Pain acceptance and psychological inflexibility predict pain interference outcomes for persons with chronic pain receiving pain psychology
Open accessAbstract
Abstract Objectives Awareness (being present), acceptance, and engagement (committed action) are three dimensions of psychological flexibility. Understanding these in the context of chronic pain may identify treatment targets to help refine individual treatment. Our objective was to test the predictive capacity of three dimensions within the psychological flexibility model on the longitudinal trajectory of pain interference. Methods Patients receiving pain psychology treatment at a pain management center participated in this pragmatic clinical longitudinal study (n=86 with at least three assessments; Mean age=51 years; Gender=60 females, 26 males). Measures included the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ-SF); Chronic Pain Acceptance Questionnaire (CPAQ-8); Psychological Inflexibility in Pain Scale (PIPS-12); and Committed Action Questionnaire (CAQ-8). The dependent variable was the Patient Reported Outcomes Information System (PROMIS) Pain Interference (PI). We used latent growth modelling to analyze scores assessed within 180 days of patient care. Results Psychological inflexibility (PIPS-12) and pain acceptance (CPAQ-8) measured at baseline predicted PI outcomes (n=86). PIPS-12 showed a direct relationship with pain interference (PI), where higher PIPS-12 scores predicted significantly higher PI mean scores on average across the study period ( ρ =0.422, r 2 =0.382) but also predicted significantly greater decreases in PI across time ( ρ =−0.489, r 2 =0.123). Higher CPAQ-8 scores predicted significantly lower PI mean scores on average across the study period ( ρ =−0.478, r 2 =0.453) but also significantly smaller decreases in PI across time ( ρ =0.495, r 2 =0.076). Awareness (FFMQ-SF) and engagement (CAQ-8) were not predictive of PI outcomes. Conclusions Patients who entered pain psychology treatment with lower pain acceptance and higher psychological inflexibility showed the largest reductions in pain interference across time. These results contribute towards a novel prognostic understanding of the predictive roles of an enhancing dimension and limiting dimension of psychological flexibility.
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In chronic pain, low psychological flexibility is linked to higher pain impact and an increased risk of developing emotional disorders.
“In chronic pain, low PF was linked to higher pain impact and an increased risk of developing emotional disorders [32,33].”
From Personality and Pain Outcomes in Rheumatic Disease: The Mediating Role of Psychological Flexibility (2024) · cites this paper as [32]
The Results section ('The predictive capacity of the limiting dimension of psychological inflexibility'; page not provided) reports that higher psychological inflexibility predicted higher average pain interference among chronic-pain patients receiving pain psychology care. That supports the higher-pain-impact part of the claim, but the paper does not report an increased risk of developing emotional disorders; depressive symptoms were a covariate, not that outcome. (LLM, conf=0.88)
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- Authors
- Karayannis, N. V., Sturgeon, J. A., Kemani, M. K., Mackey, S. C., Greco, C. M., Wicksell, R. K., & McCracken, L. M.
- Affiliations
- Ohio University (US)
- University of Washington (US)
- Karolinska University Hospital (SE)
- Stanford Medicine (US)
- University of Pittsburgh (US)
- Karolinska Institutet (SE)
- Uppsala University (SE)
- Corresponding author
- Karayannis, Nicholas Vasilis
- ORCID
- Venue
- Scandinavian Journal of Pain
- Publisher
- Walter de Gruyter GmbH
- Published
- 2023-02-07
- Volume
- 23
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 464-475
- ISSN
- 1877-8860 (ISSN-L)
- 1877-8879
- PMC
- PMC10522049
- OpenAlex
- W4319295054
- Cited by
- 25
- References
- 63
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 3
- FWCI
- 7.29
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Locations
- Scandinavian Journal of Pain (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Uppsala University Publications (Uppsala University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- National Institute for Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NS125004)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Mindfulness and Compassion Interventions
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology › Musculoskeletal pain and rehabilitation
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Pediatric Pain Management Techniques
- Keywords
- chronic pain, pain acceptance, psychological inflexibility, psychological flexibility, pain interference, psychological factors in pain, mindfulness, committed action, awareness, treatment outcome prediction, PROMIS pain interference
- MeSH terms
- Adaptation, Psychological, Female, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Middle Aged, Chronic Pain, Pain Management, Mindfulness
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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