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Autonomic nervous system dysfunction in psychiatric disorders and the impact of psychotropic medications: a systematic review and meta-analysis
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Background: Autonomic nervous system (ANS) dysfunction is a putative underlying mechanism for increased cardiovascular disease risk in individuals with psychiatric disorders. Previous studies suggest that this risk may be related to psychotropic medication use. In the present study we systematically reviewed and analyzed published studies of heart rate variability (HRV), measuring ANS output, to determine the effect of psychiatric illness and medication use. Methods: We searched for studies comparing HRV in physically healthy adults with a diagnosed psychiatric disorder to controls and comparing HRV pre- and post-treatment with a psychotropic medication. Results: In total, 140 case–control (mood, anxiety, psychosis, dependent disorders, k = 151) and 30 treatment (antidepressants, antipsychotics; k = 43) studies were included. We found that HRV was reduced in all patient groups compared to controls (Hedges g = −0.583) with a large effect for psychotic disorders (Hedges g = −0.948). Effect sizes remained highly significant for medication-free patients compared to controls across all disorders. Smaller and significant reductions in HRV were observed for specific antidepressants and antipsychotics. Limitations: Study quality significantly moderated effect sizes in case–control analyses, underscoring the importance of assessing methodological quality when interpreting HRV findings. Conclusion: Combined findings confirm substantial reductions in HRV across psychiatric disorders, and these effects remained significant even in medication-free individuals. Reductions in HRV may therefore represent a significant mechanism contributing to elevated cardiovascular risk in individuals with psychiatric disorders. The negative impact of specific medications on HRV suggest increased risk for cardiovascular disease in these groups, highlighting a need for treatment providers to consider modifiable cardiovascular risk factors to attenuate this risk.
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“Low resting-state vagal modulation/parasympathetic activity is also observed in a variety of other psychiatric conditions, such as mood disorders, anxiety disorders and autism spectrum disorder30,45.”
From Autonomic nervous system dysfunction in schizophrenia: impact on cognitive and metabolic health (2021) · cites this paper as [30]
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“ANS function is purportedly modulated by the core-ICNs and one of the most robust ANS disturbances found in IDs is cardiac dysautonomia in the form of reduced HRV [52, 96, 103, 280, 282–293].”
From Infraslow closed-loop brain training for anxiety and depression (ISAD): a protocol for a randomized, double-blind, sham-controlled pilot trial in adult females with internalizing disorders (2022) · cites this paper as [52]
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“It is also noteworthy to add that autonomic dysfunction is a characteristic feature of other psychiatric illnesses, such as anxiety and mood disorders; however, it appears that autonomic dysfunction is greatest in psychotic disorders30.”
From Autonomic nervous system dysfunction in schizophrenia: impact on cognitive and metabolic health (2021) · cites this paper as [30]
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“possibly helping to explain the ANS dysfunction consistently reported across psychopathologies [51, 52].”
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“This has significant clinical implications considering that cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of mortality in people with mental illness [52, 294, 295].”
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Self-citationState-related differences in heart rate variability in bipolar disorder
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“This is similarly observed in anxiety disorders, although more pronounced in psychosis.(34) A simple and non-invasive way to impact autonomic activity is with HRV biofeedback, a tool that can increase HRV, mainly through the regulation of breathing in response to external feedback to influence associated autonomic rea…”
BackgroundTomasi, J., Zai, C. C. H., Zai, G. C., Herbert, D., Richter, M. A., Mohiuddin, A. G., Tiwari, A. K., & Kennedy, J. L. (2024) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2024.01.137 · Cited by 37
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Metadata
- Authors
- Alvares, G. A., Quintana, D. S., Hickie, I. B., & Guastella, A. J.
- Affiliations
- Oslo University Hospital (NO)
- Venue
- Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience
- Publisher
- Canadian Science Publishing
- Published
- 2016-03
- Volume
- 41
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 89-104
- ISSN
- 1180-4882 (ISSN-L)
- 1488-2434
- PMC
- PMC4764485
- OpenAlex
- W2419517449
- Cited by
- 503
- References
- 257
- Citations by year
- 2026: 43 · 2025: 62 · 2024: 53 · 2023: 66 · 2022: 53 · 2021: 61 · 2020: 43 · 2019: 37 · 2018: 36 · 2017: 29 · 2016: 16
- FWCI
- 6.95
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- UWA Profiles and Research Repository (UWA) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Heart Rate Variability and Autonomic Control
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Cardiac Health and Mental Health
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Vagus Nerve Stimulation Research
- Keywords
- autonomic dysfunction, heart rate variability, mental illness, psychotropic drugs, cardiovascular risk, antidepressants, antipsychotic drugs, psychosis, mood disorders, anxiety disorders, substance use disorders
- MeSH terms
- Autonomic Nervous System Diseases, Mental Disorders, Humans, Psychotropic Drugs
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