Moving beyond mindfulness: defining equanimity as an outcome measure in meditation and contemplative research
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Abstract
In light of a growing interest in contemplative practices such as meditation, the emerging field of contemplative science has been challenged to describe and objectively measure how these practices affect health and well-being. While “mindfulness” itself has been proposed as a measurable outcome of contemplative practices, this concept encompasses multiple components, some of which, as we review here, may be better characterized as equanimity. Equanimity can be defined as an even-minded mental state or dispositional tendency toward all experiences or objects, regardless of their origin or their affective valence (pleasant, unpleasant, or neutral). In this article, we propose that equanimity be used as an outcome measure in contemplative research. We first define and discuss the inter-relationship between mindfulness and equanimity from the perspectives of both classical Buddhism and modern psychology and present existing meditation techniques for cultivating equanimity. We then review psychological, physiological, and neuroimaging methods that have been used to assess equanimity either directly or indirectly. In conclusion, we propose that equanimity captures potentially the most important psychological element in the improvement of well-being, and therefore should be a focus in future research studies.
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Lundman et al.'s equanimity items missed the central concept of non-reactivity.
“However, equanimity items captured present focus, acceptance and an optimistic approach, all of which represent either part or peripheral aspects of equanimity and do not capture its entirety, missing the central concept of non-reactivity which is proposed by Hadash et al. (2016) and others (Cayoun 2011; Desbordes et al. 2015; Hart 1987).”
From Development and Validation of the Equanimity Scale-16 (2021) · cites this paper as Desbordes et al. 2015
In “Self-Report Measures of Equanimity” (page unavailable), Desbordes et al. criticize Lundman et al.’s items for conflating constructs and their definition for failing to distinguish equanimity from apathy. The paper treats reduced reactivity as important to equanimity, but does not specifically say that Lundman’s items omit non-reactivity. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredPaying attention mindfully is proposed to facilitate disengagement from an emotion-provoking stimulus by attenuating the peak amplitude and speeding up recovery, thereby decreasing the overall emotional response.
“Paying attention mindfully is proposed to facilitate disengagement from an emotion-provoking stimulus by attenuating the peak amplitude and speeding up recovery, thereby decreasing the overall emotional response [9].”
From Self-Reported Trait Mindfulness and Affective Reactivity: A Motivational Approach Using Multiple Psychophysiological Measures (2015) · cites this paper as [9]
In “Equanimity Impacts the Time Course of Emotional Responses” (page unavailable), the paper proposes faster disengagement and a quicker return to baseline. It treats reduced response magnitude as a possibility for some emotions, not a necessary attenuation of peak amplitude; it even allows for a similar initial response. The claim therefore overstates that part of the proposed mechanism. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredEquanimity is suggested to be an important mechanism in MBIs.
“equanimity is suggested to be an important mechanism in these interventions (Cayoun 2011; Desbordes et al. 2015).”
From Development and Validation of the Equanimity Scale-16 (2021) · cites this paper as Desbordes et al. 2015
The two factors identified in the present study are consistent with existing conceptualizations of equanimity.
“The two factors identified in the present study are also consistent with existing conceptualizations of equanimity (Desbordes et al. 2015; Hadash et al. 2016; Hart 1987).”
From Development and Validation of the Equanimity Scale-16 (2021) · cites this paper as Desbordes et al. 2015
Mindfulness is thought to facilitate the development of dispositional nonreactivity.
“Thus, mindfulness is thought to facilitate the development of dispositional nonreactivity [9].”
From Self-Reported Trait Mindfulness and Affective Reactivity: A Motivational Approach Using Multiple Psychophysiological Measures (2015) · cites this paper as [9]
One suggested mechanism is that mindfulness facilitates disengagement from an affective stimulus and thereby decreases affective reactivity.
“One suggested mechanism is that mindfulness facilitates disengagement from an affective stimulus and thereby decreases affective reactivity.”
From Self-Reported Trait Mindfulness and Affective Reactivity: A Motivational Approach Using Multiple Psychophysiological Measures (2015) · cites this paper as [9]
Desbordes and colleagues suggested moving beyond mindfulness to focus on the outcomes of mindfulness practice, such as the development of equanimity.
“In line with this, authors such as Desbordes and colleagues [9] have suggested moving beyond mindfulness to focus on the outcomes of mindfulness practice, such as the development of equanimity.”
From Self-Reported Trait Mindfulness and Affective Reactivity: A Motivational Approach Using Multiple Psychophysiological Measures (2015) · cites this paper as [9]
Equanimity is characterized as a stable quality developed through mindfulness practice and therefore may be a more fruitful trait-level outcome variable.
“Equanimity is characterized as a stable quality developed through mindfulness practice, and therefore may be a more fruitful trait-level outcome variable.”
From Self-Reported Trait Mindfulness and Affective Reactivity: A Motivational Approach Using Multiple Psychophysiological Measures (2015) · cites this paper as [9]
NRE, as conceptualized in the FFMQ-SF, reflects an attitude of nonavoidance with equanimity, defined as even-minded responsiveness to mental phenomena, unswayed by associated emotional valences.
“In contrast to signifying passivity, we suggest NRE, as conceptualized in the FFMQ-SF, reflects an attitude of nonavoidance with equanimity, defined as even-minded responsiveness to mental phenomena, unswayed by associated emotional valences [67].”
From Mindful Nonreactivity, Anxiety, Depression, and Perceived Stress as Mediators of the Mindfulness Virtual Community Intervention—Pathways to Enhance Mental Health in University Students: Secondary Evaluation of Two Randomized Controlled Trials With Student Participants (2025) · cites this paper as [67]
Attention monitoring skills improve more immediately after practice than acceptance skills, which may take longer to cultivate.
“there is evidence to suggest that attention monitoring skills begin to improve more immediately after practice, while acceptance may take longer to cultivate (Baer, Carmody, & Hunsinger, 2012; Desbordes et al., 2015).”
From Mechanisms of mindfulness training: Monitor and Acceptance Theory (MAT (2017) · cites this paper as Desbordes et al., 2015
With long-term practice, as acceptance becomes more automatic and less effortful, its neural correlates may change and involve resting-state functional connectivity changes.
“With long-term practice, though, as acceptance becomes a more automatic response and less effortful regulation of emotion is necessary, the neural correlates of acceptance may change, involving changes in resting state functional connectivity (cf. Brewer et al., 2011; Desbordes et al., 2015).”
From Mechanisms of mindfulness training: Monitor and Acceptance Theory (MAT (2017) · cites this paper as Desbordes et al., 2015
Practicing an accepting stance toward emotional experiences may reduce amygdala activation and quicken amygdala recovery, corresponding with emotion regulatory ability.
“practicing an accepting stance toward emotional experiences may both reduce amygdala activation and quicken amygdala recovery, corresponding with emotion regulatory ability (Desbordes et al., 2015).”
From Mechanisms of mindfulness training: Monitor and Acceptance Theory (MAT (2017) · cites this paper as Desbordes et al., 2015
The present study helps address recent calls to examine equanimity as an outcome in mindfulness research by focusing on emotionally even responding to stressors and repeated measures of emotional distress.
“The present study also helps to address recent calls to examine the construct of equanimity as an outcome in research on mindfulness (Desbordes et al., 2015) by focusing on emotionally-even responding to stressors and examining the time-course of stress response by including repeated measures of emotional distress to assess change following exposure to stressful experiences.”
From Dispositional Mindfulness Uncouples Physiological and Emotional Reactivity to a Laboratory Stressor and Emotional Reactivity to Executive Functioning Lapses in Daily Life (2016) · cites this paper as Desbordes et al., 2015
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Self-citationThe impact of heart rate variability on subjective well-being is mediated by emotion regulation
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“Other recent studies also found differences in functional connectivity in the default mode network between meditators and controls (Jang et al., 2011; Kilpatrick et al., 2011).”
ResultToward an understanding of non-dual mindfulness
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“…process has been called psychological self-distancing, decentering, cognitive defusion, reperceiving, de-reification, or meta-cognitive insight (Bishop et al., 2004; Chambers, Gullone, & Allen, 2009; Mason & Hargreaves, 2001; Shapiro et al., 2006; Teasdale, Segal, & Williams, 1995; Teasdale, 1999).”
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The Neuroscience of Mindfulness Meditation
Tang, Y.-Y., Hölzel, B. K., & Posner, M. I. (2015) · Nature reviews. Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn3916 · Cited by 2,889 · see citing works
Self-citationVan Dam, N. T., van Vugt, M. K., Vago, D. R., Schmalzl, L., Saron, C. D., Olendzki, A., Meissner, T., Lazar, S. W., Kerr, C. E., Gorchov, J., et al. (2018) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691617709589 · Cited by 1,506 · see citing works
Self-citationMechanisms of mindfulness training: Monitor and Acceptance Theory (MAT
Lindsay, E. K., & Creswell, J. D. (2017) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2016.10.011 · Cited by 919 · see citing works
“We note that some intervention approaches train monitoring and acceptance practices concurrently; however, there is evidence to suggest that attentionmonitoring skills begin to improvemore immediately after practice, while acceptance may take longer to cultivate (Baer, Carmody, & Hunsinger, 2012; Desbordes et al., 201…”
BackgroundInfluentialContemplating Mindfulness at Work: An Integrative Review
Good, D. J., Lyddy, C. J., Glomb, T. M., Bono, J. E., Brown, K. W., Duffy, M. K., Baer, R. A., Brewer, J. A., & Lazar, S. W. (2016) · Journal of Management · doi:10.1177/0149206315617003 · Cited by 1,043 · see citing works
“Mindfulness may alter the lifecycle of emotional reactions as well as the overall valence of emotional experience (Desbordes et al., 2014).”
BackgroundSelf-citationPotential self-regulatory mechanisms of yoga for psychological health
Gard, T., Noggle, J. J., Park, C. L., Vago, D. R., & Wilson, A. (2014) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2014.00770 · Cited by 472 · see citing works
Mindfulness and Behavior Change
Schuman-Olivier, Z., Trombka, M., Lovas, D. A., Brewer, J. A., Vago, D. R., Gawande, R., Dunne, J. P., Lazar, S. W., Loucks, E. B., & Fulwiler, C. (2020) · Harvard Review of Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/hrp.0000000000000277 · Cited by 435 · see citing works
Self-citationLindsay, E. K., Young, S., Brown, K. W., Smyth, J. M., & Creswell, J. D. (2019) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1813588116 · Cited by 344 · see citing works
“, acceptance) foster an equal attitude of compassion toward oneself and all others, and thus promote social connectivity (15).”
BackgroundCognitive reappraisal and acceptance: Effects on emotion, physiology, and perceived cognitive costs.
Troy, A. S., Shallcross, A. J., Brunner, A., Friedman, R., & Jones, M. C. (2017) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/emo0000371 · Cited by 341 · see citing works
“…has been shown to be associated with positive outcomes in prior studies and may occur because acceptance reduces negative cognitions of unpleasant emotional and physiological states, which can serve to maintain or heighten physiological arousal (Desbordes et al., 2014; Feldman et al., 2016).”
Mindfulness, Work Climate, and Psychological Need Satisfaction in Employee Well-being
Schultz, P. P., Ryan, R. M., Niemiec, C. P., Legate, N., & Williams, G. C. (2014) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-014-0338-7 · Cited by 305 · see citing works
Interventions and Manipulations of Interoception
Weng, H. Y., Feldman, J. L., Leggio, L., Napadow, V., Park, J., & Price, C. J. (2020) · Trends in Neurosciences · doi:10.1016/j.tins.2020.09.010 · Cited by 250 · see citing works
Lindsay, E. K., Young, S., Smyth, J. M., Brown, K. W., & Creswell, J. D. (2018) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2017.09.015 · Cited by 226 · see citing works
“On one hand, mindfulness is translated simply as a state of clear awareness (Bodhi, 2011; Desbordes et al., 2015; Quaglia et al., 2014); on the other hand, acceptance training is considered a skillful means for learning mindfulness (Dreyfus, 2011) and is an active treatment element in mindfulness…”
Lindsay, E. K., Chin, B., Greco, C. M., Young, S., Brown, K. W., Wright, A. G. C., Smyth, J. M., Burkett, D., & Creswell, J. D. (2018) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/pspa0000134 · Cited by 218 · see citing works
“as it happens without getting caught up in or attached to the content of what’s happening (i.e., non-interference with pleasant and unpleasant sensory experience alike; Desbordes et al., 2015; Young, 2016).”
Lindsay, E. K., Young, S., Smyth, J. M., Brown, K. W., & Creswell, J. D. (2017) · doi:10.31219/osf.io/4se5m · Cited by 226 · see citing works
Sezer, I., Pizzagalli, D. A., & Sacchet, M. D. (2022) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104583 · Cited by 214 · see citing works
“In this sense, mindfulness meditation can in this way be understood as a step toward equanimity , that is, a dispositional tendency of evenness of mind towards all experiences, regardless of their emotional valence (Desbordes et al., 2015).”
BackgroundLindsay, E. K., & Creswell, J. D. (2019) · Current Opinion in Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2018.12.004 · Cited by 220 · see citing works
“We use ‘acceptance’ as an umbrella term to describe an orientation of receptivity and noninterference with present-moment experiences (3,4), which contrasts with tendencies to suppress, avoid, alter, prolong, or fixate on certain stimuli.”
MethodBeing someone: the integrated self as a neuropsychological system.
Kuhl, J., Quirin, M., & Koole, S. L. (2015) · Social and Personality Psychology Compass · doi:10.1111/spc3.12162 · Cited by 180 · see citing works
Schmalzl, L., Powers, C., & Henje Blom, E. (2015) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2015.00235 · Cited by 170 · see citing works
“A second proposed positive effect is an enhanced sense of equanimity (Desbordes et al., 2015), a non-judgmental metacognitive awareness of the broad spectrum of sensations and thoughts that may arise at any given point in time.”
BackgroundGarland, E. L., Hanley, A. W., Goldin, P. R., & Gross, J. J. (2017) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0187727 · Cited by 163 · see citing works
Mindfulness in cultural context
Kirmayer, L. J. (2015) · Transcultural Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/1363461515598949 · Cited by 190 · see citing works
“Developing measures and paradigms for studying the dimensions of mindfulness (Baer, 2011; Grossman, 2008), other aspects of meditative practice (Desbordes et al., 2014; Sahdra, Shaver, & Brown, 2010) and a broad range of real-life outcomes are all important for this effort.”
BackgroundReduced mind wandering in experienced meditators and associated EEG correlates
Brandmeyer, T., & Arnaud Delorme, A. (2016) · Experimental Brain Research · doi:10.1007/s00221-016-4811-5 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
Khoury, N. M., Lutz, J. G., & Schuman‐Olivier, Z. (2018) · Harvard Review of Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/hrp.0000000000000170 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
Strohmaier, S., Jones, F. W., & Cane, J. E. (2021) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-020-01512-5 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
“…novices with relatively little additional teacher input beyond practice guidance (as was the case in the current study), challenges associated with longer practices, such as mind-wandering, led them to be less effective in general than shorter ones (cf. Desbordes et al. 2015; Frewen et al. 2016).”
BackgroundDorjee, D. (2016) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01788 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
“The main challenges of meditation research have been recently extensively discussed by Davidson and Kaszniak (2015) and also previously considered by others (e.g., Davidson, 2010; Desbordes and Negi, 2013; Tang et al., 2015).”
Movement-based embodied contemplative practices: definitions and paradigms
Schmalzl, L., Crane-Godreau, M. A., & Payne, P. (2014) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2014.00205 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
The decoupling model of equanimity: theory, measurement, and test in a mindfulness intervention
Hadash, Y., Segev, N., Tanay, G., Goldstein, P., & Bernstein, A. (2016) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-016-0564-2 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
“First, equanimity with respect to unpleasant hedonic tone may be particularly important to help account for effects of mindfulness on mood and anxiety-related conditions (Desbordes et al. 2015; Hofmann et al. 2010).”
BackgroundInfluentialHildebrandt, L. K., McCall, C., & Singer, T. (2017) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-017-0716-z · Cited by 96 · see citing works
“The comparison was carried out using a likelihood ratio test (Dobson and Barnett 2008).”
MethodThe default mode network as a biomarker for monitoring the therapeutic effects of meditation
Simon, R., & Engström, M. (2015) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00776 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
“In addition, the development and incorporation of new neuropsychological metrics – such as “equanimity” outcomes – with resting state correlates will provide new tools for assessment (Desbordes et al., 2014).”
BackgroundShoham, A., Goldstein, P., Oren, R., Spivak, D., & Bernstein, A. (2017) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/ccp0000154 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
What do people mean when they talk about mindfulness?
Choi, E., Farb, N. A. S., Pogrebtsova, E., Gruman, J. A., & Grossmann, I. (2021) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2021.102085 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Defining Mindfulness: A Review of Existing Definitions and Suggested Refinements
Chems-Maarif, R., Cavanagh, K., Baer, R. A., Gu, J., & Strauss, C. (2025) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-024-02507-2 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
“Desbordes et al. (2015) describe it as an “even-minded state of dispositional tendency toward all experiences or objects, regardless of their origins or affective valence” (p. 357).”
Open monitoring meditation reduces the involvement of brain regions related to memory function
Fujino, M., Ueda, Y., Mizuhara, H., Saiki, J., & Nomura, M. (2018) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-018-28274-4 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Wojnarowska, A., Kobylinska, D., & Lewczuk, K. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00242 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
“…two components are applied in conjunction, they support effective emotion regulation; however, whenmindfulness is applied without acceptance, it leads to the strengthening, and not reducing, negative emotional reactions, such as anxiety and stress (Barnes and Lynn, 2010; Desrosiers et al., 2014).”
BackgroundBeing mindful at work and at home: Buffering effects in the stressor–detachment model
Haun, V. C., Nübold, A., & Bauer, A. G. (2018) · Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology · doi:10.1111/joop.12200 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
“…has shown that in general mindfulness is related to a less negative andmore positive emotional tone (Eberth & Sedlmeier, 2012), neurological studies have evidenced that mindfulness may also dampen emotional reactions to positive stimuli (Brown, Goodman, & Inzlicht, 2012; Desbordes et al., 2015).”
BackgroundRichey, J. A., Brewer, J. A., Sullivan-Toole, H., Strege, M. V., Kim-Spoon, J., White, S. W., & Ollendick, T. H. (2019) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2019.101756 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
The Mindful Self: A Mindfulness-Enlightened Self-view
Xiao, Q., Yue, C., He, W., & Yu, J.-Y. (2017) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01752 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
“In modern Western psychology, the self is constructed as a definable knowable entity with particular characteristics, universal needs, and somewhat predictable developmental thrusts (Sedikides and Spencer, 2007; Chan, 2008; Donner, 2010).”
BackgroundGamaiunova, L., Brandt, P.-Y., Bondolfi, G., & Kliegel, M. (2019) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2019.02.026 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
“It was previously proposed that certain outcomes of CPs (such as equanimity) are associated with more adaptive vagal cardiovascular reactivity (Desbordes et al., 2015).”
BackgroundEmotional Stability and Self-Esteem as Mediators Between Mindfulness and Happiness
Bajaj, B., Gupta, R., & Sengupta, S. (2018) · Journal of Happiness Studies · doi:10.1007/s10902-018-0046-4 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Tulver, K., Kaup, K., Laukkonen, R., & Aru, J. (2023) · Consciousness and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.concog.2023.103494 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Meditation and the Wandering Mind: A Theoretical Framework of Underlying Neurocognitive Mechanisms
Brandmeyer, T., & Arnaud Delorme, A. (2020) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691620917340 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
“Equanimity, which can be defined as an even-minded mental state or dispositional tendency toward all experiences or objects, regardless of their origin or their affective valence (pleasant, unpleasant, or neutral), is a key and central component of the meditation cycle and mindfulness, as with time, it transforms the…”
BackgroundWeng, H. Y., Lapate, R. C., Stodola, D. E., Rogers, G. M., & Davidson, R. J. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00771 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
“However, this finding is in contrast to previously reported findings by Desbordes et al. (2012), where they showed greater amygdala activation to negative stimuli was increased after compassion training, albeit in an “attend” state rather than an active compassion state.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialIntensive meditation training influences emotional responses to suffering
Rosenberg, E. L., Zanesco, A. P., King, B. G., Aichele, S. R., Jacobs, T. L., Bridwell, D. A., MacLean, K. A., Shaver, P. R., Ferrer, E., Sahdra, B. K., et al. (2015) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/emo0000080 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
“Less acknowledged, but essential to the goals of contemplative practice, is the development of motivational and emotional traits relevant to compassion (Desbordes et al., 2014; Halifax, 2012; Shaver, Lavy, Saron, & Mikulincer, 2007).”
BackgroundHadash, Y., Plonsker, R., Vago, D. R., & Bernstein, A. (2016) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/pas0000300 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Self-citationWhitehead, R., Bates, G., Elphinstone, B., Yang, Y., & Murray, G. (2019) · Journal of Happiness Studies · doi:10.1007/s10902-018-0041-9 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Causes, Contingencies, and Consequences of Disengagement at Work: An Integrative Literature Review
Rastogi, A. K., Pati, S. P., Krishnan, T., & Krishnan, S. (2018) · Human Resource Development Review · doi:10.1177/1534484317754160 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
“Equanimity can be defined as an even-minded mental state or dispositional tendency toward all experiences or objects, regardless of their origin or their affective valence (pleasant, unpleasant, or neutral; Desbordes et al., 2015).”
BackgroundMontero‐Marín, J., Puebla‐Guedea, M., Herrera‐Mercadal, P., Cebolla, A., Soler, J., Demarzo, M., Vázquez, C., Rodríguez-Bornaetxea, F., & García‐Campayo, J. (2016) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01935 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
“All the participants in both groups had focused meditation as their main practice (>80% of the total time devoted).”
BackgroundMindfulness and parenting distress among parents of children with disabilities: A literature review
Rayan, A., & Ahmad, M. (2018) · Perspectives in Psychiatric Care · doi:10.1111/ppc.12217 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Cessations of consciousness in meditation: Advancing a scientific understanding of nirodha samāpatti
Laukkonen, R., Sacchet, M. D., Barendregt, H. P., Devaney, K. J., Chowdhury, A., & Slagter, H. A. (2023) · Progress in brain research · doi:10.1016/bs.pbr.2022.12.007 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
“While the key contributing practice factors for cessation have not yet been described directly, Desbordes et al. (2015) advanced equanimity as a viable outcome measure of meditative experience, and all of the practice categories in the deconstructive family (e.g., vipassana) advanced by Dahl et al.…”
BackgroundMapping complex mind states: EEG neural substrates of meditative unified compassionate awareness
Schoenberg, P. L. A., Ruf, A., Churchill, J., Brown, D. P., & Brewer, J. A. (2017) · Consciousness and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.concog.2017.11.003 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
“Equanimity can be defined as a state of neutrality towards all stimuli, whether they be heavily ‘colored’ by positive or negative valence (Desbordes et al., 2015), thus culminating in the intentional attitude of acceptance toward every sort of experience (pleasant/unpleasant, past/present/future)…”
BackgroundBowles, N. I., Davies, J. N., & Van Dam, N. T. (2022) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-022-01977-6 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
“In order to detect changes resulting from meditation in more experienced practitioners, future research may benefit from the use of measures targeting those qualities that tend to motivate the practice of such practitioners, including such traits as equanimity, decentring, and self-transcendence (Desbordes et al., 201…”
BackgroundDevelopment and Validation of the Equanimity Scale-16
Rogers, H. T., Shires, A. G., & Cayoun, B. A. (2021) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-020-01503-6 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Reliability and validity of an equanimity questionnaire: the two-factor equanimity scale (EQUA-S)
Juneau, C., Pellerin, N., Trives, E., Ricard, M., Shankland, R., & Dambrun, M. (2020) · PeerJ · doi:10.7717/peerj.9405 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Feldman, G., Lavallee, J., Gildawie, K., & Greeson, J. M. (2016) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-015-0487-3 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
“This may be attributable to the role of the parasympathetic nervous system in regulating HR but not SC (Diamond and Otter-Henderson, 2007) and it is possible the construct of mindfulness is particularly salient to concordance between subjective distress and physiological reactivity in which there…”
Buddhist psychology: Selected insights, benefits, and research agenda for consumer psychology
Mick, D. G. (2016) · Journal of Consumer Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jcps.2016.04.003 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Somatic learning: Bringing the body into critical reflection
Rigg, C. (2017) · Management Learning · doi:10.1177/1350507617729973 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
“…producing increased control over chronic pain, anxiety and depression (Kerr et al., 2013), curtailing negative functioning and enhancing positive outcomes in mental health, physical health, behavioural regulation and interpersonal relationships (Brown et al., 2007; Desbordes et al., 2015).”
BackgroundPROMISE: a model of insight and equanimity as the key effects of mindfulness meditation
Eberth, J., Sedlmeier, P., & Schäfer, T. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02389 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Heparin-based hydrogels induce human renal tubulogenesis in vitro
Weber, H. M., Tsurkan, M. V., Magno, V., Freudenberg, U., & Werner, C. (2017) · Acta Biomaterialia · doi:10.1016/j.actbio.2017.05.035 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Gómez‐Olmedo, A. M., Valor, C., & Bosch, I. C. (2020) · Environmental Education Research · doi:10.1080/13504622.2020.1777264 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Bagheri, S., Naderi, A., Mirali, S., Calmeiro, L., & Brewer, B. (2020) · Journal of athletic training · doi:10.4085/1062-6050-0214.20 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
“Mindfulness is a mental state that involves a deep sensory consciousness of present-moment experiences, without any revealing, responsive, and self-referential judgment of the inner experience.(11) The practice of mindfulness requires deliberate, sustained attention to sensory and cognitive processes along with an unc…”
BackgroundInfluentialCayoun, B., Simmons, A., & Shires, A. (2020) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-017-0823-x · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Effects of a Mindfulness Task on Women’s Sexual Response
Velten, J., Margraf, J., Chivers, M. L., & Brotto, L. A. (2017) · The Journal of Sex Research · doi:10.1080/00224499.2017.1408768 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
“…may not evaluate and label these feelings as sexual given that their higher level of mindfulness may mean that they are noticing all physical sensations in the body with equanimity (Desbordes et al., 2015), defined as “an even-minded mental state or dispositional tendency toward all experiences.””
BackgroundWhitehead, R. E., Bates, G. W., & Elphinstone, B. (2019) · Journal of Adult Development · doi:10.1007/s10804-018-09326-5 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Development and Validation of the Four Facet Mindful Eating Scale (FFaMES)
Carrière, K., Shireen, S. H., Siemers, N., Preißner, C. E., Starr, J., Falk, C., & Knäuper, B. (2022) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2021.105689 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
The Wheel of Mindfulness: a Generative Framework for Second-Generation Mindful Leadership
King, E., & Badham, R. J. (2018) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-018-0890-7 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Verhaeghen, P. (2018) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-018-0959-3 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
“…reality impartially, without bias or discrimination (this concept suffers from a dearth of relevant data; for a proposal to remedy this, see Desbordes et al. 2015); (b) nonattachment, that is, a release from mental fixations (examined previously as a mediator by Coffey and Hartman 2008;…”
BackgroundMindfulness is not enough: Why equanimity holds the key to compassion
Weber, J. (2017) · Mindfulness & Compassion · doi:10.1016/j.mincom.2017.09.004 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
“…and that it is this complimentary practice that facilitates compassion and garners further research in isolation This article builds on the work of Desbordes et al. (2015) by clearly differentiating ‘non-judgemental acceptance’ and ‘attention’ within current mindfulness understanding Although…”
BackgroundVásquez-Rosati, A., Brunetti, E. P., Cordero, C., & Maldonado, P. (2017) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2017.00209 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
“Even so, the results presented here are consistent with previous work (Lutz et al., 2008a, 2009; Desbordes et al., 2015) demonstrating that the continuous and methodical training of meditation as an attentional practice modulates the tone and activity of the autonomic nervous system and emotional…”
ResultFrancis, S. E. B., Shawyer, F., Cayoun, B., Enticott, J., & Meadows, G. N. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.815170 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
“Equanimity has been defined “as an even-minded mental state or dispositional tendency toward all experiences or objects, regardless of their origin or their affective valence (pleasant, unpleasant, or neutral)” [(14), p.”
BackgroundRaugh, I. M., & Strauss, G. P. (2024) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/emo0001308 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Time perception and the experience of agency in meditation and hypnosis
Lush, P., & Dienes, Z. P. (2019) · PsyCh Journal · doi:10.1002/pchj.276 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Feliu‐Soler, A., Soler, J., Luciano, J. V., Cebolla, A., Elices, M., Demarzo, M., & García‐Campayo, J. (2016) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-016-0558-0 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
“…is based on insight into the transient nature of mental representations, so a nonattached individual should be less likely to get stuck in self-referential processing when faced with adversity, taking a more self-compassionate and balanced attitude (Desbordes et al. 2015; Sahdra et al. 2010).”
BackgroundPhan, H. P., Ngu, B. H., Chen, S. C., Wu, L., Shi, S.-Y., Lin, R.-Y., Shih, J.-H., & Wang, H. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01602 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
“Flourishing in this case, similar to other comparable definitions (e.g., Diener et al., 2010; Huppert and So, 2013), is positive and reflects improvement, accomplishment, and self-fulfillment.”
ResultSelf-Reported Stickiness of Mind-Wandering Affects Task Performance
van Vugt, M. K., & Broers, N. (2016) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00732 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
“On the positive side, it is thought to cultivate a sense of “non-attachment” to worries and concerns (Sahdra et al., 2011), and equanimity to whatever occurs in experience (Desbordes et al., 2014).”
BackgroundLin, Y., Fisher, M. E., Roberts, S. M. M., & Moser, J. S. (2016) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2016.00451 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
“This visually convergent pattern in the LPP responses is congruent with the construct of equanimity as recently explicated by Desbordes et al. (2015).”
InfluentialA mind full of happiness: How mindfulness shapes affect dynamics in daily life.
Rowland, Z., Wenzel, M., & Kubiak, T. (2018) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/emo0000562 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Brown, K. W., Berry, D. R., Eichel, K., Михайловна, Б. П., Rahrig, H., & Britton, W. B. (2022) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/psyp.14024 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Theoretical Foundations to Guide Mindfulness Meditation: A Path to Wisdom
Karunamuni, N. D., & Weerasekera, R. (2017) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-017-9631-7 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Mey, L. K., Wenzel, M., Morello, K., Rowland, Z., Kubiak, T., & Tüscher, O. (2023) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-022-02050-y · Cited by 42 · see citing works
“accepting attitude and developing equanimity towards one’s present-moment experiences when being mindful, one may generate the ability to detach from past positive and negative affective states and regulate them more flexibly (Desbordes et al., 2014).”
BackgroundInfluentialTrait and State Equanimity: The Effect of Mindfulness-Based Meditation Practice
Juneau, C., Shankland, R., & Dambrun, M. (2020) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-020-01397-4 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
“Equanimity is becoming the subject of increasing interest in contemplative studies as a general outcome of mindfulness practices (Desbordes et al., 2015), as it appears to be a meaningful mechanism to understand the positive effects of mindfulness on well-being (e.g. Ekman et al., 2005; Juneau et…”
BackgroundInfluentialFocus on the Breath: Brain Decoding Reveals Internal States of Attention During Meditation
Weng, H. Y., Lewis‐Peacock, J. A., Hecht, F. M., Uncapher, M. R., Ziegler, D. A., Farb, N. A. S., Goldman, V. M., Skinner, S. N., Duncan, L. G., Chao, M. T., et al. (2020) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2020.00336 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Back to the Basics: How Attention Monitoring and Acceptance Stimulate Positive Growth
Lindsay, E. K., & Creswell, J. D. (2015) · Psychological Inquiry · doi:10.1080/1047840x.2015.1085265 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
“In our commen- tary, we first offer some questions raised by the mindfulness-to-meaning theoretical account and then turn to some considerations of what specific mechanisms of mindfulness may be important for triggering and propagating positive growth and meaning-making processes.”
BackgroundLomas, T., Pawelski, J. O., & VanderWeele, T. J. (2024) · The Journal of Positive Psychology · doi:10.1080/17439760.2024.2362435 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
“In terms of the psychological realm, though, B/H are firstly implicated in numerous constructs pertaining to emotions, from Bradburn’s (1969) notion of ‘affect balance’, to constructs like ‘emotional equanimity’ (Desbordes et al., 2015) and ‘emotional equilibrium’ (Labouvie ‐ Vief et al., 2010).”
The Relationship Between Mindfulness and Forgiveness of Infidelity
Johns, K. N., Allen, E. S., & Gordon, K. C. (2015) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-015-0427-2 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
“For example, the role of equanimity, or an evenness of temper and general composure of emotion, should also be specifically examined (Desbordes et al. 2014).”
BackgroundMeasuring Decentering and Related Constructs: Capacity and Limitations of Extant Assessment Scales
Hadash, Y., Lichtash, Y., & Bernstein, A. (2017) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-017-0743-9 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Mindfulness and spirituality: therapeutic perspectives
Lazaridou, A., & Pentaris, P. (2016) · Person-Centered & Experiential Psychotherapies · doi:10.1080/14779757.2016.1180634 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Golino, H. F., Lillard, A. S., Becker, I., & Christensen, A. P. (2021) · Psychological Test Adaptation and Development · doi:10.1027/2698-1866/a000008 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Paz, R., Zvielli, A., Goldstein, P., & Bernstein, A. (2017) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2017.05.017 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Shorey, R. C., Elmquist, J., Wolford‐Clevenger, C., Gawrysiak, M. J., Anderson, S. T., & Stuart, G. L. (2016) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2016.02.040 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Brief Meditation Trainings Improve Performance in the Emotional Attentional Blink
Roca, P., & Vázquez, C. (2020) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-020-01374-x · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Shao, R., Roesmann, K., Geng, X., & Lee, T. M. C. (2016) · EBioMedicine · doi:10.1016/j.ebiom.2016.06.018 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
“Published by Elsevier B.V a b s t r a c t a r t i c l e i n f o”
BackgroundMindfulness Reduces Reactivity to Food Cues: Underlying Mechanisms and Applications in Daily Life
Keesman, M., Aarts, H., Häfner, M., & Papies, E. K. (2017) · Current Addiction Reports · doi:10.1007/s40429-017-0134-2 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Cayoun, B. A., & Shires, A. G. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.545945 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
“For example, mindfulness of breath has been shown to produce a generalized reduction in amygdala response to emotional stimuli that is maintained during non-meditative states (Desbordes et al., 2012).”
BackgroundYang, G.-H., Cao, X.-X., Fu, Y., Wang, N.-D., & Lian, S.-L. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1365914 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Jones, D. R., Graham‐Engeland, J. E., Smyth, J. M., & Lehman, B. J. (2018) · Applied Psychology Health and Well-Being · doi:10.1111/aphw.12135 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Ekici, Ç., Garip, G., & Gordon, W. V. (2018) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-018-1063-4 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
“This dual characterization of equanimity as both a volitional state or attitude and a more enduring, trait-like quality is in line with elucidations by Desbordes et al. (2015).”
ResultHugh‐Jones, S., Rose, S., Koutsopoulou, G. Z., & Simms‐Ellis, R. (2017) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-017-0790-2 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Vaingankar, J. A., Choudhary, N., Chong, S. A., Devi, F., Abdin, E., Shafie, S., Chua, B. Y., van Dam, R. M., & Subramaniam, M. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18073368 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
“Further research should thus look beyond religious affiliation to include religious practices as well as variations within these religions, for example those that may exist between different Christian groups or Zen traditions within Buddhism [19].”
BackgroundInfluentialRaugh, I. M., Berglund, A. M., & Strauss, G. P. (2024) · Affective Science · doi:10.1007/s42761-024-00281-x · Cited by 40 · see citing works
“…present moment with an orientation of openness, curiosity, compassion, acceptance/non-judgment, non-evaluation, and non-identification (summarized as awareness with acceptance; Bishop et al., 2006; Chambers et al., 2009; Desbordes et al., 2014; Grossman & Van Dam, 2011; Lindsay & Creswell, 2017).”
Andreu, C. I., Palacios-García, I., Moënne‐Loccoz, C., López, V., Franken, I. H. A., Cosmelli, D. J., & Slagter, H. A. (2019) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-019-49714-9 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Yu, B. C. L., Mak, W. W. S., & Chio, F. H. N. (2020) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-020-01334-5 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
- Authors
- Desbordes, G., Gard, T., Hoge, E. A., Hölzel, B. K., Kerr, C., Lazar, S. W., Olendzki, A., & Vago, D. R.
- Affiliations
- Massachusetts General Hospital (US)
- Maastricht University (NL)
- Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin (DE)
- Brown University (US)
- Brigham and Women's Hospital (US)
- Corresponding author
- Desbordes, Gaëlle
- Venue
- Mindfulness
- Published
- 2014-01-21
- Volume
- 6
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 356-372
- ISSN
- 1868-8527 (ISSN-L)
- 1868-8535
- PMC
- PMC4350240
- OpenAlex
- W2075305762
- Semantic Scholar
- 75e9947374576cc615f3b956797d532fd805da71
- Cited by
- 505
- References
- 172
- Citations by year
- 2026: 35 · 2025: 61 · 2024: 45 · 2023: 48 · 2022: 49 · 2021: 38 · 2020: 60 · 2019: 32 · 2018: 45 · 2017: 44 · 2016: 25 · 2015: 17 · 2014: 6
- FWCI
- 36.01
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Mindfulness (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research Publications (Maastricht University) (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- MindRxiv (OSF Preprints) (submittedVersion)
- Research Publications (Maastricht University) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health (K23AT004432, R21AT003425, K01AT008225, R01AT006344)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Mindfulness and Compassion Interventions
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Psychological Well-being and Life Satisfaction
- Social Sciences › Health › Religion, Spirituality, and Psychology
- Keywords
- equanimity, meditation, contemplative science, outcome measures, well-being, Buddhist psychology, meditation techniques, emotional valence
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