Student or educator? Sign up with your school email and get 6 months of Pro free.
CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 10

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 21 of the 21 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Creatine and strength training in older adults: an update

Forbes, Scott C., Candow, Darren G.·2024·Translational Exercise Biomedicine
DOI 10.1515/teb-2024-0019
Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

Aging is associated with numerous physiological, musculoskeletal, and neurological impairments including a loss of muscle, strength, function, bone mineral, and cognition. Strength training is an effective intervention to counter these age-associated declines. In addition, creatine supplementation is purported to enhance strength training gains in lean tissue mass, muscular strength, and function. There is emerging evidence that creatine combined with strength training can alter bone geometry and cognitive performance. The purpose of this review is to update previous meta-analyses examining creatine combined with strength training on lean tissue mass and bone density compared to strength training and placebo. A secondary purpose was to explore the effects of creatine and strength training on cognition. Updated meta-analyses revealed that creatine enhances lean tissue mass (mean difference [MD]: 1.18 kg, 95 % CI: 0.70–1.67; p<0.00001) and upper body muscular strength (standard mean difference [SMD]: 0.24, 95 % CI: 0.05–0.43; p=0.02) compared to strength training and placebo. Creatine combined with strength training had no greater effects compared to strength training and placebo on lower body muscular strength (SMD: 0.17, 95 % CI: −0.03–0.38; p=0.09), whole-body (MD: −0.00 g cm −2 ; 95 % CI: −0.01–0.00, p=0.32), femoral neck (MD: −0.00 g cm −2 ; 95 % CI: −0.01–0.00, p=1.00), or lumbar bone mineral density (MD: 0.00 g cm −2 , 95 % CI: −0.01–0.01; p=045). There is preliminary evidence that combining strength training and creatine is an effective strategy to improve bone geometry in postmenopausal females and cognitive function in older adults. Overall, the combination of creatine and strength training has favorable effects on lean tissue mass and upper body strength. In contrast, creatine combined with strength training does not enhance lower-body strength or bone mineral.

Overview

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1515/teb-2024-0019

Cites

21 of 21 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Verification

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Citations

Cites

Research works printed but not linked: 42

  1. Chaput, JP, Janssen, I, Sampasa-Kanyinga, H, Tomkinson, GR, Lang, JJ. Economic burden of low muscle strength in Canadian adults. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2023;48:634–8. https://doi.org/101139/apnm-2022-0371. · DOI
  2. Hopkins, RB, Burke, N, Von Keyserlingk, C, Leslie, WD, Morin, SN, Adachi, JD, et al.. The current economic burden of illness of osteoporosis in Canada. Osteoporos Int 2016;27:3023–32. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00198-016-3631-6. · DOI
  3. Fragala, MS, Cadore, EL, Dorgo, S, Izquierdo, M, Kraemer, WJ, Peterson, MD, et al.. Resistance training for older adults: position statement from the national strength and conditioning association. J strength Cond Res 2019;33:2019–52. https://doi.org/10.1519/jsc.0000000000003230. · DOI · Paper page
  4. Howe, TE, Shea, B, Dawson, LJ, Downie, F, Murray, A, Ross, C, et al.. Exercise for preventing and treating osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2011;7. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.cd000333.pub2. · DOI · Paper page
  5. Chow, ZS, Moreland, AT, Macpherson, H, Teo, WP. The central mechanisms of resistance training and its effects on cognitive function. Sports Med 2021;51:2483–506. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-021-01535-5. · DOI
  6. Forbes, SC, Candow, DG, Ostojic, SM, Roberts, MD, Chilibeck, PD. Meta-analysis examining the importance of creatine ingestion strategies on lean tissue mass and strength in older adults. Nutrients 2021;13:1912. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13061912. · DOI · Paper page
  7. Candow, DG, Forbes, SC, Vogt, E. Effect of pre-exercise and post-exercise creatine supplementation on bone mineral content and density in healthy aging adults. Exp Gerontol 2019;119:89–92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.exger.2019.01.025. · DOI · Paper page
  8. Candow, DG, Forbes, SC, Ostojic, SM, Prokopidis, K, Stock, MS, Harmon, KK, et al.. “Heads up” for creatine supplementation and its potential applications for brain health and function. Sports Med 2023;53:49–65. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-023-01870-9. · DOI · Paper page
  9. Candow, DG, Chilibeck, PD, Forbes, SC, Fairman, CM, Gualano, B, Roschel, H. Creatine supplementation for older adults: focus on sarcopenia, osteoporosis, frailty and Cachexia. Bone 2022;162. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bone.2022.116467. · DOI · Paper page
  10. Forbes, S, Candow, D, Smith-Ryan, A, Hirsch, K, Roberts, M, VanDusseldorp, T, et al.. Supplements and nutritional interventions to augment high-intensity interval training physiological and performance adaptations: a narrative review. Nutrients 2020;12. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12020390. · DOI
  11. Mattos, D, Santos, CGM, Forbes, SC, Candow, DG, Rosa, D, Busnardo, RG, et al.. Individual responses to creatine supplementation on muscular power is modulated by gene polymorphisms in military recruits. J Sci Sport Exerc 2023;5:70–6. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42978-022-00165-1. · DOI
  12. Chanutin, A, Guy, LP. The fate of creatine when administered to man. J Biol Chem 1926;67:29–41. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0021-9258(18)84727-5. · DOI
  13. Wyss, M, Kaddurah-Daouk, R. Creatine and creatinine metabolism. Physiol Rev 2000;80:1107–213. https://doi.org/10.1152/physrev.2000.80.3.1107. · DOI · Paper page
  14. Hultman, E, Soderlund, K, Timmons, JA, Cederblad, G, Greenhaff, PL. Muscle creatine loading in men. J Appl Physiol 1996;81. https://doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1996.81.1.232. · DOI · Paper page
  15. Forbes, S, Chilibeck, P, Candow, D. Creatine supplementation during resistance training does not lead to greater bone mineral density in older humans: a brief meta-analysis. Front Nutr 2018;5. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2018.00027. · DOI
  16. Gerber, I, ap Gwynn, I, Alini, M, Wallimann, T. Stimulatory effects of creatine on metabolic activity, differentiation and mineralization of primary osteoblast-like cells in monolayer and micromass cell cultures. Eur Cell Mater 2005;10:8–22. https://doi.org/10.22203/ecm.v010a02. · DOI
  17. Yasuda, H, Shima, N, Nakagawa, N, Mochizuki, S, Yano, K, Fujise, N, et al.. Identity of osteoclastogenesis inhibitory factor (OCIF) and osteoprotegerin (OPG): a mechanism by which OPG/OCIF inhibits osteoclastogenesis in vitro. Endocrinology 1998;139:1329–37. https://doi.org/10.1210/en.139.3.1329. · DOI · Paper page
  18. Chilibeck, P, Candow, D, Landeryou, T, Kaviani, M, Paus-Jenssen, L. Effects of creatine and resistance training on bone health in postmenopausal women. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2015;47:1587–95. https://doi.org/10.1249/mss.0000000000000571. · DOI · Paper page
  19. Forbes, SC, Cordingley, DM, Cornish, SM, Gualano, B, Roschel, H, Ostojic, SM, et al.. Effects of creatine supplementation on brain function and health. Nutrients 2022;14:921. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14050921. · DOI · Paper page
  20. Chilibeck, PD, Candow, DG, Gordon, JJ, Duff, W, Mason, R, Shaw, K, et al.. A 2-year randomized controlled trial on creatine supplementation during exercise for postmenopausal bone health. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2023;55:1750. · DOI · Paper page
  21. Candow, DG, Chilibeck, PD, Gordon, J, Vogt, E, Landeryou, T, Kaviani, M, et al.. Effect of 12 months of creatine supplementation and whole-body resistance training on measures of bone, muscle and strength in older males. Nutr Health 2020;27:151–9. https://doi.org/10.1177/0260106020975247. · DOI · Paper page
  22. Chilibeck, PD, Kaviani, M, Candow, DG, Zello, GA. Effect of creatine supplementation during resistance training on lean tissue mass and muscular strength in older adults: a meta-analysis. Open Access J Sports Med 2017;8:226. https://doi.org/10.2147/oajsm.s123529. · DOI · Paper page
  23. Candow, DG, Chilibeck, PD, Forbes, SC. Creatine supplementation and aging musculoskeletal health. Endocrine 2014;45:354–61. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12020-013-0070-4. · DOI · Paper page
  24. Delpino, FM, Figueiredo, LM, Forbes, SC, Candow, DG, Santos, HO. Influence of age, sex, and type of exercise on the efficacy of creatine supplementation on lean body mass: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Nutrition 2022:103–4. · DOI · Paper page
  25. Cordingley, DM, Cornish, SM, Candow, DG. Anti-inflammatory and anti-catabolic effects of creatine supplementation: a brief review. Nutrients 2022;14:544. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14030544. · DOI
  26. Persky, A, Brazeau, G. Clinical pharmacology of the dietary supplement creatine monohydrate. Pharmacol Rev 2001;53:161–76. · DOI · Paper page
  27. Syrotuik, D, Bell, G. Acute creatine monohydrate supplementation: a descriptive physiological profile of responders vs. nonresponders. J Strength Cond Res 2004;18:610–7. https://doi.org/10.1519/00124278-200408000-00039. · DOI · Paper page
  28. Candow, D, Vogt, E, Johannsmeyer, S, Forbes, S, Farthing, J. Strategic creatine supplementation and resistance training in healthy older adults. Appl Physiol Nutr Metabol 2015;40:689–94. https://doi.org/10.1139/apnm-2014-0498. · DOI · Paper page
  29. Chilibeck, PD, Candow, DG, Gordon, JJ, Duff, WRD, Mason, R, Shaw, K, et al.. A 2-yr randomized controlled trial on creatine supplementation during exercise for postmenopausal bone health. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2023;55:1750–60. https://doi.org/10.1249/mss.0000000000003202. · DOI · Paper page
  30. Forbes, SC, Candow, DG. Timing of creatine supplementation and resistance training: a brief review. J Exerc Nutr 2018;1.
  31. Forbes, SC, Krentz, JR, Candow, DG. Timing of creatine supplementation does not influence gains in unilateral muscle hypertrophy or strength from resistance training in young adults: a within-subject design. J Sports Med Phys Fit 2021;61:1219–25. https://doi.org/10.23736/s0022-4707.20.11668-2. · DOI
  32. Robinson, TM, Sewell, DA, Hultman, E, Greenhaff, PL. Role of submaximal exercise in promoting creatine and glycogen accumulation in human skeletal muscle. J Appl Physiol 1999;87:598–604. https://doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1999.87.2.598. · DOI · Paper page
  33. Forbes, S, Candow, D, Ferreira, L, Souza-Junior, T. Effects of creatine supplementation on properties of muscle, bone, and brain function in older adults: a narrative review. J Diet Suppl 2021;19:318–35. https://doi.org/10.1080/19390211.2021.1877232. · DOI
  34. Forbes, SC, Ostojic, SM, Souza-Junior, TP, Candow, DG. A high dose of creatine combined with resistance training appears to be required to augment indices of bone health in older adults. Ann Nutr Metab 2021;78:183–6. https://doi.org/10.1159/000520967. · DOI
  35. Kaptoge, S, Beck, TJ, Reeve, J, Stone, KL, Hillier, TA, Cauley, JA, et al.. Prediction of incident hip fracture risk by femur geometry variables measured by hip structural analysis in the study of osteoporotic fractures. J Bone Miner Res 2008;23:1892–904. https://doi.org/10.1359/jbmr.080802. · DOI · Paper page
  36. LaCroix, AZ, Beck, TJ, Cauley, JA, Lewis, CE, Bassford, T, Jackson, R, et al.. Hip structural geometry and incidence of hip fracture in postmenopausal women: what does it add to conventional bone mineral density? Osteoporos Int 2010;21:919–29. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00198-009-1056-1. · DOI · Paper page
  37. Li, Z, Okamoto, KI, Hayashi, Y, Sheng, M. The importance of dendritic mitochondria in the morphogenesis and plasticity of spines and synapses. Cell 2004;119:873–87. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2004.11.003. · DOI · Paper page
  38. Snow, W, Cadonic, C, Cortes-Perez, C, Roy Chowdhury, S, Djordjevic, J, Thomson, E, et al.. Chronic dietary creatine enhances hippocampal-dependent spatial memory, bioenergetics, and levels of plasticity-related proteins associated with NF-κB. Learn Mem 2018;25:54–66. https://doi.org/10.1101/lm.046284.117. · DOI · Paper page
  39. Oliveira, EF, Forbes, SC, Borges, EQ, Machado, LF, Candow, DG, Machado, M. Association between dietary creatine and visuospatial short-term memory in older adults. Nutr Health 2022;29:731–6. https://doi.org/10.1177/02601060221102273. · DOI
  40. Butchart, S, Candow, DG, Forbes, SC, Mang, CS, Gordon, JJ, Ko, J, et al.. Effects of creatine supplementation and progressive resistance training in stroke survivors. Int J Exerc Sci 2022;15:1117–32. · DOI
  41. Candow, DG, Ostojic, SM, Forbes, SC, Antonio, J. Does one dose of creatine supplementation fit all? Adv Exerc Heal Sci 2024;1:99–107. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aehs.2024.05.002. · DOI · Paper page
  42. Machado, M, Guimarães, P, Forbes, SC. Safety of creatine supplementation: where are we now? Gazz Med Ital Arch Sci Med 2022;181:597–8. https://doi.org/10.23736/s0393-3660.22.04788-x. · DOI

Cited by

See all 10

Metadata

Authors
Forbes, S. C., & Candow, D. G.
Affiliations
  • Department of Physical Education Studies , 1916 Brandon University , Brandon , MB , Canada
  • Faculty of Kinesiology and Health Studies , University of Regina , Regina , SK , Canada
ORCID
Forbes, Scott C.
Venue
Translational Exercise Biomedicine
Publisher
Walter de Gruyter GmbH
Published
2024-09-01
Volume
1
Issue
3-4
Pages
212-222
ISSN
2942-6812
DOI
10.1515/teb-2024-0019
Cited by
10
References
21
Language
en
Licence
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 (unspecified)

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Data sources

Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.

Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).

Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.