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Cited by 41Sports Performance and TrainingMuscle metabolism and nutritionRegulation of Appetite and Obesity

Low Energy Availability, Plasma Lipids, and Hormonal Profiles of Recreational Athletes

Black, Katherine, Slater, Joanne, Brown, Rachel C., Cooke, Rebecca·2018·Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research
DOI 10.1519/jsc.0000000000002540
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Abstract

Black, K, Slater, J, Brown, RC, and Cooke, R. Low energy availability, plasma lipids, and hormonal profiles of recreational athletes. J Strength Cond Res 32(10): 2816–2824, 2018—It has been postulated that low energy availability (LEA) impacts bone health, hormonal concentrations, and cardiovascular function. This study describes the lipid levels, hormonal profiles, and nutrient intakes of recreationally active adults at risk of LEA compared with those not at risk. Thirty-eight women who meet or exceed the New Zealand guidelines for physical activity participated. Each participant completed an online questionnaire including the Low Energy Availability in Females questionnaire (LEAF-Q), demographic questions, and daily exercise to determine energy expenditure. Participants also provided a weighed 3-day diet record, a blood sample analyzed for total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides, and cortisol, and a saliva sample analyzed for testosterone. Body composition was assessed using bioelectrical impedance. Those classed as at risk of LEA according to the LEAF-Q showed very likely lower energy availability (at risk: mean, 36.3 [95% confidence interval, 30.8–41.7] kcal·kg −1 ·FFMd −1 vs. not at risk: mean, 47.5 [95% CI, 39.5–55.4] kcal·kg −1 ·FFMd −1 ) and lower calcium intakes (mean, 847 [95% CI, 695–998] mg, vs. mean, 1488 [95% CI, 690–2,286] mg). Those at risk also had a likely small lower T3 concentration of 1.78 ( SD : 0.36) nmol·L −1 compared with 2.01 ( SD : 0.53) nmol·L −1 for those not at risk. These data suggest that recreationally active female subjects classed as at risk of LEA according to the LEAF-Q also have lower energy availability as determined by diet records and exercise diaries. The results also suggests that those at risk of LEA have reductions in T3, and their low energy intake, in addition to a low calcium intake, could put them at an increased risk of poor bone health.

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Authors
Black, K., Slater, J., Brown, R. C., & Cooke, R.
Affiliations
University of Otago (NZ)
Corresponding author
Black, Katherine
ORCID
Venue
Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research
Publisher
Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Published
2018-10
Volume
32
Issue
10
Pages
2816-2824
ISSN
1064-8011 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1519/jsc.0000000000002540
OpenAlex
W2795481054
Cited by
41
References
49
Citations by year
2026: 2 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 1 · 2018: 1
FWCI
5.43
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Locations
  • The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Sports Performance and Training
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Muscle metabolism and nutrition
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Regulation of Appetite and Obesity
Keywords
low energy availability, recreational athletes, plasma lipids, hormonal profile, cortisol, testosterone, T3, calcium intake, energy intake, bone health, women, LEAF-Q, dietary intake
MeSH terms
Adolescent, Adult, Body Composition, Energy Intake, Cholesterol, Cross-Sectional Studies, Energy Metabolism, Female, Humans, Hydrocortisone, Cholesterol, HDL, Cholesterol, LDL, New Zealand, Surveys and Questionnaires, Recreation, Saliva, Testosterone, Triglycerides, Exercise, Diet Records, Electric Impedance, Young Adult, Athletes

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