2006.02.020 · Cited by 146
Demography of Informal Caregiving
Agree, E. M., & Glaser, K. (2009) · International Handbook of Population Aging · doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-8356-3_29 · Cited by 106
Cost Shifting to Jails after a Change to Managed Mental Health Care
Domino, M. E., Norton, E. C., Morrissey, J. P., & Thakur, N. (2004) · Health Services Research · doi:10.1111/j.1475-6773.2004.00295.x · Cited by 99
Research with families facing cancer: the challenges of accrual and retention
Northouse, L. L., Rosset, T., Phillips, L., Mood, D., Schafenacker, A., & Kershaw, T. (2006) · Research in Nursing & Health · doi:10.1002/nur.20128 · Cited by 96
Health and work in the family: Evidence from spouses’ cancer diagnoses
Jeon, S.-H., & Pohl, R. V. (2017) · Journal of Health Economics · doi:10.1016/j.jhealeco.2016.12.008 · Cited by 88
Family care for older adults with disabilities: toward more targeted and interpretable research
Gaugler, J. E., Kane, R. L., & Kane, R. A. (2002) · The International Journal of Aging and Human Development · doi:10.2190/fack-qe61-y2j8-5l68 · Cited by 84
Preval, N., Chapman, R., Pierse, N., & Howden-Chapman, P. (2010) · Energy Policy · doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2010.03.020 · Cited by 54
The social ecology of caregiving: applying the social–ecological model across the life course
Ornstein, M. T., & Caruso, C. C. (2024) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph21010119 · Cited by 24
Goldberg, D. S. (2012) · AJOB Neuroscience · doi:10.1080/21507740.2011.635626 · Cited by 9
Juengst, S. B., Smith, M. L., Wilmoth, K., Wright, B., Han, G., Supnet, C., & Maestre, G. (2025) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2025.1682373 · Cited by 2
Metadata
- Authors
- Arno, P. S., Levine, C., & Memmott, M. M.
- Venue
- Health Affairs
- Publisher
- Health Affairs Publishing, LLC
- Published
- 1999-03
- Volume
- 18
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 182-188
- ISSN
- 0278-2715 (ISSN-L)
- 1544-5208
- OpenAlex
- W2152064029
- Cited by
- 676
- References
- 0
- FWCI
- 140.99
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.